DOCSLIB.ORG

Proquest Dissertations

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Proquest Dissertations INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. in the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6” x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. UMI Bell & Howell Information and Learning 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Aitor, Mi 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 IMMUNE RESISTANCE TO RHIPICEPHALUS SANGUINEUS IN DOGS DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Sathaporn Jittapalapong, D.V.M. The Ohio State University 1999 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor John C. Gordon, Adviser Adviser Professor Roger W. Stich, Co-Adviser Professor Lawrence E. Mathes Co-Adviser Professor Daral J. Jackwood Veterinary Preventive Medicine Program UMI Number: 9941352 Copyright 1999 by Jittapalapong, Sathaporn AH rights reserved. UMI Microform 9941352 Copyright 1999, by UMI Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. UMI 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, MI 48103 ABSTRACT Rhipicephalus sanguineus is a cosmopolitan tick parasite of dogs that also transmits several protozoal and rickettsial pathogens. Host Immunity to ticks would be an alternative to acarlcldes for the control of ticks and tickborne diseases, but the ability of dogs to acquire resistance against R. sanguineus has been questioned. The purpose of this study was to ascertain the effects of Immunity Induced In dogs with tick salivary gland (TSG) or mIdgut (TMG) antigens compared to naturally acquired host resistance Induced by repeated Infestations. Parameters of tick feeding and fecundity were then determined for subsequently challenge fed female ticks. Female ticks fed on dogs Immunized with TSG had the lowest engorgement weight of all three groups. A delayed feeding period and a decreased number of engorged females Indicated resistance In the TSG-lmmunlzed group. Reduced fecundity was Indicated In ticks fed on dogs Immunized with TMG by prolonged periods of pre-ovlposltlon, oviposltlon, and egg Incubation In addition to reduced egg production and viability, compared to that of ticks fed on naïve or TSG- lmmunlzed dogs. ELISA results Indicated cross-reactlvlty between sera collected from dogs Immunized with either TSG or TMG for either antigen preparation. Western blot analysis demonstrated nine bands of salivary gland antigens, ranging from 10 kDa to 100 kDa, which were recognized by either anti-TSG or TMG antibodies. Seven protein bands, at 450, 250, 210, 130, 125, 105, and 38 kDa, were uniquely recognized by sera from the TSG-immunized dogs. Immunoblotting results indicated that antibodies specific for TSG might be associated with lowered female body weight at engorgement, an important feeding performance parameter that directly effects tick fecundity. At least nine protein bands, ranging from 13 to 210 kDa, found in midgut, reproductive organ and egg antigens were uniquely recognized by sera from TMG- immunized dogs that suppressed tick fecundity. This work represents the first essential step to characterize tick antigens that are associated with artificial O induction of reduced tick performance. Immunization of purified antigens associated with reduced tick feeding and fecundity performances may lead to greater resistance against R. sanguineus infestation in dogs. I l l Dedicated to PHO and SOMPORN JITTAPALAPONG IV ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to express most of my gratitude and appreciation to two persons, Dr. Omar O. Barriga (a former academic advisor), who give me inspiration and intellectual support and Dr. Roger W. Stich for encouragement and enthusiasm which made this dissertation possible and helped support me in the last portion of this work. 1 also thank Dr. John C. Gordon, Dr. Cliff Monahan, Dr. Lawrence E. Matthes, Dr. Thomas E. Wittum, Dr. Daral J. Jackwood and Dr. Glen Needham for their valuable suggestions. I am grateful to Catherine A. Bremer for the excellent technical assistance as well as staff and faculties of Veterinary Preventive Medicine for their helps and supports. This research was funded by the Morris Animal Foundation, the Graduate School Alumni Research Award (The Ohio State University) and Kasetsart University Research and Development Institute of Thailand. Lastly, I wish to thank. Royal Thai Government to support for the scholarship, and Dr. Weeraphol Jansawan, the chief of Parasitology Department, Kasetsart University for their concern with my studies. I would like to dedicate this work to my father, mother and family with my thanks for their support throughout my education. VITA February 14, 1959. Born-Nonthaburi, Thailand 1981....................... B.Sc. Kasetsart University, Thailand 1983....................... D.V.M. Kasetsart University, Thailand 1983-1988............. Instructor, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Thailand 1988-1993............. Assistant Professor, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Thailand 1993-Present ......... Graduate student. The Ohio State University 1998-1999............. Graduate Teaching and Research Assistant, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, The Ohio State University VI PUBLICATIONS 1. Jittapalapong, S.1981. Coumarin poisoning in Dogs. Journal of Thai Veterinary Practitioner 3 (4): 263-273. 2. Jittapalapong, S.,Jansawan, W., Sriworanat, P., and Daengsupha, P. 1986. Infection Rate of Ascaris iumbricoides in pigs. Journal of Kasetsart University Veterinary Medicine 7(3): 144-153. 3. Chantharayotha, 0., Khuphophan, S., Jansawan, W., Sriworanat, P., and Jittapalapong, S., 1986.Intestinal Parasites Causing Piglet Diarrhea in Four Provinces in Thailand. The Annual Report of Kasetsart University. 121. 4. Jittapalapong, S.,Jansawan, W., and Pinyopummin, T. 1987. Epidemiological Study of Dairy Cow in Nongpho. Journal of Kasetsart University Veterinary Medicine 8 (1): 21-29. 5. Jittapalapong, S.,Jansawan, W., and Pinyopummin, T. 1987. Epidemiological Study of Calves in Nongpho. Journal of Kasetsart University Veterinary Medicine 8 (1): 124-132. 6. Sunthrasamai, P., Warrell, M. J., Warrell, D. A., Chanthavanich, P., Looareesuwan, S., Supaphchana, A., Phanuphak, P., Jittapalapong, S., Yager, P. A., and Baer, G. M. 1987. Early Antibody Responses to Rabies Post-exposure Vaccine Regimens. American Joumai of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 36{^): 160-165. 7. Jittapalapong, S.,Jansawan, W., Sriworanat, P., and Daengsupha, P. 1990. Survey Natural and Experimental Reservoir Host of Capiiiaria phiiippinensis in Pet and Wild Animals. Joumai of KU Veterinary Hospital 3(1): 69-77. 8. Jittapalapong, S.1990. Epidemiological Study of HeartWorm Disease in Dogs in Bangkok and Vicinity. Joumai of Thai Veterinary Practitioner^2{4): 265-277. 9. Jittapalapong, S.,and Tipsawek, S. 1991. Epidemiological Survey of Blood Protozoa and Rickettsia in Dogs in Bangkok and Vicinity. Kasetsart University Joumai25{^): 75-82. 10. Jittapalapong, S.,and Jansawan, W. 1993. Preliminary Study of Blood Parasites in Cats in Bangkok. Kasetsart University Journal 27(3): 330-335. VII 11. Jansawan, W., Jittapalapong, S.,and Jantharat, N. 1993. Effect of Stemona collinsae Extract against Cattle Ticks {Boophilus microplus). Kasetsart University Joumai 27(3): 336-340. 12. Jittapalapong, S.,Intharaksa, Y., Jantharat, N., and Phatthanathanang, K. 1993. Epidemiological Survey of Intestinal Parasites of Calves in the Northeastern Provinces of Thailand. Kasetsart University Journal 27(4): 469-473. 13. Jittapalapong, S.,Stich, R. W., Gordon, J. C., Wittum, T. E., and Barriga, O. O. 1999. Reduced Feeding and Fecundity Performance of Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Acari: Ixodidae) by Salivary Gland or Midgut Immunizations, and Repeated Infestations in Dogs (Submitted) 14. Jittapalapong, S.,Stich, R. W., Gordon, J. C., Bremer C. A, and Barriga, O. O. 1999. Humoral Immune Response in Dogs previously Immunized with Salivary gland. Midgut or Repeated Infestations with Rhipicephalus sanguineus. (New York Academy of Science:In press) FIELDS OF STUDY Major field: Veterinary Preventive Medicine VIU TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages Abstract......................................................................................................... li Dedication..................................................................................................... iv
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Conservation Biology of Tortoises
    The Conservation Biology of Tortoises Edited by Ian R. Swingland and Michael W. Klemens IUCN/SSC Tortoise and Freshwater Turtle Specialist Group and The Durrell Institute of Conservation and Ecology Occasional Papers of the IUCN Species Survival Commission (SSC) No. 5 IUCN—The World Conservation Union IUCN Species Survival Commission Role of the SSC 3. To cooperate with the World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC) The Species Survival Commission (SSC) is IUCN's primary source of the in developing and evaluating a data base on the status of and trade in wild scientific and technical information required for the maintenance of biological flora and fauna, and to provide policy guidance to WCMC. diversity through the conservation of endangered and vulnerable species of 4. To provide advice, information, and expertise to the Secretariat of the fauna and flora, whilst recommending and promoting measures for their con- Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna servation, and for the management of other species of conservation concern. and Flora (CITES) and other international agreements affecting conser- Its objective is to mobilize action to prevent the extinction of species, sub- vation of species or biological diversity. species, and discrete populations of fauna and flora, thereby not only maintain- 5. To carry out specific tasks on behalf of the Union, including: ing biological diversity but improving the status of endangered and vulnerable species. • coordination of a programme of activities for the conservation of biological diversity within the framework of the IUCN Conserva- tion Programme. Objectives of the SSC • promotion of the maintenance of biological diversity by monitor- 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Genus Boophilus Curtice Genus Rhipicentor Nuttall & Warburton
    3 CONTENTS General remarks 4 Genus Amblyomma Koch 5 Genus Anomalohimalaya Hoogstraal, Kaiser & Mitchell 46 Genus Aponomma Neumann 47 Genus Boophilus Curtice 58 Genus Hyalomma Koch. 63 Genus Margaropus Karsch 82 Genus Palpoboophilus Minning 84 Genus Rhipicentor Nuttall & Warburton 84 Genus Uroboophilus Minning. 84 References 86 SUMMARI A list of species and subspecies currently included in the tick genera Amblyomma, Aponomma, Anomalohimalaya, Boophilus, Hyalomma, Margaropus, and Rhipicentor, as well as in the unaccepted genera Palpoboophilus and Uroboophilus is given in this paper. The published synonymies and authors of each spécifie or subspecific name are also included. Remaining tick genera have been reviewed in part in a previous paper of this series, and will be finished in a future third part. Key-words: Amblyomma, Aponomma, Anomalohimalaya, Boophilus, Hyalomma, Margaropus, Rhipicentor, Uroboophilus, Palpoboophilus, species, synonymies. RESUMEN Se proporciona una lista de las especies y subespecies actualmente incluidas en los géneros Amblyomma, Aponomma, Anomalohimalaya, Boophilus, Hyalomma, Margaropus y Rhipicentor, asi como en los géneros no aceptados Palpoboophilus and Uroboophilus. Se incluyen también las sinonimias publicadas y los autores de cada nombre especifico o subespecifico. Los restantes géneros de garrapatas han sido revisados en parte en un volumen previo de esta serie, y serân terminados en una futura tercera parte. Palabras claves Amblyomma, Aponomma, Anomalohimalaya, Boophilus, Hyalomma, Margaropus, Rhipicentor, Uroboophilus, Palpoboophilus, especies, sinonimias. 4 GENERAL REMARKS Following is a list of species and subspecies of ticks d~e scribed in the genera Amblyomma, Aponomma, Anomalohimalaya, Boophilus, Hyalorma, Margaropus, and Rhipicentor, as well as in the unaccepted genera Palpoboophilus and Uroboophilus. The first volume (Estrada- Pena, 1991) included data for Haemaphysalis, Anocentor, Dermacentor, and Cosmiomma.
    [Show full text]
  • Toxins-67579-Rd 1 Proofed-Supplementary
    Supplementary Information Table S1. Reviewed entries of transcriptome data based on salivary and venom gland samples available for venomous arthropod species. Public database of NCBI (SRA archive, TSA archive, dbEST and GenBank) were screened for venom gland derived EST or NGS data transcripts. Operated search-terms were “salivary gland”, “venom gland”, “poison gland”, “venom”, “poison sack”. Database Study Sample Total Species name Systematic status Experiment Title Study Title Instrument Submitter source Accession Accession Size, Mb Crustacea The First Venomous Crustacean Revealed by Transcriptomics and Functional Xibalbanus (former Remipedia, 454 GS FLX SRX282054 454 Venom gland Transcriptome Speleonectes Morphology: Remipede Venom Glands Express a Unique Toxin Cocktail vReumont, NHM London SRP026153 SRR857228 639 Speleonectes ) tulumensis Speleonectidae Titanium Dominated by Enzymes and a Neurotoxin, MBE 2014, 31 (1) Hexapoda Diptera Total RNA isolated from Aedes aegypti salivary gland Normalized cDNA Instituto de Quimica - Aedes aegypti Culicidae dbEST Verjovski-Almeida,S., Eiglmeier,K., El-Dorry,H. etal, unpublished , 2005 Sanger dideoxy dbEST: 21107 Sequences library Universidade de Sao Paulo Centro de Investigacion Anopheles albimanus Culicidae dbEST Adult female Anopheles albimanus salivary gland cDNA library EST survey of the Anopheles albimanus transcriptome, 2007, unpublished Sanger dideoxy Sobre Enfermedades dbEST: 801 Sequences Infeccionsas, Mexico The salivary gland transcriptome of the neotropical malaria vector National Institute of Allergy Anopheles darlingii Culicidae dbEST Anopheles darlingi reveals accelerated evolution o genes relevant to BMC Genomics 10 (1): 57 2009 Sanger dideoxy dbEST: 2576 Sequences and Infectious Diseases hematophagyf An insight into the sialomes of Psorophora albipes, Anopheles dirus and An. Illumina HiSeq Anopheles dirus Culicidae SRX309996 Adult female Anopheles dirus salivary glands NIAID SRP026153 SRS448457 9453.44 freeborni 2000 An insight into the sialomes of Psorophora albipes, Anopheles dirus and An.
    [Show full text]
  • Tick [Genome Mapping]
    University of Nebraska - Lincoln DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln Public Health Resources Public Health Resources 2008 Tick [Genome Mapping] Amy J. Ullmann Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO Jeffrey J. Stuart Purdue University, [email protected] Catherine A. Hill Purdue University Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/publichealthresources Part of the Public Health Commons Ullmann, Amy J.; Stuart, Jeffrey J.; and Hill, Catherine A., "Tick [Genome Mapping]" (2008). Public Health Resources. 108. https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/publichealthresources/108 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Public Health Resources at DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. It has been accepted for inclusion in Public Health Resources by an authorized administrator of DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln. 8 Tick Amy J. Ullmannl, Jeffrey J. stuart2, and Catherine A. Hill2 Division of Vector Borne-Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA Department of Entomology, Purdue University, 901 West State Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA e-mail:[email protected] 8.1 8.1 .I Introduction Phylogeny and Evolution of the lxodida Ticks and mites are members of the subclass Acari Ticks (subphylum Chelicerata: class Arachnida: sub- within the subphylum Chelicerata. The chelicerate lin- class Acari: superorder Parasitiformes: order Ixodi- eage is thought to be ancient, having diverged from dae) are obligate blood-feeding ectoparasites of global Trilobites during the Cambrian explosion (Brusca and medical and veterinary importance. Ticks live on all Brusca 1990). It is estimated that is has been ap- continents of the world (Steen et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Nigerian Veterinary Journal 38(3)
    Nigerian Veterinary Journal 38(3). 2017 Ogo et al NIGERIAN VETERINARY JOURNAL ISSN 0331-3026 Nig. Vet. J., September 2017 Vol 38 (3): 260-267. ORIGINAL ARTICLE Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Amblyomma variegatum (Acari: Ixodidae) Ticks from Nigeria Ogo, N. I.1; Okubanjo, O. O. 2; Inuwa, H. M. 3 and Agbede, R. I. S.4 1National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Plateau State. 2Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. 3Department of Biochemistry, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. 4Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, University of Abuja, FCT, Nigeria. *Corresponding author: Email: [email protected]; Tel No:+234 8034521514 SUMMARY The association of most tick-borne pathogens with specific tick species has made it imperative that proper identification and characterization of such tick vectors is necessary for the purpose of developing effective tick and tick-borne control strategies. This study was undertaken to identify and characterize Amblyomma species ticks collected from cattle in Plateau State, North-Central, Nigeria. They were morphologically identified using diagnostic characters. Further confirmation and characterization was done genetically using a 460bp-long partial fragment of the 16S rRNA gene amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The amplified fragment was cloned and sequenced for the phylogenetic dendogram. All the examined ticks were identified as A. variegatum which was confirmed by 16S rRNA gene sequences analysis, and phylogenetic inferences showed a 99% similarity and grouping to A. variegatum of African origin. However, the A. variegatum sequences from Nigeria were clustered into 2 groups, but formed a distinct clade from the A. variegatum sequence from Ethiopia.
    [Show full text]
  • WAAVP2019-Abstract-Book.Pdf
    27th Conference of the World Association for the Advancement of Veterinary Parasitology JULY 7 – 11, 2019 | MADISON, WI, USA Dedicated to the legacy of Professor Arlie C. Todd Sifting and Winnowing the Evidence in Veterinary Parasitology @WAAVP2019 @WAAVP_2019 Abstract Book Joint meeting with the 64th American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists Annual Meeting & the 63rd Annual Livestock Insect Workers Conference WAAVP2019 27th Conference of the World Association for the Advancements of Veterinary Parasitology 64th American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists Annual Meeting 1 63rd Annualwww.WAAVP2019.com Livestock Insect Workers Conference #WAAVP2019 Table of Contents Keynote Presentation 84-89 OA22 Molecular Tools II 89-92 OA23 Leishmania 4 Keynote Presentation Demystifying 92-97 OA24 Nematode Molecular Tools, One Health: Sifting and Winnowing Resistance II the Role of Veterinary Parasitology 97-101 OA25 IAFWP Symposium 101-104 OA26 Canine Helminths II 104-108 OA27 Epidemiology Plenary Lectures 108-111 OA28 Alternative Treatments for Parasites in Ruminants I 6-7 PL1.0 Evolving Approaches to Drug 111-113 OA29 Unusual Protozoa Discovery 114-116 OA30 IAFWP Symposium 8-9 PL2.0 Genes and Genomics in 116-118 OA31 Anthelmintic Resistance in Parasite Control Ruminants 10-11 PL3.0 Leishmaniasis, Leishvet and 119-122 OA32 Avian Parasites One Health 122-125 OA33 Equine Cyathostomes I 12-13 PL4.0 Veterinary Entomology: 125-128 OA34 Flies and Fly Control in Outbreak and Advancements Ruminants 128-131 OA35 Ruminant Trematodes I Oral Sessions
    [Show full text]
  • De Novo Assembly and Annotation of Hyalomma Dromedarii Tick (Acari: Ixodidae) Sialotranscriptome with Regard to Gender Differenc
    Bensaoud et al. Parasites & Vectors (2018) 11:314 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-018-2874-9 RESEARCH Open Access De novo assembly and annotation of Hyalomma dromedarii tick (Acari: Ixodidae) sialotranscriptome with regard to gender differences in gene expression Chaima Bensaoud1, Milton Yutaka Nishiyama Jr2,CherifBenHamda3,FlavioLichtenstein4, Ursula Castro de Oliveira2, Fernanda Faria4, Inácio Loiola Meirelles Junqueira-de-Azevedo2,KaisGhedira3, Ali Bouattour1*, Youmna M’Ghirbi1 and Ana Marisa Chudzinski-Tavassi4 Abstract Background: Hard ticks are hematophagous ectoparasites characterized by their long-term feeding. The saliva that they secrete during their blood meal is their crucial weapon against host-defense systems including hemostasis, inflammation and immunity. The anti-hemostatic, anti-inflammatory and immune-modulatory activities carried out by tick saliva molecules warrant their pharmacological investigation. The Hyalomma dromedarii Koch, 1844 tick is a common parasite of camels and probably the best adapted to deserts of all hard ticks. Like other hard ticks, the salivary glands of this tick may provide a rich source of many compounds whose biological activities interact directly with host system pathways. Female H. dromedarii ticks feed longer than males, thereby taking in more blood. To investigate the differences in feeding behavior as reflected in salivary compounds, we performed de novo assembly and annotation of H. dromedarii sialotranscriptome paying particular attention to variations in gender gene expression. Results: The quality-filtered Illumina sequencing reads deriving from a cDNA library of salivary glands led to the assembly of 15,342 transcripts. We deduced that the secreted proteins included: metalloproteases, glycine-rich proteins, mucins, anticoagulants of the mandanin family and lipocalins, among others.
    [Show full text]
  • Amblyomma Variegatum S L I D E 1 Amblyomma Variegatum Is a Hard
    Amblyomma variegatum S Amblyomma variegatum is a hard tick that feeds on a number of l domesticated animals including cattle, sheep, goats, horses and dogs, as i well as humans. The long mouthparts of A. variegatum leave large wounds, and make this tick difficult to remove manually. Its bite is d Amblyomma variegatum e severe and painful, and can result in significant damage to the skin. Secondary infections can cause septic wounds or abscesses, and Tropical Bont Tick 1 Tropical African Bont Tick inflammation on the teats of cows may affect milk production. In some regions, Amblyomma bite wounds may become infested by screwworms. In addition, A. variegatum is a host for a number of microbial pathogens including Ehrlichia ruminantium (formerly Cowdria ruminantium), the agent of heartwater, and Rickettsia africae, the agent of African tick-bite fever, which is an emerging zoonosis in rural sub-Saharan Africa and the Caribbean. S In today’s presentation we will cover information regarding the tick l Overview Amblyomma variegatum and the diseases it can transmit. We will also i • Organism talk about how to identify the tick, and the impact this tick has had in the d • Identification past and could have in the future. Additionally, we will talk about how it • Importance is transmitted and the species it affects. Finally, we will address e • Geographic Distribution • Life Cycle prevention and control measures, as well as actions to take if • Associated Diseases Amblyomma variegatum is suspected. 2 • Prevention and Control • Recommended Actions Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University, 2011 S Amblyomma variegatum is a hard tick in the family Ixodidae.
    [Show full text]
  • Araneae (Spider) Photos
    Araneae (Spider) Photos Araneae (Spiders) About Information on: Spider Photos of Links to WWW Spiders Spiders of North America Relationships Spider Groups Spider Resources -- An Identification Manual About Spiders As in the other arachnid orders, appendage specialization is very important in the evolution of spiders. In spiders the five pairs of appendages of the prosoma (one of the two main body sections) that follow the chelicerae are the pedipalps followed by four pairs of walking legs. The pedipalps are modified to serve as mating organs by mature male spiders. These modifications are often very complicated and differences in their structure are important characteristics used by araneologists in the classification of spiders. Pedipalps in female spiders are structurally much simpler and are used for sensing, manipulating food and sometimes in locomotion. It is relatively easy to tell mature or nearly mature males from female spiders (at least in most groups) by looking at the pedipalps -- in females they look like functional but small legs while in males the ends tend to be enlarged, often greatly so. In young spiders these differences are not evident. There are also appendages on the opisthosoma (the rear body section, the one with no walking legs) the best known being the spinnerets. In the first spiders there were four pairs of spinnerets. Living spiders may have four e.g., (liphistiomorph spiders) or three pairs (e.g., mygalomorph and ecribellate araneomorphs) or three paris of spinnerets and a silk spinning plate called a cribellum (the earliest and many extant araneomorph spiders). Spinnerets' history as appendages is suggested in part by their being projections away from the opisthosoma and the fact that they may retain muscles for movement Much of the success of spiders traces directly to their extensive use of silk and poison.
    [Show full text]
  • 229 Discontinuous Ventilation in a Non-Insect, the Tick Amblyomma Marmoreum
    J. exp. Biol. 180, 229-245 (1993) 229 Printed in Great Britain © The Company of Biologists Limited 1993 DISCONTINUOUS VENTILATION IN A NON-INSECT, THE TICK AMBLYOMMA MARMOREUM (ACARI, IXODIDAE): CHARACTERIZATION AND METABOLIC MODULATION JOHN R. B. LIGHTON Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, USA LAURA J. FIELDEN Department of Zoology, University of the Witwatersrand, Private Bag 3, Wits 2050, Republic of South Africa and YIGAL RECHAV* Department of Microbiology, Medical University of South Africa, PO Medunsa 0204, Republic of South Africa Accepted 17 March 1993 Summary We examined and quantified the discontinuous ventilation cycle (DVC) characteristics of unfed nymphs and adults, as well as engorged nymphal and engorged diapausing and non-diapausing female adult life-stages, of the African tortoise tick Amblyomma marmoreum (Koch). All engorged stages ventilated continuously, with little evidence of active spiracular control. Unfed nymphs and adults ventilated discontinuously; at low activity and standard metabolic rate (SMR) levels, mean DVC duration was approximately 0.4h in nymphs (mean mass 0.7mg) and 2.8h in female adults (mean 21 21 mass 70mg). SMR, measured as rate of CO2 production (V˙CO·; 0.064 ml mg h and 0.019 ml mg21 h21, respectively), was almost tenfold lower than that estimated for spiders of equivalent mass. In adults, the DVC was modulated to accommodate changing V˙CO· chiefly by changes in DVC frequency. Modulation of other DVC characteristics was bimodal; at low V˙ CO· (below the ‘SMR threshold’), burst volumes were large and not correlated with V˙CO·, but the rate of CO2 emission during the burst was modulated by V˙CO·.
    [Show full text]
  • Populations in South Africa
    © University of Pretoria Prevalence of Babesia species and associated ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in captive cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) populations in South Africa By Habib Golezardy Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirments for the degree of Philosophiae Doctor in the Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases Faculty of Veterinary Science University of Pretoria 2011 © University of Pretoria This work is dedicated to all those who have laboured before me and to those who endurced my many moods while I composed. Without their wisdom, perseverance, patient, and understanding, this study would not have been possible. I present this work to our peers and students, who continually challanged me to learn, to rethink, and to explain My efforts were inspired by my love of the God; my father, mother and sister and my profession. i © University of Pretoria Declaration Apart from the assistance received that has been reported in the acknowledgements and in the appropriate places in the text, this thesis represents the original work of the author. No part of this thesis has been presented for any other degree at any other university. Candidate …Habib Golezardy………… Date.....February 2012……. ii © University of Pretoria Summary Prevalence of Babesia species and associated ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) in captive cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) populations in South Africa By Habib Golezardy Supervisors: Prof. B.L. Penzhorn Co-supervisors: Prof. I.G. Horak and Prof. M.C. Oosthuizen Due to prevailing environmental and climatic conditions South Africa hosts one cheetah subspecies (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus) and a wide range of tick-borne protozoa such as Babesia. Blood samples collected from 143 cheetahs at four study sites, namely the Ann van Dyk Cheetah Breeding Center-De Wildt (Brits and Shingwedzi), the Cheetah Outreach and the Hoedspruit Endangered Species Centre, were examined for Babesia infection.
    [Show full text]
  • Microbial Communities Associated with the Camel Tick, Hyalomma Dromedarii
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Microbial communities associated with the camel tick, Hyalomma dromedarii: 16S rRNA gene‑based analysis Nighat Perveen, Sabir Bin Muzafar, Ranjit Vijayan & Mohammad Ali Al‑Deeb* Hyalomma dromedarii is an important blood‑feeding ectoparasite that afects the health of camels. We assessed the profle of bacterial communities associated with H. dromedarii collected from camels in the eastern part of the UAE in 2010 and 2019. A total of 100 partially engorged female ticks were taken from tick samples collected from camels (n = 100; 50/year) and subjected to DNA extraction and sequencing. The 16S rRNA gene was amplifed from genomic DNA and sequenced using Illumina MiSeq platform to elucidate the bacterial communities. Principle Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) was conducted to determine patterns of diversity in bacterial communities. In 2010 and 2019, we obtained 899,574 and 781,452 read counts and these formed 371 and 191 operational taxonomic units (OTUs, clustered at 97% similarity), respectively. In both years, twenty‑fve bacterial families with high relative abundance were detected and the following were the most common: Moraxellaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Staphylococcaceae, Bacillaceae, Corynebacteriaceae, Flavobacteriaceae, Francisellaceae, Muribaculaceae, Neisseriaceae, and Pseudomonadaceae. Francisellaceae and Enterobacteriaceae coexist in H. dromedarii and we suggest that they thrive under similar conditions and microbial interactions inside the host. Comparisons of diversity indicated that microbial communities difered in terms of richness and evenness between 2010 and 2019, with higher richness but lower evenness in communities in 2010. Principle coordinates analyses showed clear clusters separating microbial communities in 2010 and 2019. The diferences in communities suggested that the repertoire of microbial communities have shifted.
    [Show full text]