DOCSLIB.ORG

Chinese National Oil Companies in Kazakhstan Implications for Geopolitics and Energy Security

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Chinese National Oil Companies in Kazakhstan Implications for Geopolitics and Energy Security University of Amsterdam Graduate School of Social Sciences Chinese national oil companies in Kazakhstan Implications for geopolitics and energy security MSc Thesis Political Science: International Relations Research Project: The Political Economy of Energy 24 June 2016 Author: Supervisor: S. (Simon) Spornberger Dr. M. P. (Mehdi) Amineh 11128569 Prof. Dr. K. (Kurt) Radtke 2 Table of Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................... 6 Maps .......................................................................................................................................... 7 List of tables and figures .......................................................................................................... 9 List of abbreviations ............................................................................................................... 10 Chapter I – Introduction ....................................................................................................... 12 1.1. Overview of the research ............................................................................................... 12 1.2. Literature review ............................................................................................................ 14 1.3. Theoretical and conceptual framework ......................................................................... 18 1.4. Outline of the argument and hypotheses ....................................................................... 22 1.5. Research method and operationalization ....................................................................... 24 1.6. Structure of work ........................................................................................................... 25 Chapter II – State-market relations of China’s energy sector ........................................... 26 2.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 26 2.2. Power structure and state-society relations .................................................................... 26 2.3. Industrialization and energy scarcity ............................................................................. 28 2.4. The nature of Chinese national oil companies ............................................................... 32 2.4.1. Brief history ........................................................................................................ 32 2.4.2. Ownership and control ....................................................................................... 33 2.5. The going-global strategy of China‘s energy sector ...................................................... 37 2.6. Conclusions ................................................................................................................... 39 Chapter III – Sino-Kazakh energy relations ....................................................................... 40 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 40 3.2. The Kazakh energy sector ............................................................................................. 40 3.3. The Sino-Kazakh partnership ........................................................................................ 44 3.3.1. Diplomatic relations ........................................................................................... 46 3.3.2. Economic relations ............................................................................................. 48 3.3.3. Security relations ................................................................................................ 56 3.4. Conclusions.................................................................................................................... 56 3 Chapter IV – CNPC in Kazakhstan ..................................................................................... 58 4.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 58 4.2. Relationship with Kazmunaygaz ................................................................................... 58 4.3. Relationship with IOCs.................................................................................................. 61 4.4. Conclusions.................................................................................................................... 66 Chapter V – Implications for geopolitics and energy security .......................................... 67 5.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 67 5.2. Domestic impediments .................................................................................................. 67 5.3. Interests of other major powers .................................................................................... 70 5.3.1. United States ....................................................................................................... 71 5.3.2. Russia ................................................................................................................. 73 5.4. Geopolitics and energy security..................................................................................... 74 5.5. Conclusions.................................................................................................................... 76 Chapter VI – Conclusions ...................................................................................................... 78 Bibliography ........................................................................................................................... 82 Books .................................................................................................................................... 82 Articles, book chapters, reports ............................................................................................ 84 Online sources ...................................................................................................................... 91 Databases .............................................................................................................................. 96 4 Abstract This thesis studies the implications of Chinese energy investment in Kazakhstan with regards to geopolitics and energy security. China‘s rapidly increasing demand for imported fossil fu- els has forced its government to expand its energy policy beyond its national borders. In order to enhance its access to energy resources abroad, the Chinese government has been facilitat- ing the cross-border expansion of its national oil companies through diplomatic and financial support. Since 1997, China has built a strong political and economic partnership with re- source-rich Kazakhstan, as Chinese NOCs have gradually increased their cross-border in- vestment in the country‘s oil and gas sector. Assessing the increasing interaction between Chinese NOCs and other energy companies, the findings of this thesis suggest that Chinese energy investment in Kazakhstan has accelerated the integration of the global energy market. Viewing the cross-border expansion of China‘s energy sector mainly in geoeconomic terms, the results of this study indicate that the increasing number of alliances between Chinese NOCs and Western-based IOCs enhances the possibility of future cooperation between China and other major energy importers. 5 Acknowledgement This thesis is the result of five months of research, data collection, writing and editing. It has been a period of intense learning on an academic and on a personal level. First and foremost, I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor and mentor, Dr. Mehdi Amineh, whose guidance and personal dedication have enabled me to conceptualize and conduct this research. Through participating in his course ‗Energy and Geopolitics in Eurasia‘ in the first semester of my master‘s program, I developed the knowledge and interest that encouraged me to con- duct my own study on the subject. Also, I would like to thank my second reader, Dr. Kurt Radtke. Having been raised in a family that values critical thinking and academic learning, I would like to thank my parents for their support and confidence throughout my educational path. Finally, I would like to express my appreciation to my brother and my close friends for their continuous encouragement. Simon Spornberger 24 June 2016 6 Map 1 – China Source: The CIA World Factbook (2016). 7 Map 2 – Kazakhstan Source: The CIA World Factbook (2016). 8 List of tables and figures Tables Table 2.1. The three main Chinese NOCs in numbers………………..………….………. 33 Table 3.1. Kazakhstan‘s main oil and gas fields…………………..………..………........ 43 Table 3.2. Presidential visits between China and Kazakhstan since 1992…………......... 47 Table 3.3. Chinese investments in the Kazakh energy sector, 1997-2016…………...….. 51 Table 3.4. Chinese loans to Kazakhstan, 2008-2016…………………………………….. 53 Table 3.5. Selected energy-related loans from China to Kazakhstan, 2009-2014……….. 55 Table 4.1. Major joint ventures of CNPC and KMG in Kazakh upstream oil sector……. 59 Table 4.2. Shell and CNPC in numbers. ………………………………………………… 63 Table
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Marco Venosta DIR Thesis 202
    MASTER’S THESIS: DEVELOPMENT AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SCHOOL OF CULTURE AND GLOBAL THE IMPACT OF THE STUDIES PERSIAN GULF INSTABILITY ON THE Marco Venosta OTHER COUNTRIES’ Supervisor: Xing Li NATIONAL ENERGY STRATEGY: THE CASES OF CHINA AND ITALY Abstract The Middle East is a region whose peacefulness and stability are always in doubt, and recent events such as the assassination of General Qassim Suleimani have once more brought it to the brink of a conflict. The ever-present unpredictability of the geopolitical situation within the most prolific oil extracting region in the world affects all the nations which acquire crude petroleum from it. Indeed, the energy security of countries all over the planet would suffer harshly in case a conflict broke out within the Persian Gulf region, due to their dependence on imports from it. Oil prices would likely skyrocket, and a disruption of the supply would not be a farfetched possibility either. The interests of several states are on the line, and countermeasures are likely to be taken. This thesis, therefore, aimed at pointing out in which way the recurrent instability of the Gulf region is influencing the energy strategy of the nations which historically import high quantities of oil from them. China and Italy, two countries that historically rely strongly on the unstable geographical area for their energy needs, were chosen as case studies. To answer the research question, the concepts of asymmetrical interdependence and geopolitical theory were applied to the data regarding the case studies’ energy strategy. They allowed the situation to be analysed from two different angles, and gave a more complete picture of the change, or lack thereof, in the Chinese and Italian national energy policies.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chinese Automotive Fuel Economy Policy 1.0 Background
    The Chinese Automotive Fuel Economy Policy [February 2015 Update] 1.0 Background China has been experiencing unprecedented annual sales growth rates since the beginning of the century. In 2014, vehicle sales in China suppressed 23 million units, marking the country's 6th straight year as the world's largest auto market. Although year-on-year growth has slowed since the economic crisis, annual sales in the past two years surpassed analysts’ predictions. China’s 2nd and 3rd tier markets are rapidly expanding leading to continuous high annual sales growth predictions, maintaining China’s predominant role as world’s largest car market in years to come. Even conservative estimates point to 2020 sales rate of 50 million units per year, which is comparable to total global vehicle sales in 2009, and to a total vehicle market of 550 million by 2050 (CAERC, 2013). Not surprisingly, China has become the largest emitter of greenhouse gases and largest vehicle market in terms of annual growth, overtaking the U.S. China's transportation CO2 emissions have doubled from 2000 to 2010 and are projected to increase by a further 50% by 2020. Vehicle emissions are claimed to be responsible for about 31% of city PM2.5 in Beijing, and account for over 40% of city-center air pollution. China has taken action to reduce its road transport greenhouse gas footprint by setting fuel economy regulations, putting in place a tax structure that seeks to give consumers an incentive to purchase more fuel efficient vehicles and limits the use of high-consuming vehicles (since 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Cold War China-Uzbekistan Relationship Under Bilateral and Multilateral Framework
    Master Thesis Dimitrios Psomiadis Graduate School of Social Sciences Post-Cold War China-Uzbekistan Relationship under Bilateral and Multilateral Framework 2006 – 2018 Author: Dimitrios Psomiadis Student number: 12290866 Thesis type: Master Thesis Programme: The Political Economy of Energy Supervisor: Dr. M.P. Amineh Second Reader: Dr. László Marácz Date: 24-06-16 Place of Submission: Amsterdam 1 Master Thesis Dimitrios Psomiadis (This page is intentionally left blank) 2 Master Thesis Dimitrios Psomiadis Table of Contents Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Map 1: China................................................................................................................................................. 6 Map 2: Uzbekistan ........................................................................................................................................ 7 Map 3: Central Asia ...................................................................................................................................... 8 List of tables and figures ............................................................................................................................... 9 List of abbreviations ................................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 1 - Introduction .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Policy and the Balance Between Public and Private Sectors in China and France, 1973-2011
    Energy Policy and the Balance between Public and Private Sectors In China and France, 1973-2011 By Shirley Zhao A Senior Honors Thesis Submitted to the Department of Political Science University of California, San Diego April 1, 2013 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction……………………………………………………………5 1.1 Working thesis and conceptual question 1.2 Methodology 1.3 Reservations 1.4 Outline Chapter 2: Energy Industry and Previous Studies………………………………..14 Chapter 3: Development of Energy Policy……………………..………………...25 3.1 China’s Energy Use and Its Development 3.2 France’s Energy Use and Its Development 3.3 Conclusion Chapter 4: Structure of Energy Industry…………………………………………38 4.1 What Contributes Sector Liberalization 4.2 China’s Oil Industry 4.3 China’s Coal Industry 4.4 China’s Electricity Industry 4.5 France’s Oil Industry 4.6 France’s Electricity and Natural Gas Industry 4.7 Conclusion Chapter 5: Balance between Consumer and Energy Interests……………………58 5.1 China’s coal and electricity industry 5.2 China’s oil and natural gas industry 5.3 France’s electricity industry 5.4 France’s natural gas industry Chapter 6: Conclusion……………………………………………………………67 Reference 2 List of Figures Fig 3.1 Primary energy production by source, 1949-1990………………………………28 Fig 3.2 Total Primary Energy Production………………………………………………..29 Fig 3.3 China’s energy consumption by source………………………………………….29 Fig 3.4 China’s oil production and consumption, 1990-2013…………………………...30 Table 3.1 Crude oil imports as a percentage……………………………………………..33 Table 3.2 Energy consumed by French industrial
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Power in China
    Nuclear Power in China Mr TANG Chi Cheung Senior Director – Nuclear CLP Holdings Limited 15 June 2018 Information Classification: Proprietary Information Classification: Proprietary Nuclear Power in China | Agenda . Background . Energy Policy of China . The Nuclear Roadmap . From Import to Export . Nuclear Fuel Cycle . Public Acceptance – Post Fukushima . Future Outlook . Nuclear Import of Hong Kong . Q&A Information Classification: Proprietary Page 2 Background l Background billion kWh 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 0 1979 kWh billion 6,310 to ↑6.6% Consumption Electricity GW 1,770 to ↑7.6% Generating Capacity Installed 2017, In 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 Ever Growing Electricity Demand in China Demand Electricity Growing Ever 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 Electricity ConsumptionElectricity 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 Information Classification: Proprietary InformationClassification: 2005 Source: BP 2016/National Energy Administration Energy 2016/National Source: BP 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Page Page 2016 2017 3 Background l Greenhouse Gas Emissions China, the world’s no. 2 economy, is also the US EIA 2030 Projection largest CO2 emitter in the world despite of a China 11,700 million tonnes levelling-off in recent years US 7,700 million tonnes M tonnes of CO2 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 China 4000 US 3000 2000 1000 0 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2013 2014 2015 Source: BP 2016 Information Classification: Proprietary Page 4 Background l Pressing Problem of Air Pollution
    [Show full text]
  • A Thorough Assessment of China's Standard for Energy
    A Thorough Assessment of China’s Standard for Energy Consumption of Buildings Da Yan1, *, Tianzhen Hong2, Cheng Li2, Qi Zhang1, Jingjing An1, Shan Hu1 1 School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, 30 Shuangqing Rd, Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China 2 Building Technology and Urban Systems Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA *Corresponding Author: [email protected] Abstract China’s Design Standard for Energy Efficiency of Public Buildings (the Design Standard) is widely used in the design phase to regulate the energy efficiency of physical assets (envelope, lighting, HVAC) in buildings. However, the standard does not consider many important factors that influence the actual energy use in buildings, and this can lead to gaps between the design estimates and actual energy consumption. To achieve the national energy savings targets defined in the strategic 12th Five-Year Plan, China developed the first standard for energy consumption of buildings GB/T51161-2016 (the Consumption Standard). This study provides an overview of the Consumption Standard, identifies its strengths and weaknesses, and recommends future improvements. The analysis and discussion of the constraint value and the leading value, two key indicators of the energy use intensity, provide insight into the intent and effectiveness of the Consumption Standard. The results indicated that consistency between China’s Design Standard GB 50189- 2015 and the Consumption Standard GB/T51161-2016 could be achieved if the Design Standard used the actual building operations and occupant behavior in calculating the energy use in Chinese buildings. The development of an outcome-based code in the U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • China, Energy, Policy, Evolution, Revolution: Questions and Answers 221 Gers a Discussion on Energy Efficiency As Well As on Low-Emission Sources
    D®¹D͘^Ê»ÊÁÊóÝ»® University of Warsaw ŚŝŶĂ͕ĞŶĞƌŐLJ͕ƉŽůŝĐLJ͕ĞǀŽůƵƚŝŽŶ͕ƌĞǀŽůƵƚŝŽŶ͗ YƵĞƐƚŝŽŶƐĂŶĚĂŶƐǁĞƌƐ Abstract China develops very fast and country’s economy grows rapidly. Among many statistics one may find energy industry. As enormous economy needs vast amounts of energy, the power sector is a key-factor for its de- velopment. A scale of energy needs has influenced the installed capacity which is counted in hundreds of gigawatts. And this does not mean that nothing more will be installed. Quite the contrary, China still builds new power units. In the future, this trend will continue. Nevertheless, there are indications that the Chinese energy sector is no longer the same as before. China installs more and more renewable energy sourc- es and develops its nuclear programme. On the other hand, the coun- try’s conventional energy sector (mainly coal sources) is still large. This results in a high-scale CO2 emissions, giving China title of “the biggest CO2 emitter in the world.” Mentioned dichotomy makes it necessary to analyze the energy policy of China and evaluate it in terms of recent changes that could be called “evolutionary,” or “revolutionary” for Chi- nese energy sector. Keywords: China, energy policy, CO2, renewable energy sources, nucle- ar programme, 12th Five-Year Plan 220 Maciej M. Sokołowski dŽďĞŐŝŶ China develops rapidly. The country grows what has its reflec- tion in many statistics. Among them one may find energy sector. This part of Chinese economy is becoming an increasingly im- portant factor of the country’s development. Obviously, every economy needs energy. Given the scale, it is difficult to consid- er China in the category of “every economy.” Chinese economy needs huge amounts of energy.
    [Show full text]
  • Belt and Road Initiative’ As an Investment Driver in the Yamal LNG
    Emnekode: EN310E Navn på kandidat: Anders Christoffer Edstrøm China’s ‘Belt and Road Initiative’ as an investment driver in the Yamal LNG Project Dato: 30.11.2018 Totalt antall sider: 113 Sammendrag Kina har opplevd en imponerende økonomisk vekst siden landet åpnet seg for utenlandske investeringer og ble med i Verdens Handelsorganisasjon. I 2013 lanserte den kinesiske presidenten Xi Jinping sitt «Belt and Road Initiative». Initiativet har utviklet seg til å bli et flaggskip i Kinas forhold til resten av verden. Det er Kinas gradvise åpningen mot verden, også på energifeltet, som ligger til grunn for oppgaven. Oppgaven er en kvalitativ case-studie om Yamal LNG Prosjektet som er lokalisert på Yamal- halvøya i det russiske Arktis. Prosjektet har en stor kinesisk eierandel, sammen med russiske og franske selskaper. Oppgaven kombinerer data fra offentlige kinesiske utviklingsplaner, investorene i prosjektet, og fra intervjuer med kinesiske eksperter. Ved å investere i energiprosjekter som Yamal LNG ønsker Kina å oppnå en rekke mål. Oppgaven drøfter tre av disse og samspillet mellom dem. Hvordan kan deltakelse i prosjektet sikre Kinas energisikkerhet, geopolitiske stilling og økonomiske utvikling? Av disse legger jeg mest vekt på drøftingen av energisikkerhet som et overordnet mål for landet Energisikkerhet-begrepet er bygd opp rundt fire dimensjoner: fysisk og økonomisk tilgjengelighet, pålitelighet og bærekraftighet. Oppgaven drøfter hver av disse både konseptuelt og med referanse til Yamal LNG investeringene. Et av de mest interessante funnene i denne oppgaven er hvordan bærekraftighet som er et relativt nytt tilskudd til diskusjonen rundt energisikkerhet har blitt vektlagt så tungt av kinesiske myndigheter. Hovedkonklusjonen i min oppgave er at Yamal LNG prosjektet gir et viktig bidrag til Kinas energisikkerhet.
    [Show full text]
  • Effectiveness Evaluation for a Commercialized PV-Assisted Charging Station
    sustainability Article Effectiveness Evaluation for a Commercialized PV-Assisted Charging Station Nian Liu * and Minyang Cheng State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +86-10-8079-0940 Academic Editors: Jiawei Gong, Qiquan Qiao, Zhengping Zhou, Tingting Xu, Mao Liang and Wenfeng Zhang Received: 19 January 2017; Accepted: 17 February 2017; Published: 22 February 2017 Abstract: The Photovoltaic–assisted Charging Station (PVCS) is regarded as one of the most promising charging facilities for future electric vehicle (EV) energy supplementation. In this paper, the operation mode and profitability of a commercialized PVCS are analyzed under the energy policy of China. In order to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of using the PVCS to provide guidance for the investors of the stations, a set of evaluation indexes is introduced, including the quality of service, the environmental and economic benefits, and the impacts on the grid. Furthermore, an easily-achieved charging strategy which considers the quality of service and the self-consumption of PV energy is proposed. Finally, an effectiveness evaluation for different operational scenarios of the PVCS is completed, based on the actual statistical data. The simulation and evaluation results indicate that the PVCS has the potential to produce satisfactory environmental/economic benefits and to reduce the impacts and dependence of an EV’s charging load on the grid. Keywords: electric vehicle; PV system; effectiveness evaluation; operation mode; charging strategy 1. Introduction Developing renewable energy resources and electric vehicles (EVs) has been seen as an effective way to reduce carbon emissions and ensure energy security [1–3].
    [Show full text]
  • X***********************************************W* Reproductions Supplied Bv EDRS Are the Best That Can Be Made from the Original Document
    DOCUMENT RESUME ED 343,780 SE 052 372 AUTHOR Pang, Laura J. TITLE A Curricular Reform and Modernization Proposal for Internationalizing Engineering Education. INSTITUTION Colorado School of Mines, Golden. Dept. of Global Systems aad Cultures. PUB DATE Feb 89 NOTE 63p. PUB TYPE Reports - Evaluative/Feasibility (142) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC03 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Cross Cultural Training; Cultural Influences; *Curriculum Development; Economic Factors; *Engineering Education; Foreign Countries; Higher Education; *Intercultural Programs; *International Programs; *Internship Programs; Language Enrichment; Mathematics Educatl.on; Political Influences; Program Descriptions; Program Effectiveness; *Program Evaluation; Science Education; Second Languages; Social Influences IDENTIFIERS Asia Pacific Ragion; Latin America; Pacific Rim ABSTRACT The primary objective of this 3-year project was to introduce a new curriculum of international study into an engineering and applied sciences, single-purpose university with the curriculum focus on the social sciences and languages. The basic problem addressed by the project was that the engineering profession is exceptionally international in its cultural extent, yet most students have had no educational preparation in the practical knowledge about broad political, social, economic, and cultural realities of Third World countries and their languages. Included in this report are: (1) an executive summary;(2) the project overview listing objectives, funding, results, and implications;(3) a discussion of the
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Security of People's Republic of China
    Facta Simonidis, 2010 nr 1 (6) Marcin Misiągiewicz UMCS w Lublinie – PWSZ w Zamościu [email protected] Energy Security of People’s Republic of China – Western dimension Bezpieczeństwo energetyczne Chin – wymiar zachodni Summary: Central Asia is becoming more significant politically and economically because of its geopolitical position in Eurasia. It probably contains some of the largest unde- veloped oil and gas reserves in the world. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the newly-independent Central Asian states became open to foreign investments. The region can play an important role in the diversification of oil and gas supplies and consequently in global energy security. There are many external actors that want to be active and influential in Central Asia’s energy geopolitics. China is one of the most prominent players. Its growing energy needs have given it a strong interest in developing ties with the energy-producing states in the region. It participates in en- ergy infrastructure projects to find opportunities to get access to oil and gas resources. Keywords: energy security, China, energy policy of China. Streszczenie: Upadek Związku Radzieckiego diametralnie zmienił sytuację geopolityczną w Eurazji. Nowopowstałe państwa Azji Centralnej to rejon o największych potencjal- nie zasobach ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego. Jest to zarówno szansa, jak i wyzwania dla istniejącego ładu międzynarodowego. Region stał się polem działania nie tylko dotychczasowych graczy – Federacji Rosyjskiej i Stanów Zjednoczonych Ameryki, lecz również wschodzącego mocarstwa – Chińskiej Republiki Ludowej. Zapewnienie bezpieczeństwa energetycznego Chin jest warunkiem sine qua non dla kontynuowa- nia wzrostu na płaszczyźnie ekonomicznej i militarnej. Działania ChRL w regionie zakładają maksymalizację współpracy wydobywczej, zwiększanie stabilności regio- nu oraz zdobywanie nowych rynków dla chińskich przedsiębiorstw.
    [Show full text]
  • The Energy Structure and Economic Growth in China
    The Energy Structure and Economic Growth in China Wang Huijong, Li Shantong, Lin Jiabin Development Research Center, The State Council of P.R.C. Working Paper Series Vol. 99-04 April 1999 The views expressed in this publication are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute. No part of this article may be used reproduced in any manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief quotations embodied in articles and reviews. For information, please write to the Centre. The International Centre for the Study of East Asian Development, Kitakyushu The Energy Structure and Economic Growth in China Wang Huijong, Li Shantong, Lin Jiabin Development Research Center, The State Council of P.R.C. I. This report is designed to provide a better understanding of energy supply and demand situation of China and the relationship between the energy structure and economic growth. II. China has a very high economic growth rate since the launch of economic reform and opening, and the high growth momentum will be continued to the 21st Century. The consumption of its primary energy will grow continuously pushed by its further growth of economy. China is also an economy in transition. The demand and supply of energy will be effected by its economic growth, structural change of the economic sectors, spatial location of its production activities and their linkages to the regional and global economy, the energy policies, the reform of current system of enterprise, etc. All these will have their impacts on the demand and supply of energy.
    [Show full text]