Hist4820 : Topics in Islamic History Orientalism
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7 Clash of Cultures: the Interface Between Islam
Global Journal of Politics and Law Research Vol.1, No.2, pp.7-26, September 2013 Published by European Centre for Research Training and Development UK (www.ea-journals.org) CLASH OF CULTURES: THE INTERFACE BETWEEN ISLAM AND THE WEST Abdulhamid Ozohu-Suleiman, Ph.D.* Mohammed Enesi Etudaiye, Ll.M.** ABSTRACT : The struggle for cultural supremacy is not only a fact of history but also an observable phenomenon of social existence. Perhaps, the frenzied defence of cultural identity is second only to the expression of territorial nationalism. Contemporary cultures of which Islam is a resilient part are engaged in a ceaseless war of survival. Following the 9/11 attack on the World Trade Centre in New York, Islam has come under intense scrutiny. What has followed is a feverish commitment to the obliteration of Islamic values at home and abroad and the intensification of the scheme to enthrone western culture. This development raises many legal, constitutional and sociological questions as well as questions relating to the place of Islamic culture both on the international arena and within the Nigerian jurisdiction. The paper is dedicated both to defining the place of Islamic culture vis-a-vis freedom of conscience and the constitutional safeguards in place against the prejudices that confront Islamic civilisation. KEYWORDS: Culture, Civilisation, Democracy, Government, Ideology, Law, Religion. INTRODUCTION Human existence is defined both in terms of war and peace. Since the beginning of recorded history, historians are probably more challenged with giving account of war times than developments during peace times. It is also a fact of history that mankind had a chequered history of wars the most memorable of which is the 1 st and 2 nd world wars. -
Orientalism and Orientalists Between Extremism and Exaggeration (*)
American International Journal of Social Science Vol. 6, No. 3, September 2017 Orientalism and Orientalists between Extremism and Exaggeration (*) Dr. Ahmed Gumma Siddiek Former Head/Dept of English Azhari University-Sudan Shaqra University KSA Abstract This article discusses one of the most important issues that formed the cultural, political and social discourse between the West and the East. Orientalism was a hot issue that began some centuries ago and still going on. The Oreintalists were the spearhead in the Western political and cultural invasion in the East. The Muslim World has been a subject to investigations and experiments carried out by the Oreintalists, who were supposed to use survey approaches assumed to be objective and scientific to study the cultural resources of the Islamic Values. These resources were the Quran as the primary authenticated source of Islamic Knowledge and Islamic Teachings. In addition to the Sunna of the Prophet Mohammed (peace be upon him) as the second source. But most of the Orientalists’ purposes and objectives were to disgrace these Islamic values by attacking the Quran and raising doubts about the prophet to destroy the Muslim personality. Great efforts were exerted to wash the brain of the Muslim individual, to pave for cultural occupation that would pave the way for military invasion of Muslims home lands, to serve the Western interests. This paper is shedding light on the historical controversial issue of Orientalists role in the Arabic Islamic World from the viewpoints of both the Western and Eastern scholars. The author claims to see a glimpse of hope to establish a new relation between the West and the East, based on the idea of sharing common human interests at one hand, and on the other hand, the West must be reminded of indebtedness to the East as the original source of all values and wisdom on which the Western modern civilization had been built. -
9781474448185 Persian Prese
The Persian Presence in Victorian Poetry Reza Taher-Kermani 66276_Taher-Kermani.indd276_Taher-Kermani.indd i 224/02/204/02/20 11:14:14 PPMM Edinburgh University Press is one of the leading university presses in the UK. We publish academic books and journals in our selected subject areas across the humanities and social sciences, combining cutting-edge scholarship with high editorial and production values to produce academic works of lasting importance. For more information visit our website: edinburghuniversitypress.com © Reza Taher-Kermani, 2020 Edinburgh University Press Ltd The Tun – Holyrood Road, 12(2f) Jackson’s Entry, Edinburgh EH8 8PJ Typeset in 11/13 Adobe Sabon by IDSUK (DataConnection) Ltd, and printed and bound in Great Britain. A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978 1 4744 4816 1 (hardback) ISBN 978 1 4744 4818 5 (webready PDF) ISBN 978 1 4744 4819 2 (epub) The right of Reza Taher-Kermani to be identifi ed as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, and the Copyright and Related Rights Regulations 2003 (SI No. 2498). 66276_Taher-Kermani.indd276_Taher-Kermani.indd iiii 224/02/204/02/20 11:14:14 PPMM Contents Series Editor’s Preface iv Acknowledgements vi Introduction 1 1. Persia in the West 13 2. Persia and Nineteenth-Century English Poetry 75 3. ‘Sohrab and Rustum’ 114 4. Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám 146 5. Ferishtah’s Fancies 174 Epilogue: The Persian Presence in Victorian Poetry 204 Bibliography 207 Index 221 66276_Taher-Kermani.indd276_Taher-Kermani.indd iiiiii 224/02/204/02/20 11:14:14 PPMM Series Editor’s Preface ‘Victorian’ is a term, at once indicative of a strongly determined con- cept and an often notoriously vague notion, emptied of all mean- ingful content by the many journalistic misconceptions that persist about the inhabitants and cultures of the British Isles and Victoria’s Empire in the nineteenth century. -
The Legacy of Edward Said: an Exchange Between Rayyan Al-Shawaf and David Zarnett
The Legacy of Edward Said: An Exchange between Rayyan Al-Shawaf and David Zarnett Rayyan Al-Shawaf replies to David Zarnett Democratiya 12 featured an article serving as a double-review of Ibn Warraq's Defending the West: A Critique of Edward Said's Orientalism and Daniel Martin Varisco's Reading Orientalism: Said and the Unsaid. The review was written by David Zarnett, whose unrelentingly positive treatment of Ibn Warraq's book leaves much to be desired. Equally disturbing, however, is Zarnett's use of the review as a springboard to hurl a litany of false accusations against Edward Said, and to engage in a weird and highly misinformed discussion of Zionism and the Palestinians – amongst other misadventures. As a result, before I address Ibn Warraq's problematic book, I have found it necessary to tackle Zarnett's misrepresentation of Edward Said's position on a number of issues, as well as his misconceptions regarding important political events and personalities. In fact, this section (Part I) of my article is a good deal longer than that dealing with Ibn Warraq's book, and is divided into several sub-sections. Part II deals with a few of the many deficiencies from which Ibn Warraq's book suffers. PART I: Zarnett's Article General Observations Zarnett can be extraordinarily naïve. For example, drawing on Ibn Warraq's discussion of the British navy's mobilisation against slavery in the early 19th century, he innocently asserts that 'the final abolition of the slave trade was brought about by the military manoeuvres of the British Imperial Navy.' Officially, yes, but history tells another story. -
Reincarnations of Neo-Orientalism: Islam and Its Representations in Post-9/11 Literature a Dissertation Presented to the Faculty
Reincarnations of Neo-Orientalism: Islam and its Representations in Post-9/11 Literature A dissertation presented to the faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of Ohio University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy Priyadarshini Gupta August 2017 © 2017 Priyadarshini Gupta. All Rights Reserved. 2 This dissertation titled Reincarnations of Neo-Orientalism: Islam and its Representations in Post-9/11 Literature by PRIYADARSHINI GUPTA has been approved for the Department of English and the College of Arts and Sciences by Ghirmai Negash Professor of English Robert Frank Dean, College of Arts and Sciences 3 ABSTRACT GUPTA, PRIYADARSHINI, Ph.D., August 2017, English Reincarnations of Orientalism: Islam and its Representations in Post-9/11 Literature Director of Dissertation: Ghirmai Negash This dissertation analyzes the responses to the clash of civilizations between Islam and the West through literary narratives. Using texts that discuss “strangers” and “natives” in post-9/11 literature, it critiques, while adding new insights, to the debate of the paradigmatic concept of Neo- Orientalism. Neo-Orientalism, a derogatory way of describing incarnations to Orientalist thinking after 9/11, reinforces Islam as a subculture in modern societies. In the war of ideas between the putative East and the so- called West, Neo-Orientalism revives the legacy of American and European colonialism on Asian and African countries through relentless attacks on Islamic identity and integrity. It shows how xenophobia, racial discrimination, and violence against Muslims is rationalized in Western societies. In my research, I discuss how post-9/11 narratives on Islam are addressing the estrangement of the Muslim world by either reiterating Oriental representations of Islam as a demonic culture or by adapting to the demands of Neo- Orientalism by embracing Islam in an Islamophobic world. -
The Return of Bernard Lewis (Pdf)
THE RETURN OF BERNARD LEWIS http://mosaicmagazine.com/essay/2016/06/the-return-of-bernard-lewis/ Forty years ago, nobody foresaw the rise of radical Islam—except for the preeminent historian who both predicted and explained it, and much else besides. June 1, 2016 | Martin Kramer As the year 1976 opened, the Middle East hardly seemed poised for a great transformation. The shah of Iran remained firmly seated on his peacock throne. Off in Iraqi exile, an elderly Iranian cleric named Ayatollah Khomeini nursed his grievances in obscurity. Anwar Sadat, Egypt’s confident president, had the country under his thumb; the Muslim Brotherhood and its offshoots languished in ineffectual opposition. In Saudi Arabia, a young man named Osama bin Laden finished his education in an elite high school, where he had worn a tie and blazer. Since the previous summer, Lebanon had been roiled by battles, according to Western reportage, between “leftists” and “rightists.” A key player there was the Palestine Liberation Bernard Lewis on French television in 1990. Organization under Yasir Arafat, darling of the international left and Frederic REGLAIN/Gamma-Rapho via Getty champion of a “democratic, secular state” in Palestine. Images. The role of Islam in politics? There wasn’t any to speak of. Imagine, then, the surprise of the readers of Commentary magazine when the January issue landed in their mailboxes bearing these words on the bright yellow cover: “The Return of Islam.” The byline beneath that sensational headline did not belong to a roving journalist or a think-tank pundit but to Bernard Lewis, the eminent British historian of the Middle East, just recently transplanted to America. -
Islam” and the “West” Khaldoun Samman Phd [email protected]
SOC 290/FALL 2010 “Islam” and the “West” Khaldoun Samman PhD [email protected] Office: Carnegie 207b Office Hours: 651)696-6845 M & W: 4:00 to 4:30pm I COURSE DESCRIPTION & OBJECTIVES: Course Description: How can we best understand the so-called “civilizational clash” between “Islam” and the “West”? Many have argued that there is a fundamental difference in the religious and cultural ethos of Muslims from that of the “modern” and Western type, and conclude from this assumption that the present conflict is a by-product of these differences. Others have challenged the clash of civilization argument by demonstrating that such a claim oversimplifies the “Islamic world,” that the history of Islam and the West must be viewed historically, and that an analysis of power and the colonialist excursion of the West into the Islamic world must be placed at the center of any analysis of the conflict. Yet a third, more nuanced, perspective has emerged. The idea of a “West,” an “Islam”, an “Arab” and a “Jew” are, according to this new perspective, discursively narrated by political forces whose intentions are multiple but always interested in creating a Self defined by the negation of its Other. We will explore this debate in detail, tracing the relationship between “Islam” and the West” or “Arab and Jew” historically. Should it be understood as a clash between two different cultural systems, one modern and democratic and the other feudal and fanatic? Or, is the violence systemic, taking a variety of forms in different parts of the globe? What role does power and inequality on a global scale have to do with it? These and many other questions will be dealt with in this course. -
The Clash at 20 Abridged What Did Samuel P
The Clash at 20 Abridged What did Samuel P. Huntington's "The Clash of Civilizations?" get right and wrong, and how does it look two decades later? FOREIGNAFFAIRS.COM THE CLASH AT 20 The Clash at 20 i Gideon Rose Introduction 1 Gideon Rose The Clash of Civilizations? 3 Samuel P. Huntington The Summoning 28 ‘But They Said, We Will Not Hearken.’ Fouad Ajami The Dangers of Decadence 37 What the Rest Can Teach the West Kishore Mahbubani The Case for Optimism 42 The West Should Believe in Itself Robert L. Bartley Civilization Grafting 47 No Culture Is an Island Liu Binyan The Modernizing Imperative 51 Tradition and Change Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Do Civilizations Hold? 55 Albert L. Weeks The West Is Best 57 Gerard Piel If Not Civilizations, What? 58 Paradigms of the Post–Cold War World Samuel P. Huntington Conflict or Cooperation? 69 Three Visions Revisited Richard K. Betts The Legacy of Sam Huntington 81 Eliot A. Cohen, Francis Fukuyama, Gideon Rose, and Fareed Zakaria foreign affairs Foreign Affairs Collection: The Clash at 20 Editor Gideon Rose Introduces the Collection In honor of its twentieth anniversary, we’re revisiting Samuel P. Huntington’s “The Clash of Civilizations?” and the debate that followed. Read it and decide for yourself what things he got right—and wrong. Click here to watch the video introduction. on the origins of the piece: on how it looks 20 years later: In 1993, Foreign Affairs Editor Jim Hoge There are some things Huntington clearly and Managing Editor Fareed Zarakaria got right. Cultural variables are very were looking for something big and important, even in the modern world. -
Orientalism: Have Recent Developments in the Study of Islam Gone Beyond Said’S Seminal 3 Critique of ‘Orientalism’?
Preprints (www.preprints.org) | NOT PEER-REVIEWED | Posted: 19 November 2018 doi:10.20944/preprints201811.0419.v1 1 Article 2 Orientalism: have recent developments in the study of Islam gone beyond Said’s seminal 3 critique of ‘Orientalism’? 4 Fatima Rajina 5 1 Kingston University London, [email protected] 6 7 Abstract: 8 This paper undertakes a critical analysis and evaluates the recent developments in the study 9 of Islam and how it has gone beyond Orientalism; as Martin and Ernst remark in the preface 10 and acknowledgements of Rethinking Islamic Studies: from Orientalism to 11 Cosmopolitanism1 that the last three decades – after the publication of Orientalism in 1978 12 – “has been a liberating experience for us as scholars initially trained in narrowly textual 13 ‘Orientalist’ approaches, as we have been forced by circumstance to address many issues of 14 contemporary political and social relevance.” 2 However, I will also acknowledge the 15 alternate perspective that these developments may not have gone beyond Said’s Orientalism, 16 but have rather reinforced and maintained - and have “decidedly worsened”3 - the very ideas 17 Said introduced in Orientalism because of issues such as: Islamic fundamentalism and the 18 aftermath of 9/11, and how the study of Islam has been influenced by these issues in modern 19 times thus returning to the Orientalist approach. I will look at the history of Orientalism in 20 the study of Islam, then the emergence of space for self-representation, and then I will look 21 at the current study of Islam. Esposito argues that Orientalism has taken a new form, and no 22 longer romanticizes the Middle East as having sandy deserts where genies, thieves and evil 23 sorcerers vied after scantily clad princesses amid a backdrop of white palaces and peasant- 24 ridden streets, as presented in the film ‘Aladdin.’4 25 26 Keywords: Orientalism, postcolonialism, Islamic Studies, Islam, representation, 27 Muslims, history 28 29 1. -
Islam and the West: Annual Report on the State of Dialogue
Islam and the West: Annual Report on the State of Dialogue January 2008 At the World Economic Forum: The views expressed in this publication Klaus Schwab Executive Chairman do not necessarily reflect those of Rick Samans Managing Director, World Economic Forum the World Economic Forum. Fiona Paua Head of Strategic Insight Teams Sherif El Diwany Director, Head Middle East and World Economic Forum North Africa, West and Islam Dialogue 91-93 route de la Capite Community (C-100) CH-1223 Cologny/Geneva Saman Ahsan Global Leadership Fellow, Manager, West Switzerland and Islam Dialogue Community (C-100) Tel.: +41 (0)22 869 1212 Alistair Senior Adviser, West and Islam Dialogue Fax: +41 (0)22 786 2744 Macdonald-Radcliff Community (C-100) E-mail: [email protected] www.weforum.org Editors: Nancy Tranchet World Economic Forum Dianna Rienstra Phoenix Ink Communications © 2008 World Economic Forum All rights reserved. Creative design: No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted Kamal Kimaoui World Economic Forum in any form or by any means, including photocopying and EKZE Geneva recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system. Report Partners Islam and the West: Annual Report on the State of Dialogue is a project of the World Economic Forum Community of West and Islam Dialogue (C-100). The Forum, a not-for-profit foundation based in Geneva, Switzerland, is the global community of the formost business, political, faith, media and thought leaders addressing global challenges. The Community of West and Islam Dialogue (C-100) brings together Forum members and partners working together to promote dialogue and understanding across segments of society. -
The Visual Divide Islam Vs. the West, Image Peception in Cross-Cultural Contexts" (2011)
University of Central Florida STARS Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 2011 The Visual Divide Islam Vs. The West, Image Peception In Cross- cultural Contexts Hatem Nazir Akil University of Central Florida Part of the Communication Technology and New Media Commons Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Doctoral Dissertation (Open Access) is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019 by an authorized administrator of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STARS Citation Akil, Hatem Nazir, "The Visual Divide Islam Vs. The West, Image Peception In Cross-cultural Contexts" (2011). Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2004-2019. 1819. https://stars.library.ucf.edu/etd/1819 THE VISUAL DIVIDE: ISLAM VS. THE WEST, IMAGE PERCEPTION IN CROSS-CULTURAL CONTEXTS by HATEM NAZIR AKIL B.A. Damascus University, 1984 Post-Graduate Diplome Damascus University, 1987 B.F.A. Academy of Dramatic Arts, 1988 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English in the College of Arts and Humanities at the University of Central Florida Orlando, Florida Fall Term 2011 Major Professor: Barry Mauer © 2011 Hatem Akil ii ABSTRACT Do two people, coming from different cultural backgrounds, see the same image the same way? Do we employ technologies of seeing that embed visuality within relentless cultural and ideological frames? And, if so, when does visual difference become a tool for inclusion and exclusion? When does it become an instrument of war? I argue that we‘re always implicated in visuality as a form of confirmation bias, and that what we see is shaped by preexisting socio- ideological frames that can only be liberated through an active and critical relationship with the image. -
Mohammed Ashraf Phd Thesis
AL QAEDA'S IDEOLOGY THROUGH POLITICAL MYTH AND RHETORIC M. A. Ashraf A Thesis Submitted for the Degree of PhD at the University of St. Andrews 2012 Full metadata for this item is available in Research@StAndrews:FullText at: http://research-repository.st-andrews.ac.uk/ Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10023/3222 This item is protected by original copyright Al Qaeda’s Ideology Through Political Myth and Rhetoric Submitted by M A ASHRAF for the Degree of PhD in International Relations from the School of International Relations, St Andrews University. July, 2011 1. Candidate’s declarations: I, M Afzal Ashraf, hereby certify that this thesis, which is approximately 80,000 words in length, has been written by me, that it is the record of work carried out by me and that it has not been submitted in any previous application for a higher degree. I was admitted as a research student in September 2003 and as a candidate for the degree of PhD in September, 2004; the higher study for which this is a record was carried out in the University of St Andrews between 2005 and 2012. Date 31 May 2012 signature of candidate …………… 2. Supervisor’s declaration: I hereby certify that the candidate has fulfilled the conditions of the Resolution and Regulations appropriate for the degree of PhD in the University of St Andrews and that the candidate is qualified to submit this thesis in application for that degree. Date ………. signature of supervisor ………….. 3. Permission for electronic publication: (to be signed by both candidate and supervisor) In submitting this thesis to the University of St Andrews I understand that I am giving permission for it to be made available for use in accordance with the regulations of the University Library for the time being in force, subject to any copyright vested in the work not being affected thereby.