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Introduction Notes Introduction 1. The Federazione romana was the parent body of the Consiglio nazionale delle donne italiane and the Unione femminile (milanese) of the Unione femminile nazionale. 2. Salvatore Morelli, La donna e la scienza considerate come soli mezzi atti a risolvere il problema dell’avvenire, Naples, Stab. Tip. delle Belle Arti, 1861. 3. Anna Maria Mozzoni, La donna e i suoi rapporti sociali, Milan, Tipografia Sociale, 1864. 4. See Annarita Buttafuoco, Le Mariuccine. Storia di un’istituzione laica: l’Asilo Mariuccia, Milan, Franco Angeli, 1998. 5. Paola Gaiotti de Biase, Le origini del movimento cattolico femminile, Brescia, Morcelliana, 2002, p. 47. Originally published in 1963. 6. Ibid., p. xxxiii. 7. Francesco Maria Cecchini (ed.), Il femminismo cristiano. La questione femminile nella prima democrazia cristiana 1898–1912, Rome, Editori Riuniti, 1979. 8. Lucetta Scaraffia, “ ‘Christianity Has Liberated Her and Placed Her alongside Man in the Family’: From 1850 to 1988 (Mulieris Dignitatem)”, in Lucetta Scaraffia and Gabriella Zarri (eds.), Women and Faith, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, pp. 271–272. 9. Isabella Pera, “La questione femminile nel mondo cattolico nel primo Novecento”, Ricerche di storia sociale e religiosa, v. 30, January–June 2001, pp. 67–89. 10. Isabella Pera, “Chiesa, donna e società moderna: Don Grugni e il femminismo cristiano”, Storia e problemi contemporanei, a. XIII, n. 26, 2000, pp. 25–47. 11. Paola Di Cori, “Storia, sentimenti, solidarietà nelle organizzazioni femminili cattoliche dall’età giolittiana al fascismo”, Nuova dwf/donnawomanfemme, n. 10–11, January–June 1979, pp. 81–83. 12. Michela De Giorgio e Paola Di Cori, “Politica e sentimenti: Le organiz- zazioni femminili cattoliche dall’età giolittiana al fascismo”, Rivista di storia contemporanea, n. 3, 1980, pp. 368–369. 13. Cecilia Dau Novelli, Società, chiesa e associazionismo femminile. L’Unione fra le donne cattoliche d’Italia (1909–1919), Rome, A.V.E., 1988, pp. 6, 39–40. 14. Liviana Gazzetta, Cattoliche durante il fascismo. Ordine sociale e organizzazioni femminili nelle Venezie, Rome, Viella, 2011, p. 16. 15. Luciano Caimi, “Modelli educativi dell’associazionismo giovanile cattolico nel primo dopoguerra (1919–1939)”, in Luciano Pazzaglia (ed.), Chiesa, culturaeeducazioneinItaliatraledueguerre, Brescia, Editrice La Scuola, 2003, p. 231. 16. Scaraffia, “Christianity Has Liberated Her”, pp. 273–274. 219 220 Notes 1 The Italian State, the Catholic Church and Women 1. Denis Mack Smith, The Making of Italy 1796–1866, 2nd ed., Basingstoke, Hampshire, Macmillan, 1992, pp. 84–110. 2. Martin Clark, Modern Italy 1871–1995, 2nd ed., London, Longman, 1997, p. 37. 3. Judith Jeffrey Howard, “Patriot Mothers in the Post-Risorgimento: Women after the Italian Revolution”, in Carol R. Berkin and Clara M. Lovett (eds.), Women, War, and Revolution, New York, Holmes & Meier, 1980, p. 238. 4. E. K. Bramsted and K. J. Melhuish, “The Tyranny of the Majority and the Right to Non-Conformity: Introduction”, in E. K. Bramsted and K. J. Melhuish (eds.), Western Liberalism: A History in Documents from Locke to Croce, London, Longman, 1978, pp. 578–581. 5. “Antonietta”, “L’enciclica sulla Democrazia cristiana”, L’Azione muliebre,a. I, fasc. 3, March 1901, p. 15. 6. Christopher Seton-Watson, Italy from Liberalism to Fascism: 1870–1925, London, Methuen, 1967, p. 51. 7. John A. Davis, “Introduction: Italy’s Difficult Modernization”, in John A. Davis (ed.), Italy in the Nineteenth Century, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 20. 8. Christopher Duggan, The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy since 1796, London, Penguin Books, 2008, p. 313. 9. Ibid., p. 323. 10. Ibid., pp. 336–337. 11. Ibid., pp. 346–347. 12. Richard Bosworth, Italy and the Approach of the First World War, London, Macmillan, 1983, p. 1. 13. Duggan, The Force of Destiny, p. 381. 14. Ibid., pp. 500–505. 15. John Pollard, Catholicism in Modern Italy, London, Routledge, 2008, p. 50. 16. Luciano Cafagna, “The Industrial Revolution in Italy 1830–1914”, in Carlo M. Cipolla (ed.), The Fontana Economic History of Europe: The Emergence of Industrial Societies: Part One, London, Collins/Fontana, 1973, p. 281. 17. Ibid., pp. 304, 315. 18. Ibid., p. 309. 19. Ibid., p. 305. 20. Ibid., p. 309. 21. Ibid., p. 324. 22. Seton-Watson, Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, p. 90. 23. Ibid, p. 186. 24. Elda Gentili Zappi, If Eight Hours Seem Too Few: Mobilization of Women Work- ers in the Italian Rice Fields, Albany, N.Y., State University of New York, 1991, p. 125. 25. Clark, Modern Italy, p. 137. 26. Seton-Watson, Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, p. 16. 27. Maurice F. Neufeld, Italy: School for Awakening Countries, Westport, Conn., Greenwood, 1974, p. 520. 28. Clark, Modern Italy, p. 29. 29. Statistics obtained from Neufeld, Italy, pp. 520, 524. Notes 221 30. Lucy Riall, “Progress and Compromise in Liberal Italy”, The Historical Jour- nal, v. 38, n. 1, March 1995, p. 209. Commentary on Raffaella Gherardi’s book L’arte del compromesso. La politica della mediazione nell’Italia liberale, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1988. 31. Spencer Di Scala, Dilemmas of Italian Socialism: The Politics of Filippo Turati, Amherst, Mass., University of Massachusetts Press, 1980, p.116. 32. Raffaele Romanelli, L’Italia liberale 1861–1900, Bologna, Il Mulino, 1990, p. 322. 33. Neufeld, Italy,p.6. 34. It was adjourned indefinitely in July 1870 with the withdrawal of the French garrison from Rome as a result of the outbreak of the Franco- Prussian War, which allowed the occupation of the city by Italian troops in September 1870. 35. Clark, Modern Italy, p. 86. 36. Francesco Malgeri, “Leone XIII”, in Enciclopedia Italiana (ed.) Enciclopedia dei papi, v. 3, Rome, Enciclopedia Italiana, 2000, pp. 575–593; Maurilio Guasco, “Pio X, santo”, in Enciclopedia dei papi, v. 3, pp. 593–608; Gabriele De Rosa, “Benedetto XV”, in Enciclopedia dei papi, v. 3, pp. 608–617; Francesco Margiotta Broglio, “Pio XI”, in Enciclopedia dei papi,v.3, pp. 617–632. 37. Martin Papenheim, “Roma o morte: Culture Wars in Italy”, in Christopher Clark and Wolfram Kaiser (eds.), Culture Wars: Secular-Catholic Conflict in Nineteenth-Century Europe, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 203–204. 38. Guido De Ruggiero, The History of European Liberalism, Boston, Mass., Beacon, 1959, p. 335. 39. Seton-Watson, Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, p. 10. 40. Ibid., pp. 56–57. 41. A.C. Jemolo, Church and State in Italy 1850–1950, Oxford, Basil Blackwell, 1960, pp. 49–50. 42. Ronald S. Cunsolo, “Nationalists and Catholics in Giolittian Italy: An Uneasy Collaboration”, The Catholic Historical Review, v. 79, 1993, p. 23. 43. Seton-Watson, Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, p. 59. Non licet means “is not permitted or lawful”. 44. Ibid., p. 219. 45. Ibid., p. 223. 46. Angelo Gambasin, Il movimento sociale nell’Opera dei congressi (1874–1904), Rome, Editrice Università Gregoriana, 1958, pp. 15–16. 47. Neufeld, Italy, p. 524. 48. Frank J. Coppa, The Modern Papacy since 1789, London, Longman, 1998, p. 149. 49. Clark, Modern Italy, p. 157. 50. John F. Pollard, Benedict XV. The Pope of Peace, London, Continuum, 2005, pp. 172–175. 51. Clark, Modern Italy, p.72. 52. Ibid., pp. 110–112. 53. Ibid., p. 137. 54. “Fmm.”, “Quindici maggio”, L’Azione muliebre,a.V,fasc.5,May 1905, p. 294. 222 Notes 55. Silvio Fantoni, Breve storia del movimento cattolico italiano (1870–1920), n.p., Santi Quaranta, n.d., p. 53. 56. Clark, Modern Italy, p. 106. 57. Paolo Pecorari, “Toniolo, Giuseppe”, in Francesco Traniello and Giorgio Campanini (eds.), Dizionario storico del movimento cattolico in Italia 1860– 1980, II: I protagonisti, Turin, Marietti, 1982, pp. 636–644. 58. Seton-Watson, Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, pp. 275–277. 59. Ibid., pp. 512–513. 60. Clark, Modern Italy, p. 211. 61. On pp. 187–188 of Mussolini’s Italy. Life under the Dictatorship 1915–1945, London, Penguin Books, 2006, R.J.B. Bosworth writes: Early in the new year Mussolini met secretly with Cardinal Pietro Gasparri, the Papal Secretary of State ...and, by July 1923, Vatican pres- sure had persuaded the priest Luigi Sturzo to retire from the leadership of the PPI. Then and thereafter, nothing was done by the Church to save this party from dissolution. 62. Cunsolo, “Nationalists and Catholics in Giolittian Italy”, pp. 25–26. 63. Ibid., p. 34. 64. Ibid., p. 48. 65. Ibid., p. 52. 66. Jemolo, Church and State in Italy, p. 184. 67. Ibid., p. 187. 68. Bosworth, Mussolini’s Italy, p. 187. 69. Jemolo, Church and State in Italy, pp. 188–189. 70. Ibid., pp. 204–205. 71. Duggan, The Force of Destiny, p. 445. 72. Seton-Watson, Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, p. 704. 73. Guido Calogero, “Church and State in Italy: The Constitutional Issues”, International Affairs, v. 35, n. 1, January 1959, p. 36. The Roman Catholic religion was recognized as the sole religion of the State, but this principle was not enforced in Liberal Italy. 74. Ibid., p. 37. Professor Ernesto Buonaiuti was a priest excommunicated for his “modernistic” views. He was the only academic ousted from his chair (History of Christendom, Rome University), because Mussolini was “terri- fied” to find out that very many academics in Italy were in fact defrocked priests. 75. Seton-Watson, Italy from Liberalism to Fascism, pp. 704–705. 76. Duggan, The Force of Destiny, p. 465. 77. Calogero, “Church and State in Italy”, p. 39. 78. Giuseppe Mazzini, Dei doveri dell’uomo/Fede e avvenire, ed. Paolo Rossi, 2nd edition, Milan, Mursia, 1972, pp. 66–72. 79. Judith Jeffrey Howard, “Patriot Mothers in the Post-Risorgimento: Women after the Italian Revolution”, in Carol R. Berkin and Clara M. Lovett (eds.), Women, War, and Revolution, New York, Holmes & Meier Publishers, 1980, p. 239. 80. Ibid., p. 237. 81. Ginevra Conti Odorisio, Storia dell’idea femminista in Italia,Turin,ERI, 1980, p.
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