The Analysis of Ethnophysics Process in Making Traditional Machete in Indonesia Wawan Kurniawan, Jufrida, Fibrika Rahmat Basuki, Olva Fitaloka, Khairul Anwar

Home , Cleaver, Kris, Rencong, Table knife

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 10, OCTOBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616 The Analysis Of Ethnophysics Process In Making Traditional Machete In Indonesia Wawan Kurniawan, Jufrida, Fibrika Rahmat Basuki, Olva Fitaloka, Khairul Anwar

Abstract: This research aims to reconstruct the original knowledge of the society about the process of making a machete to be a scientific knowledge. This research used mixed method with secuential exploratory design. The key informants in this research were iron craftsmen in Jambi City. The collection of qualitative data was conducted through deep interview and direct observation at the craftsmen place. The analysis of qualitative data was conducted continuously and intensively, categorized then built to be a scientific knowledge. The collection of quantitative data was done through the experiment on the effect of heat treadment towards the harshness and impact of the machete. Data the results of harshness and the power test used to strengthen the original knowledge reconstruction to be scientific knowledge. Indigenous knowledge about the process of making a machete is obtained based on the knowledge inherited from time to time by the ancestors. The process of making the machete covers the selection of wood materials, the process of forging, and the process of gilding. Scientifically gilding is the heat treatment through the heating and cooling conducted at certain level to alter the trait of steel mechanic. The water cooling produces high harshness while the oil cooling had higher and stronger toughness.

Index Terms: Ethnophysics, traditional machete production ——————————  ——————————

1 INTRODUCTION Indonesia is a country with various culture and local wisdo. One Nowadays, the knowledge in the process of making cleaver only of its culture and local wisdom is some relic weapons from ancient possessed by few people. In Jambi, only some people who become kingdoms in Indonesia such as swords, kris, spears, arrow, rencong, blacksmiths. This is because it is not taught formally in the school. and the others. Every region has its own different weapon and The science is also not optimal in implementing contextual learning. appliance shape as the characteristic of the region. Weapon and The indigenous society knowledge can be reconstructed into science appliance making in the past time was usually done by a blacksmith which can be study reference for students [3,4]. called ―Empu‖. Empu is an expert in making weapon and believed to Science learing will become significant if it has relation to the hold supernatural talent. Nowadays, blacksmiths do not produce local wisdom and students‘ daily life. Ethnoscience-based learning is weapons but they produce appliances that is needed by the society not only instilling the science concept, but also able to grow such as cleavers, knives, sickles, axes, hoes etc. The process in affection to the culture [5,6]. Ethnoscience-based learning is making cleaver is still done traditionally through heating, forging, effective to increase academical result [7,8,9], critical thinking skills and gilding. The tools for making cleaver can be considered as [10], and instilling the soul of conservation [11]. This study aims to simple and the blacksmiths own handmade tools. Society knowledge reconstruct the indigenous society knowledge in cleaver making about the process in making cleaver and knife has been inherited process into science. Physical concepts which are identified can be hereditary. used in physical lesson as the alternative study reference which is The indigenous society knowledge always has concept, principle, contextual. or science which are not yet formalized. Knowledge that reflects society‘s true views in learning the nature, social environment, and economy has come from culture, myth and super natural called 2 METHOD ethnoscience [1]. Ethnoscience consists of ethnophysics, This study used mixed method approach with sequential ethnochemistry, ethnobiology, ethnomathematics, and ethnomedicine exploratory design [12]. The qualitative data collection was done [2]. The society‘s knowledge about the process of making cleaver is through ethnoscience study which had the purpose on identifying included in ethnophysics. This cleaver making process involves the and reconstructing indigenous society knowledge which was concepy, principle and physical law. organized into culture and local wisdom in relation with cleaver making process [2]. The key informant in this study was the blacksmits which existed in Jambi. The data collection was done through in-depth interviews dan direct observation in the cleaver ———————————————— making place. The researcher became the reaserch instrument. The  Wawan Kurniawan, Physics Education Departement, Universitas Jambi, qualitative data analysis was done continuously and intensive, Indonesia. [email protected] categorized and then constructed into science [3]. The quantitative  Jufrida, Physics Education Departement, Universitas Jambi, Indonesia. data collection was done through experiment to find out the effect of heat treatment in cleaver making process. To find out hardness and [email protected] strength of cleaver raw material (medium carbon steel) which was  Fibrika Rahmat Basuki, Physics Education Departement, Universitas Jambi, used by blacksmiths in Jambi, then it was conducted the test on Jambi, Indonesia. [email protected] hardness and impact. Heat treatment was done in the temperature of  Olva Fitaloka, Physics Education Departement, Universitas Jambi, Jambi, 1050oC around 60 minutes and then cooled down in the water, oil Indonesia. [email protected] and cooling down in the room. The hardness test that was done used  Khairul Anwar, Physics Education Departement, Universitas Jambi, Jambi, Rocwell (HRC) method. The impact test was done by Charpy Indonesia. [email protected] method. The result data of hardness and strength was used to stregthen the reconstruction of indigenous knowledge into science.

3 RESULT AND DISCUSSION repetition until it has the shape of flat cleaver that is still blunt. The Cleaver is a tool for cutting, splitting and chopping. Generally, size of cleaver is various in the size of 5 cm x 30 cm, 5 cm x 40 cm the cleaver making in Indonesia is still done traditionally by using and 4 cm x 50 cm. Cleaver is done with thickness around 3-5 mm. simple tools. The society knowledge in processing iron material into Next, the cleaver is grinded to sharpen the blade of one side, appliances such as cleaver has been inherited hereditary so it trimming and refining. becomes a local wisdom. The crafter of cleaver, knife, sickle, hoe and other appliances is usually called as blacksmiths. The tools that is used are burning furnace, air pump, forging base, hammer, chisel, coal, gilding tub, water/oil, and plier. The process of cleaver making involves the choosing of raw material, forging process, and gilding process.

1. Cleaver raw material Basically cleaver artisan has got Indigenous knowledge about choosing good raw material for cleaver. Based on the interview result with the blacksmith in Jambi, Indonesia the raw material in making cleaver is car‘s spring steel plate. This spring steel plate is Figure 2. The heating and forging process of steel into cleaver choosen due to its hardness and strength. Moreover, spring steel plate is easy to get and cheap. Heating has an important role in cleaver forging process. When heating up, the steel is expanding so the particles distance is also extending. On this condition, the steel is tender and easy to be formed. Cleaver is formed by hit with big hammer. This forging process is done by giving big force cleaver area so it has big pressure on it. Big pressure will form the change in shape permanently.

3. Heating up and Cooling down Process According to the interview result with the blacksmith in Jambi, Indonesia it is found out that the last process in cleaver making is ―gilding‖. Gilding is a word of blacksmiths in the meaning of upgrading sharpness, hardness and strength of cleaver. This gilding is an Indigenous knowledge of blacksmiths which is got by experience that is inherited hereditary. Gilding process is done by re- Figure 1. Raw material of spring steel plate heating up the cleaver areound 10-15 minutes or until it looks red. Steel is a mixture of iron (Fe) and carbon (C) also some other The heating up temperature is not measure but only based on additional element (alloy) such as Sulphur (S), Phosphor (P), estimation and experience. Then it is done the cooling down by Mangan (Mn), and Silicon (Si). According to the sample testusing dipping the cleaver into water or oil. By the interview result, it is Spectrometer and XRF, it is found that steel-based material which is found out that blacksmiths believe the cooling down with water and used as the material in cleaver making has the element shown in oil will give different cleaver characteristic. The choosing of these table 1. According to the element of mixture composition, the sample cooling down media (water or oil) is usually depended on the steel is categorized as medium carbon steel/ SAE 1040 steel [13] costumer needs. Cleaver characteristic which has been cooled down with carbon of 0,38068 %wt. The character of carbon steel such as by water and oil is also not tested physically (hardness and impact hardness, ductility, tensile strength, flexibility and micro structure test). This cleaver characteristic will be seen after the utilization. effected by the amount of carbon content[14]. From the blacksmiths experience, the cooling down with water media will produce sharp cleaver, but easy to be broken, while the Table 1. The sample test result by spectrometer and XRF cooling down with oil media will produce sharp, strong, and difficult to be broken. Alloy C Si P Mn S Fe Components

%wt 0,38068 0,29468 0,03185 0,95727 0,00370 97,16

2. Forging process

According to observation and interview with the blacksmiths in

Jambi, Indonesia, the process of cleaver making is still forged traditionally. The making process starting from steel cutting as the proper cleaver measurement. The cutting process is conducted by heating up the steel on the furnace around 10-15 minutes or until the steel looks red. Then, the steel is cutted using chisel. The purpose of heating is the steel become tender when cutted. After cutting, the Figure 3. Water cooling down process steel is heated up again in the heating furnace around 10-15 minutes or until it looks red. Then the steel is forged using big hammer by Gilding in the process of cleaver making is common to be used by two people alternately. This forging process purpose is to flatten and the blacksmiths. In scientific way, the process that is done is heat forming the cleaver. These heating and forging proces is done in treatment process. Heat treatment process is a proces of heating up 1947 IJSTR©2019 www.ijstr.org INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC & TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH VOLUME 8, ISSUE 10, OCTOBER 2019 ISSN 2277-8616 and cooling down that is done in a certain level to change the [15]. The impact test result of medium carbon steel shows that oil- mechanism characteristic of steel [14]. Heat treatment on carbon based cooling down will result a cleaver with higher steel can change the mechanism characteristic, such as ductility, toughness/tenacity than water-based cooling down. hardness and strength (Ismail et al., 2016). Different heat treatment gives different hardness and strength value for the steel [15]. The heat treatment procedure can be done by annealing, normalization, 4 CONCLUSION tempering and hardening test. Heat treat treatment by tempering Indigenous knowledge about cleaver making process can be gives the best impact to increase steel hardness and strength [16]. reconstructed into science physics concept. The cleaver making Furthermore, medium carbon steel hardness and strength is process involves raw material choosing, forging process, and gilding influenced by temperature, carbon element and cooling down process. The choosing of raw material of car‘s spring steel plate is method [17]. Steel with lower carbon will absorb the highest amount due to its hard and srong characteristics. Scientifically, steel is a of energy so it is stronger compared to the steel with higher carbon mixture of iron (Fe) and carbon (C) element also the other mixture [18]. Medium carbon steel hardness can be raised by cooling down (alloy) such as Sulphur (S), Phosphor (P), Mangan (Mn), and Silicon with different cooling down media [19]. Water-based cooling down (Si). The used steel sample is categorized as medium carbon steel / can result higher hardness while oil-based cooling down can result SAE 1040 steel with the carbon content of 0,38068 %wt. The higher toughness/tenacity [15, 18, 14, 20]. characteristic of carbon steel such as hardness, ductility, tensile To find out the steel raw material hardness and strength (medium strength, flexibility and micro structure is influenced by the amount carbon steel) which is usually used by blacksmiths in Jambi, then it of carbon content. The cleaver forging process is done by heating up has to be done the hardness and impact test. Heat treatment is done the steel on the heating furnace around 10-15 minutes or until it on the temperature of 1050oC around 60 minutes then it is cooled looks red. Then the steel is forged with big hammer. The forging is down in the water, oil and the cooling down in the cooling room. done to flatten and forming cleaver shape. scientifically, when heat Hardness Test Result up, the steel will expand so the particles distance is extending which The test result that was done by using Rocwell (HRC) method. makes the steel more tender and easy to be formed. The forging Hardness test result (HRC) is shown in table 2. process is done by giving big force in the area so it gives big pressure. Big pressure that is given can change the shape Table 2. Hardness test result (HRC) permanently. The gilding is used by blacksmith to sharpen, harden and strengthen the cleaver. The gilding process is one by re-heatinrg Heat treatment 1050oC up the cleaver aound 10-15 minutes or unti it looks red. Then it is cooled down by dipping the cleaver into water or oil. Scientifically, Quenching Hardness test result the original process is heat treatment process. Heat treatment is a (HRC) process of heating and cooling which are done in a certain level to change the mechanism characteristic of steel. Water-based cooling Water 56,62 down results higher hardness while oil-based cooling down has higher toughness/tenacity. Oil 52,56 Acknowledgment Cooling furnance 32 The author would like to thank the Universitas Jambi for funding assistance in this study. 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