DOCSLIB.ORG

The Sino-Qatari Relations Within the Framework of China's Energy Supply Security Strategy in the Middle East

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Sino-Qatari Relations Within the Framework of China's Energy Supply Security Strategy in the Middle East Graduate School of Social Sciences The Sino-Qatari Relations Within the Framework of China’s Energy Supply Security Strategy in the Middle East MSc Political Science: International Relations - Thesis Research Project: The Political Economy of Energy Author: Niccolò Mannari – 11697547 Supervisor: Dr. M. (Mehdi) P. Amineh Second Reader: Dr. R. J. (Robin) Pistorius Amsterdam, The Netherlands June 22nd, 2018 (This page is intentionally left blank) 2 Table of contents Acknowledgements 6 Abstract 7 Maps 8 List of figures 11 List of abbreviations 12 Chapter I: Research Design 15 1.1 Introduction 15 1.2 Literature review 17 1.3 Theoretical and conceptual framework 22 1.4 Outline of the argument and hypothesis 27 1.5 Research method and operationalization 27 1.6 Structure of the work 28 Chapter II: The People’s Republic of China: energy industry, natural gas sector and NOCs 29 2.1 Introduction 29 2.2 Overview of China 29 2.3 Chinese state-business relation 30 2.4 Power and energy sector in China 32 2.4.1 Energy mix 33 2.4.2 Energy situation 35 2.4.3 Natural gas sector focus 38 2.5 Chinese energy policy 42 2.6 State class and NOCs 44 2.7 Conclusion 46 Chapter III: The State of Qatar: power structure, energy sector and Sino-Qatari relations 49 3.1 Introduction 49 3.2 The State of Qatar and its relations with China 49 3.2.1 Power structure in Qatar 49 3.2.2 Energy relations between China and Qatar 52 3.2.3 Diplomatic ties 52 3.2.4 Economic ties 53 3.3 Energy sector in Qatar 56 3.3.1 Overview of the energy sector in Qatar 57 3.3.2 Energy mix and energy situation 58 3.3.3 Qatari gas market and natural gas reserves 59 3.3.4 NOCs and their relationship with the state 63 3.4 Conclusion 63 3 Chapter IV: Chinese presence in the Qatari economy 65 4.1. Introduction 65 4.2 Chinese economic activity in Qatar 65 4.2.1 Trade 65 4.2.2 Chinese involvement in non-energy sectors 68 4.2.3 Chinese NOCs in Qatar 69 4.2.3.1 CNOOC’s 2009-2034 LNG spot trade deal and other activities 69 4.2.3.2 CNPC’s 2011-2036 LNG spot trade deal and other activities 72 4.2.4 Sino-Qatari financial affairs 74 4.3 Security and military cooperation between China and Qatar 76 4.4 Conclusion 77 Chapter V: Qatari domestic challenges and regional geopolitical risks to Chinese supply security in the Peninsula 79 5.1 Introduction 79 5.2 Qatari domestic challenges 79 5.2.1 Political challenges 79 5.2.2 Financial/Economic challenges 80 5.2.3 Societal challenges 81 5.3 MENA/Persian Gulf geopolitical risks 82 5.3.1 The 2017 GCC countries diplomatic crisis 82 5.3.2 Iran-Saudi Arabia conflict 83 5.3.3 The commercial sea route from Qatar to China 84 5.4 Geopolitical economic actors in the Middle East 85 5.5 Conclusion 87 Chapter VI: Conclusions 89 References 95 4 (This page is intentionally left blank) 5 Acknowledgements The journey that brought me to the completion of this thesis was full of wonderful people that helped me go through five months of intensive and hard work. And I want to thank them all in this short, but very important passage. First and foremost, I want to thank my parents Andrea and Cristina for giving me the opportunity to come to Amsterdam and the UvA to enjoy an amazing year. I will never be able to show you how much I appreciate you. I also want to thank my professor, Dr. Mehdi Parvizi Amineh, for his efforts and energy, and for the passion on energy matters that he instilled in me during these eight months together. Then, I want to thank the “China group”, Bart, Jim, Lucas and Niek for their suggestions and constant remarks. In conclusion, I want to thank the people that helped me go through this whole thing with their smiles, jokes, kisses, hugs and opinions: Sebastian, Xiddu, Ella, Pietro, Matilde, Guglielmo and my brother Lorenzo. Thank you all. Niccolò Mannari 21st of June 2018 6 Abstract This thesis sets out to explain the current situation of the Chinese energy supply security strategy in Qatar focusing on the development of the Sino-Qatari relations from 2003 to 2018, as well as analyzing in depth the current liquefied natural gas deals that two of China’s most important national oil companies, CNOOC and CNPC, inked with Qatari counterpart Qatargas in 2009 and 2011. Central in this thesis is the focus on the internationalization of Chinese national oil companies and their ties with the central government of Beijing. This will be done with the help of concepts taken from critical theories in order to shed light on the state-market complex in China, as well as in Qatar. I also found very helpful the resource scarcity model to explain how and why China has to seek outside its national border to secure its energy supplies, crucial to sustain the enormous growth of its economy. I described how the Chinese government system works, how the different agencies and ministries operate with the common goal of pushing China towards a brighter future and a constant economic development, while also establishing diplomatic relations with energy-rich countries like Qatar. Subsequently, I discuss the State of Qatar and how its authoritarian regime controls the oil and gas companies that own the huge natural gas resources the country has. I then delved into the Sino-Qatari relations and their importance for both countries, both strategically and commercially. Additionally, the thesis will analyze the Chinese presence in the Qatari economy in many sectors, from trade to investments, from finance to energy and finally, security. The thesis will conclude with an analysis of the possible threats and risks that Chinese national oil companies might face in Qatar and in the extremely instable Middle East region. Key Words China, Qatar, Energy Supply Security, National Oil Companies, Natural Gas 7 Map 1: China Source: ReliefWeb (2013) 8 Map 2: Qatar Source: ReliefWeb (2013) 9 Map 3: Middle East region and related oil/gas pipelines and fields Source: EIA (2012) 10 List of figures Figure 2.1 Primary energy demand by resource in China 32 Figure 2.2 Comparison China-RotW primary energy demand by fuel and final consumption by sector 35 Figure 2.3 Energy capacity by technology in China (historical and projections) 32 Figure 2.4 Chinese domestic natural gas consumption by end-use in 2015 35 Figure 2.5 Key government bodies overseeing energy issues 39 Figure 3.1 Board seats of Qatar Exchange Listed Companies held by family 49 Figure 3.2 Qatar’s import partners 52 Figure 3.3 Qatar’s export partners 52 Figure 3.4 Top 10 importing countries of Qatari LNG 58 Figure 3.5 Top ten gas projects in Qatar in terms of remaining capex/boe (in US$) 59 Figure 3.6 Qatari gas/oil fields and pipeline system map 60 Figure 4.1 China-Qatar bilateral trade (in billion US$) 65 Figure 4.2 Map of China’s natural gas and LNG receiving terminals 69 Figure 5.1 The “String of Pearls” route and the oil and gas shipping lanes to China 83 11 List of abbreviations AIIB Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank b/d Barrel of oil per Day bcm Billion cubic meters BP British Petroleum BRI Belt and Road Initiative CC Central Committee CCASG Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf CCP Chinese Communist Party CCPIT China Council for the Promotion of International Trade CDB Chinese Development Bank CHEC China Harbor Engineering Corp. CRCP China Railway Construction Corp. CSCEC China State Construction Engineering Corp. CEO Chief executive officer CIA Central Intelligence Agency CME Coordinated Market Economies CNOOC Chinese National Overseas Oil Company CNPC Chinese National Petroleum Company EIA Energy Information Administration EIU Economist Intelligence Unit EU European Union FDI Foreign Direct Investment FYP Five-Years Plan GECF Gas Exporting Countries Forum GCC Gulf Cooperation Council GDP Gross Domestic Product GHG Greenhouse Gas GTL Gas-to-Liquid ICBC Industrial and Commercial Bank of China IEA International Energy Agency IMF International Monetary Fund IOC International Oil Company IPO Initial Public Offering IR International Relations LME Liberal Market Economies LNG Liquefied Natural Gas LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas 12 Mbpd Million barrels of oil per day MENA Middle East North Africa Mtoe Millions of Tonnes of Oil Equivalent NEA National Energy Administration NEC National Energy Commission NOC National Oil Company NPC National People’s Congress OBOR One Belt One Road OD Organization Department PSA Public sharing agreement PSC Politburo Standing Committee PNG Piped Natural Gas RCC Renminbi Clearing Center RMB Renminbi QEWC Qatar Electricity and Water Company QIIB Qatar International Islamic Bank QIA Qatar Investment Authority QIIC Qatar Islamic Insurance Company QIPCO Qatar Investment & Projects Development Holding Company QH Qatar Holding QP Qatar Petroleum QSTec Qatar Solar Technology SCO Shanghai Cooperation Organization SOE State Owned Enterprise SASAC State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission SPR Strategic Petroleum Reserve Tcf Trillion cubic feet UAE United Arab Emirates UK United Kingdom UN United Nations US United States (of America) US$ (or USD) United States Dollar VoC Varieties of Capitalism WTO World Trade Organization 13 (This page is intentionally left blank) 14 Chapter I Research Design 1.1 Introduction The aim of this research is to analyse and describe the energy supply security strategy that the People’s Republic of China has developed in the State of Qatar thanks to the activities of its national oil companies, focusing on the supply of natural gas from Qatar to China.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Discourse of a Conflict: Critical Discourse Analysis of the Ideological Representation of the Other in Online News
    Thomas More Kempen FACULTEIT LETTEREN SINT-ANDRIESSTRAAT 2 2000 ANTWERPEN BELGIE Masterproef aangeboden tot het verkrijgen van het diploma Master of Arts in het vertalen The Discourse of a Conflict: Critical Discourse Analysis of the Ideological Representation of the Other in Online News Aljazeera and Alarabiya on the 2017-18 GCC Crisis: a case study Door: Ruben Van Nimmen Promotor: Houssine Id-Youss ACADEMIEJAAR 2017-2018 Preface First of all, I wish to explain a number of references that have been made in the Literature Review. As the present research discusses a current development in the Gulf region, i.e. the 2017-18 GCC Crisis, references have been made to a number of news reports. However, as this study intends to investigate the role of ideology in the news reports by Aljazeera and Alarabiya, I decided to limit references to news reports by those two, yet selected the following networks: BBC, Le Monde, The Washington Post, CNN, The New York Times. References to these networks have been made in the Literature Review and to verify the factual information offered by the corpus, as will become clear in the Results chapter. In addition, I consulted reports by independent organization such as Freedom House and the Committee to Protect Journalists. References to Aljazeera or Alarabiya in the Literature Review have been made only to discuss superficial and rather factual information. Moreover, when referring to the blockading quartet in the 2017-18 GCC Crisis, I only used Saudi Arabia at times, for Saudi Arabia is regarded as one of the leading countries in the conflict and in the region.
    [Show full text]
  • QATAR V. BAHRAIN) REPLY of the STATE of QATAR ______TABLE of CONTENTS PART I - INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I - GENERAL 1 Section 1
    CASE CONCERNING MARITIME DELIMITATION AND TERRITORIAL QUESTIONS BETWEEN QATAR AND BAHRAIN (QATAR V. BAHRAIN) REPLY OF THE STATE OF QATAR _____________________________________________ TABLE OF CONTENTS PART I - INTRODUCTION CHAPTER I - GENERAL 1 Section 1. Qatar's Case and Structure of Qatar's Reply Section 2. Deficiencies in Bahrain's Written Pleadings Section 3. Bahrain's Continuing Violations of the Status Quo PART II - THE GEOGRAPHICAL AND HISTORICAL BACKGROUND CHAPTER II - THE TERRITORIAL INTEGRITY OF QATAR Section 1. The Overall Geographical Context Section 2. The Emergence of the Al-Thani as a Political Force in Qatar Section 3. Relations between the Al-Thani and Nasir bin Mubarak Section 4. The 1913 and 1914 Conventions Section 5. The 1916 Treaty Section 6. Al-Thani Authority throughout the Peninsula of Qatar was consolidated long before the 1930s Section 7. The Map Evidence CHAPTER III - THE EXTENT OF THE TERRITORY OF BAHRAIN Section 1. Bahrain from 1783 to 1868 Section 2. Bahrain after 1868 PART III - THE HAWAR ISLANDS AND OTHER TERRITORIAL QUESTIONS CHAPTER IV - THE HAWAR ISLANDS Section 1. Introduction: The Territorial Integrity of Qatar and Qatar's Sovereignty over the Hawar Islands Section 2. Proximity and Qatar's Title to the Hawar Islands Section 3. The Extensive Map Evidence supporting Qatar's Sovereignty over the Hawar Islands Section 4. The Lack of Evidence for Bahrain's Claim to have exercised Sovereignty over the Hawar Islands from the 18th Century to the Present Day Section 5. The Bahrain and Qatar Oil Concession Negotiations between 1925 and 1939 and the Events Leading to the Reversal of British Recognition of Hawar as part of Qatar Section 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Language Ideologies, Schooling and Islam in Qatar
    Language in the Mirror: Language Ideologies, Schooling and Islam in Qatar Rehenuma Asmi Submitted in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of Doctorate of Philosophy under the executive committee of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY 2013 © 2013 Rehenuma Asmi All rights reserved ABSTRACT Language in the Mirror: Language Ideologies, Schooling and Islam Rehenuma Asmi My study explores language ideologies in the capital city of Doha, Qatar, where school reform movements are placing greater emphasis on English language acquisition. Through ethnography and a revised theory of language ideologies, I argue that as languages come in greater contact in multi-lingual spaces, mediation must occur between the new and old relationships that are emerging as a result of population growth, policy changes and cross-cultural interactions. I interrogate the development concept of the “knowledge economy” as it is used to justify old and new language ideologies regarding Arabic and English. As Qataris change their education systems in response to the economic development framework of the “knowledge economy,” they are promoting language ideologies that designate English as useful for the economy and “global” citizenship and Qatari Arabic and Standard Arabic as useful for religious and cultural reasons. I argue that Standard English, through its association with the “knowledge economy,” becomes “de-localized” and branded an “international” language. This ideology presents English as a modern language free of the society in which it is embedded, to circulate around the globe. In contrast, Standard Arabic is represented as stiff, archaic language of religious traditions and Qatari Arabic is presented as the language of oral culture and ethnonationalism.
    [Show full text]
  • Qatar Wins Legal Battle Over Air Blockade
    www.thepeninsula.qa Wednesday 15 July 2020 Volume 25 | Number 8319 24 Dhul-Qa'da - 1441 2 Riyals BUSINESS | 14 PENMAG | 15 SPORT | 20 Profits hit as US Classifieds AFC shortlists banks set aside and Services Qatar coach billions for section Sanchez for top bad loans included award Do it online now. Get a new SIM from the Online safety of your home! Qatar wins legal battle over air blockade THE PENINSULA & AGENCIES Qatar emerged victorious at top UN court as the International Court of Justice (ICJ) ruled In the dispute under the Chicago yesterday that the country has the right to challenge airspace Convention, the ICJ ruled that: restrictions imposed by Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Egypt before the UN’s aviation body With respect to the blockading states’ first ground of appeal, which — the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). alleged that the ICAO Council “failed to uphold fundamental principles Since June 2017, the block- of due process,” the ICJ unanimously found that “the procedures ading countries (Saudi Arabia, followed by the Council did not prejudice in any fundamental way the the United Arab Emirates, Bahrain and Egypt) have pro- requirements of a just procedure.” hibited Qatar-registered aircraft from flying to or from their air- The ICJ also rejected the blockading states’ second ground of appeal, ports and overflying their We welcome the decision by the ICJ that which claimed that the “real issue” in dispute was not their violations national airspaces, in flagrant will see the blockading countries finally of the Chicago Convention and IASTA, but their blatantly false violation of international law.
    [Show full text]
  • Expert Commentary GECF Member Countries Shifting Towards Less Carbon Intensity
    Expert Commentary GECF Member Countries shifting towards less carbon intensity Dr Hussein Moghaddam Senior Energy Forecast Analyst Energy Economics and Forecasting Department GECF Secretariat July 2021 GECF Member Countries shifting towards less carbon intensity Dr Hussein Moghaddam Senior Energy Forecast Analyst Energy Economics and Forecasting Department GECF Secretariat There is more than one way to achieve the Paris Agreement targets, and more than one way to achieve a low carbon future. Although it is projected that renewables and other unconventional sources of energy may gain a significant portion of the energy supply mix in the next 30 years, based on the GECF Global Gas Model’s (GGM) calculation, at the GECF we believe that some concerns may restrict the worldwide commitment to fully substituting fossil fuels, and in particular natural gas. The GGM shows that being committed to carbon- neutral targets does not sufficiently contribute to the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions reduction, if not accompanied by feasible policies. Years ago, the need to discuss climate change would not be a given as it is today. Since global warming has become a major hazard for the future of the planet, energy transmission as a response to this concern is inevitable. To limit warming to 1.5°C by 2050-60, many countries agreed and pledged under the Paris Agreement to set up ambitious targets to reach net-zero emissions across their regions. According to Climate Action Tracker, 127 countries that produce around 63% of global emissions are now committing themselves to adopt net- zero targets [1]. Several explanations follow to elaborate on this point: First, the global energy demand may outweigh the energy supply from unconventional sources due to increasing consumption in energy-intensive sectors, such as power, transportation, and industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Marco Venosta DIR Thesis 202
    MASTER’S THESIS: DEVELOPMENT AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS SCHOOL OF CULTURE AND GLOBAL THE IMPACT OF THE STUDIES PERSIAN GULF INSTABILITY ON THE Marco Venosta OTHER COUNTRIES’ Supervisor: Xing Li NATIONAL ENERGY STRATEGY: THE CASES OF CHINA AND ITALY Abstract The Middle East is a region whose peacefulness and stability are always in doubt, and recent events such as the assassination of General Qassim Suleimani have once more brought it to the brink of a conflict. The ever-present unpredictability of the geopolitical situation within the most prolific oil extracting region in the world affects all the nations which acquire crude petroleum from it. Indeed, the energy security of countries all over the planet would suffer harshly in case a conflict broke out within the Persian Gulf region, due to their dependence on imports from it. Oil prices would likely skyrocket, and a disruption of the supply would not be a farfetched possibility either. The interests of several states are on the line, and countermeasures are likely to be taken. This thesis, therefore, aimed at pointing out in which way the recurrent instability of the Gulf region is influencing the energy strategy of the nations which historically import high quantities of oil from them. China and Italy, two countries that historically rely strongly on the unstable geographical area for their energy needs, were chosen as case studies. To answer the research question, the concepts of asymmetrical interdependence and geopolitical theory were applied to the data regarding the case studies’ energy strategy. They allowed the situation to be analysed from two different angles, and gave a more complete picture of the change, or lack thereof, in the Chinese and Italian national energy policies.
    [Show full text]
  • Chinese National Oil Companies in Kazakhstan Implications for Geopolitics and Energy Security
    University of Amsterdam Graduate School of Social Sciences Chinese national oil companies in Kazakhstan Implications for geopolitics and energy security MSc Thesis Political Science: International Relations Research Project: The Political Economy of Energy 24 June 2016 Author: Supervisor: S. (Simon) Spornberger Dr. M. P. (Mehdi) Amineh 11128569 Prof. Dr. K. (Kurt) Radtke 2 Table of Contents Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... 5 Acknowledgement .................................................................................................................... 6 Maps .......................................................................................................................................... 7 List of tables and figures .......................................................................................................... 9 List of abbreviations ............................................................................................................... 10 Chapter I – Introduction ....................................................................................................... 12 1.1. Overview of the research ............................................................................................... 12 1.2. Literature review ............................................................................................................ 14 1.3. Theoretical and conceptual framework ........................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • News Release Recovery in Qatari Non-Energy Economy Continues In
    . News Release Purchasing Managers’ IndexTM MARKET SENSITIVE INFORMATION Embargoed until: 12:00 Doha (09:00 UTC) 5 October 2020 Recovery in Qatari non-energy economy continues in September Qatar Financial Centre PMITM • September 2020 PMI rounds off strongest quarter since survey began in April 2017 • Expansion of new work among the fastest in survey history • Purchasing activity of non-energy firms rise in tandem with workloads Data were collected 11-25 September 2020 Doha, Qatar: 5 October 2020 – The non-energy private sector economy of Qatar continued to expand in September as coronavirus-related restrictions were lifted further, according to the latest Purchasing Managers’ Index™ (PMI™) survey data. Output and new business continued to register growth as firms reported operations returning to normality following the lockdown, and the reopening of industrial areas. The Qatar PMI indices are compiled from survey responses from a panel of around 400 private sector companies. The panel covers the manufacturing, construction, wholesale, retail, and services sectors, and reflects the structure of the non-energy economy according to official national accounts data. The topline PMI registered 51.4 in September, down from 57.3 in August. The latest figure signalled sustained improvement in business conditions in the non-energy private sector segment of the economy and was the third-highest figure in over two years. Since the survey began in April 2017, the PMI has trended at 49.5. By contrast, over the third quarter of 2020 the PMI averaged a more elevated 56.2. This was by far the highest quarterly average to date, compared with the next-highest figure of 53.5 set in Q4 2017.
    [Show full text]
  • The Chinese Automotive Fuel Economy Policy 1.0 Background
    The Chinese Automotive Fuel Economy Policy [February 2015 Update] 1.0 Background China has been experiencing unprecedented annual sales growth rates since the beginning of the century. In 2014, vehicle sales in China suppressed 23 million units, marking the country's 6th straight year as the world's largest auto market. Although year-on-year growth has slowed since the economic crisis, annual sales in the past two years surpassed analysts’ predictions. China’s 2nd and 3rd tier markets are rapidly expanding leading to continuous high annual sales growth predictions, maintaining China’s predominant role as world’s largest car market in years to come. Even conservative estimates point to 2020 sales rate of 50 million units per year, which is comparable to total global vehicle sales in 2009, and to a total vehicle market of 550 million by 2050 (CAERC, 2013). Not surprisingly, China has become the largest emitter of greenhouse gases and largest vehicle market in terms of annual growth, overtaking the U.S. China's transportation CO2 emissions have doubled from 2000 to 2010 and are projected to increase by a further 50% by 2020. Vehicle emissions are claimed to be responsible for about 31% of city PM2.5 in Beijing, and account for over 40% of city-center air pollution. China has taken action to reduce its road transport greenhouse gas footprint by setting fuel economy regulations, putting in place a tax structure that seeks to give consumers an incentive to purchase more fuel efficient vehicles and limits the use of high-consuming vehicles (since 2006).
    [Show full text]
  • Post-Cold War China-Uzbekistan Relationship Under Bilateral and Multilateral Framework
    Master Thesis Dimitrios Psomiadis Graduate School of Social Sciences Post-Cold War China-Uzbekistan Relationship under Bilateral and Multilateral Framework 2006 – 2018 Author: Dimitrios Psomiadis Student number: 12290866 Thesis type: Master Thesis Programme: The Political Economy of Energy Supervisor: Dr. M.P. Amineh Second Reader: Dr. László Marácz Date: 24-06-16 Place of Submission: Amsterdam 1 Master Thesis Dimitrios Psomiadis (This page is intentionally left blank) 2 Master Thesis Dimitrios Psomiadis Table of Contents Contents Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Map 1: China................................................................................................................................................. 6 Map 2: Uzbekistan ........................................................................................................................................ 7 Map 3: Central Asia ...................................................................................................................................... 8 List of tables and figures ............................................................................................................................... 9 List of abbreviations ................................................................................................................................... 10 Chapter 1 - Introduction .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Energy Policy and the Balance Between Public and Private Sectors in China and France, 1973-2011
    Energy Policy and the Balance between Public and Private Sectors In China and France, 1973-2011 By Shirley Zhao A Senior Honors Thesis Submitted to the Department of Political Science University of California, San Diego April 1, 2013 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Introduction……………………………………………………………5 1.1 Working thesis and conceptual question 1.2 Methodology 1.3 Reservations 1.4 Outline Chapter 2: Energy Industry and Previous Studies………………………………..14 Chapter 3: Development of Energy Policy……………………..………………...25 3.1 China’s Energy Use and Its Development 3.2 France’s Energy Use and Its Development 3.3 Conclusion Chapter 4: Structure of Energy Industry…………………………………………38 4.1 What Contributes Sector Liberalization 4.2 China’s Oil Industry 4.3 China’s Coal Industry 4.4 China’s Electricity Industry 4.5 France’s Oil Industry 4.6 France’s Electricity and Natural Gas Industry 4.7 Conclusion Chapter 5: Balance between Consumer and Energy Interests……………………58 5.1 China’s coal and electricity industry 5.2 China’s oil and natural gas industry 5.3 France’s electricity industry 5.4 France’s natural gas industry Chapter 6: Conclusion……………………………………………………………67 Reference 2 List of Figures Fig 3.1 Primary energy production by source, 1949-1990………………………………28 Fig 3.2 Total Primary Energy Production………………………………………………..29 Fig 3.3 China’s energy consumption by source………………………………………….29 Fig 3.4 China’s oil production and consumption, 1990-2013…………………………...30 Table 3.1 Crude oil imports as a percentage……………………………………………..33 Table 3.2 Energy consumed by French industrial
    [Show full text]
  • 2007 Annual Report
    Qatar Petroleum, Committed to Excellence Qatar Petroleum (QP), formerly Qatar General Petroleum Corporation, is a state-owned corporation established, by Emiri Decree No 10, in 1974 responsible for all phases of the oil and gas industry in Qatar. The principal activities of Qatar Petroleum and its subsidiaries and joint ventures cover exploration, drilling and production operations, transport, storage, marketing and sale of crude oil, natural gas liquids, liqueed natural gas, rened products, petrochemicals and fertilizers, and providing helicopter services. Qatar Petroleum’s strategy of conducting hydrocarbon exploration and new projects is through Exploration and Production Sharing Agreements (EPSA) and Development and Production Sharing Agreements (DPSA) concluded with major international oil and gas companies. The operations and activities of Qatar Petroleum are conducted on various onshore locations, which include Doha, Dukhan, Mesaieed and Ras Laan Industrial Cities, as well as oshore areas including Halul Island, Oshore Production Stations, Drilling Platforms and the North Gas Field. In addition to its operations, QP carries out its activities through the following subsidiaries, joint ventures and other investments. A – Subsidiaries QP Interest Percentage % C- Other Investments % Qatar Petroleum Qatar Gas (3) Ltd. 100.0 Qatar Fuel Co. (WOQOD) 40.0 Gulf Helicopters Co. (Gulf Helicopters) 100.0 Qatar Shipping Co. (Q-SHIP) 18.5 Al Koot Insurance and Reinsurance Co. 100.0 Qatar Metal Coating Co.W.L.L 35.0 Qatar Petroleum Gas Trading (QGII) Ltd. 100.0 Qatar Real Estate Investment Co. 0.7 Qatar Petroleum LNG Services (QGII) Ltd. 100.0 Qatar Plastic Production Co. (QPPC) 26.6 Qatar Terminal Co. Ltd.
    [Show full text]