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Representations of an Islamic Republic: Iran and the British Press Since 1989

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Representations of an Islamic Republic: Iran and the British Press Since 1989 Representations of an Islamic Republic: Iran and the British Press since 1989. A thesis submitted to the University of Manchester for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy In the Faculty of Humanities 2012 Ann Williams School of Languages, Linguistics and Cultures. Contents Abstract 5 Introduction 9 Literature review 18 Statement on Data 32 Chapter 1: Othering 38 Chapter 2: Textual Analysis 63 Chapter 2.1: Critical Discourse Analysis 63 Chapter 2.2: Corpus Based Analysis 72 Chapter 2.3:Methodological Framework 74 Chapter 3.1: Anglo-Iranian Relations 84 Chapter 3.2: Media 115 Chapter 4: Analysis 151 Conclusion 247 Bibliography 258 Appendix 1 269 Word count 74,045 2 List of Tables Table 1: Daily circulation figures for UK National Newspapers taken from Magfourm. Table 2: News Organisations and their percentage share of the daily market. Table 3: Frequent words used in the reporting of Iran in both papers. Table 4: Keywords in Rafsanjani’s Presidency. Table 5: Keywords in Khatami’s Presidency. Table 6: Displays frequent Collocates of the word ‘Islamic’ in The Times. Table 7: Displays frequent Collocates of the word ‘Islamic’ in the Guardian. Table 8: Displays frequent Collocates of Rafsanjani in The Times. Table 9: Displays frequent Collocates of Rafsanjani in the Guardian. Table 10: Displays frequent Collocates of Khatami in The Times. Table 11: Displays frequent Collocates of Khatami in the Guardian. Table 12: Comparison of keywords in both papers in which Iran and Terrorism appeared within the same sentence. Table 13: Comparison of keywords in both papers in which Iran and Nuclear appeared within the same sentence. Table 14: Displays frequent Collocates of Nuclear in The Times. Table 15: Displays frequent Collocates of Nuclear in the Guardian. Table 16: Comparison of keywords in both papers in which Iran and Human Rights appeared within the same sentence. 3 List of Figures Figure 1: ‘News Flow in the Newsroom’ taken from Campbell. Figure 2: Number of articles in both papers selected for their headlines from 17th August 1989 to 2nd August 2005. Figure 3: Distribution of articles in which Iran featured in the headline. Figure 4: Number of articles in which Iran and Key Issues appeared within the same sentence. Figure 5: Distribution of articles in which Iran and Terrorism appeared within the same sentence. Figure 6: Coverage of Iran and Hezbollah. Figure 7: Number of articles in which Hezbollah/Hizbullah is referred to as pro- Iranian. Figure 8: Number of articles in which Iran and Hezbollah/Hizbullah appeared within the same sentence. Figure 9: Number of articles in which Iran and Nuclear appeared within the same sentence. Figure 10: Number of articles in which Iran and Human Rights appeared within the same sentence. 4 Abstract This thesis aims to uncover how Iran was represented in the British Print Press from 1989-2005. The period under analysis marked a new phase in Anglo-Iranian relations in which Iran sought improved relations with Britain primarily for economic reasons. This study will combine Critical Discourse Analysis with a Corpus Based Analysis using Monoconc Pro 2.2 a computer based concordance software package. The Corpus Based Analysis allows large corpus files to be analysed and provides quantitative findings which can support the qualitative analysis. The newspapers selected for the combined analysis were the The Times and the Guardian. Article selection was based on the presence of certain words appearing in the headline throughout the time frame. To facilitate analysis of the Sun and the Mirror which were not available on Lexis for the whole time frame, a qualitative only analysis was also conducted on all papers using four keys events. The study found that Iran is represented as a ‘threat’ through its link to terrorism and most notably the nuclear issue. In addition the study found that generally the media follow government policy in its coverage of Iran. Coverage was overwhelmingly political however both of the broadsheet papers did feature examples of social and cultural focused articles. Social and cultural reporting provides an opportunity for newspaper readers to gain an insight into aspects of Iranian life. 5 Declaration No portion of the work referred to in the thesis has been submitted in support of an application for another degree of qualification of this or any other university or other institute of learning. 6 Copyright Statement i. The author of this thesis (including any appendices and/or schedules to this thesis) owns certain copyright or related rights in it (the “Copyright”) and she has given The University of Manchester certain rights to use such Copyright, including for administrative purposes. ii. Copies of this thesis, either in full or in extracts and whether in hard or electronic copy, may only in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (as amended) and regulations issued under it or, where appropriate, in accordance with licensing agreements which the university has from time to time. This page must form part of any such copies made. iii. The ownership of certain Copyright, patent designs, trade marks and other intellectual property (the “Intellectual Property”) and any reproductions of copyright works in the thesis, for example graphs and tables (“Reproductions”), which may be described in this thesis, may not be owned by the author and may be owned by third parties. Such Intellectual Property and Reproductions cannot and must not be made available for use without the prior written permission of the owner(s) of the relevant Intellectual Property and/or Reproductions. iv. Further information on the conditions under which disclosure, publication and commercialisation of this thesis, the Copyright and any Intellectual Property and/or Reproductions described in it may take place is available in the University IP Policy (Seehttp://campus.manchester.ac.uk/medialibrary/policies/intellectual- property.pdf), in any relevant Thesis restriction declarations deposited in the University Library, The University Library’s regulations (See http://www.manchester.ac.uk/library/aboutus/regulations) and in The University’s Policy on presentation of Theses. 7 Acknowledgements Words cannot express how grateful I am to my supervisor Dr Oliver Bast, without whom I would never have completed this thesis. To him I would like to say that despite the stumble at Beechers Brook, the finishing post was finally crossed! Thank you! To Susan, it is when times are hardest that you realise just how special someone is! I have realised that I have the most amazing sister and best friend, thank you for everything! I would also like to thank the rest of my family for their continued love, help and support without which I would never have survived! Finally, To Ali, who put up with more than anyone should, I will never forget it! 8 Introduction ‘If it comes to a U.S. or U.S.-Israeli attack on Iran, Western readers and listeners are likely to be even worse prepared than they were for the invasion of Iraq’.1 Coming from a former journalist of arguably Britain’s top newspaper the Financial Times, the situation does not look good. When viewed in light of this statement, the need for this study is more important now than ever! The media is an integral part of British society. Irrespective of ones view of the media’s ability to shape public opinion, its position as a leading institution in society cannot be underestimated. From the establishment of the first newspaper through to the invention of the radio, television and more recently the internet, the media has played an important role in disseminating information to the general population. The role of the media within society is debated. Richardson summarises the differing views of journalism as follows: ‘Journalism as entertainment, as a loudhailer for the powerful and privileged and as a commodity produced by profit- seeking businesses.’2 Whilst it is reasonable to argue that the media does provide entertainment, for example many of the broadsheet newspaper now contain, particularly at weekends, supplements such as The Sunday Times ‘Style’ which provides fashion advice, the latest trends in furniture design and recipes, it is still providing a service which is disseminating information. The tabloids many argue are predominantly sources of entertainment with very little hard news unless it is of public interest. They are however still disseminating information and therefore have an integral role in society. Richardson notes that stating the commercial role of the 1 Gareth Smyth, ‘Breaking Eggs in Iran’, British Journalism Review, 18 (2007), 57-62 (p. 62). 2 John E. Richardson, Analysing Newspapers: An Approach from Critical Discourse Analysis (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007), p. 7. 9 newspaper does not actually achieve anything and as such ‘should only ever be the starting point of an analysis, not the conclusion’.3 He argues that what all these positions miss is that ‘journalism exists to enable citizens to better understand their lives and their position (s) in the world. Journalism’s success or failure – in other words, the degree to which it is doing what it should or is letting us down – rests on the extent to which it achieves this fiduciary role’.4 It must be noted here that the role of the traditional journalist is being challenged by the layperson in possession of either a mobile phone or access to the internet. Anyone who can use the internet can now post their own report of an event or situation onto the internet within seconds of the event or situation occurring. The traditional media sources are no-longer the only means for informing the public. Facebook, Twitter and other social networking sites have made it easy to follow events both at home and abroad. This was strikingly evident with the presidential elections in Iran in 2009.
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