Triassic & Jurassic Worlds, Life & Extinctions Norman MacLeod School of Earth Sciences & Engineering, Nanjing University Triassic-Jurassic World, Life & Extinctions Objectives

Understand the structure of the Triassic - Jurassic world in terms of timescales, geography, environments, and organisms. Understand the structure of Triassic and Jurassic extinction events. Understand the major Triassic and Jurassic extinction drivers. Understand the degree to which these putative drivers correlate with Triassic and Jurassic extinction events. Triassic-Jurassic World, Life & Extinctions Presentation Topics

Stratigraphy - chronostrati- graphy & geochronology Geography - tectonics & distribution Climate - circulation, temp- erature, weather Biota - protists, invertebrates, vertebrates, plants Evolution - evolutionary faunas, adaptive radiations, major innovations Significant Events - sea-level changes, volcanic eruptions, marine anoxia events, bolide impacts, extinctions Late Paleozoic Mesozoic System Durations

90

72

54

36 Duration(myr)

18

0 Triassic Jurassic Cretaceous

Data from ICS (2019) Late Paleozoic Paleozoic-Mesozoic System Durations

85

68

51

34 Duration(myr)

17

0 Camb. Ord. Sil. Dev. Carbon. Perm. Trias. Jur. Cret.

Data from ICS (2019) Late Paleozoic Paleozoic-Mesozoic System Durations

85

68

51

34 Duration(myr)

17

0 Camb. Ord. Sil. Dev. Carbon. Perm. Trias. Jur. Cret.

Data from ICS (2019) Triassic Late Paleozoic Paleozoic-Mesozoic System Durations

85

68

51

34 Duration(myr)

17

0 Camb. Ord. Sil. Dev. Carbon. Perm. Trias. Jur. Cret.

Data from ICS (2019) Triassic Timescale

System/ Numerical Period Series/Epoch Stage/Age Age (Ma) 201.3 ± 0.2 Rhaetian ~ 208.5 Upper Norian ~ 227 Carnian ~ 237 Ladinian Middle ~ 242

Triassic Anisian 247.2 Olenekian Lower 291.2 Induan 252.902 ± 0.024

ICS International Chronostrat. Chart 2020/03 Triassic Tectonic Configuration

Pangea drifts north to occupy a more equatorially centred position, but still ranged across all latitudes. No equatorial seaway was present though broad epicontinental seas occupied the western margin of northern Pangea and the eastern margin of southern Pangea.

Paleo-Tethys Ocean was closed Tethys Ocean open to the Panthalassic Ocean across eastern Pangea Extensive development of island arcs off western Pangean coast and eastern Paleo-Terthys margin

Map from Scotese PaleoMap Project (2001) Triassic Tectonic Configuration

Pangea drifts north to occupy a more equatorially centred position, but still ranged across all latitudes. No equatorial seaway was present though broad epicontinental seas occupied the western margin of northern Pangea and the eastern margin of southern Pangea.

Paleo-Tethys Ocean was closed Tethys Ocean open to the Panthalassic Ocean across eastern Pangea Extensive development of island arcs off western Pangean coast and eastern Paleo-Terthys margin

Map from Scotese PaleoMap Project (2001) Triassic Marine Circulation

Hemispherically homogeneous circulation patterns

Strong circum-Arctic & circum-Antarctic cold current No circum-equatorial current Northern & southern Paleo- Tethys gyres Paleo-Tethys gyre Tethys gyre Upwelling zones: westen equatorial Panga

Map from Scotese PaleoMap Project (2001) Triassic Paleoenvironment

Atmospheric O Atmospheric CO 2 2 35 5000

28 4000

21 3000

14 2000

7 1000 PercentbyVol. Parts PerMillionParts 0 0 Cb. Od. Sl. Dv. Cr. Pm. Tr Jr Ct Cb. Od. Sl. Dv. Cr. Pm. Tr. Jr. Ct

Mean Surface Temperature Sea Level 25 250

20 200

15 150 Present 10 100 Meters Above Meters DegreesCelsius 5 50

0 0 Cb. Od. Sl. Dv. Cb. Pm. Tr. Jr. Ct. Cb. Od. Sl. Dv. Cr. Pm. Tr. Jr. Ct. Triassic Climate Zones

Comparative Criteria Silurian

O2 Content of 16% vol. % Atmosphere (80%)

CO2 Content of 1750 ppm Atmosphere (x6)

Mean Surface 17°C Temperature (+3°C)

Sea Level +10-20 m to -50 m

Characterized by moderately high sea-levels, decreasing at the end of the interval, and a marked greenhouse effect resulting from high atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Expanded tropical, arid & temperate belts. Reduced ice at northern & southern poles.

Map from Scotese PaleoMap Project (2000) Triassic Cambrian Evolutionary Fauna

Trilobite Graptolite

?

Inarticulata Monoplacophora Polychaete Triassic Paleozoic Evolutionary Fauna

Articulata Crinoid

Tabulate Coral Bryozoan Ammonite Ruose Coral Triassic Modern Evolutionary Fauna

Bivalve Gastropod Echinoid Bony Fish Triassic Reefs

Widespread reef formation around mar- gins of Pangea w/ some southern hemi- sphere reefs occurring above 60° S lat- Triassic Reef itude in the Carnian (signalling a warm climate). Reefs become progressively more restricted geographically in the Late Triassic.

Map from Scotese PaleoMap Project (2000) Triassic Fish

Boreosomus

Robustichthys

Panxianichthys Albertonia

Whiteia Bobasatrania Triassic Fish Triassic Elasmobranchs

Hybodus

Xenacanthus

Hexanchus

Asteracanthus

Triodus Triassic Elasmobranchs Triassic Terrestrial Environment

Pronounced coal gap in earliest Triassic indicating slow recovery of plants following the end-Permian extinction. Fungal spore spike in earliest Triassic suggests fungi were common. Conifers replace lycopods as dominant trees in middle & late Triassic forests.

Plants Arthropods (incl. insects) Amphibians Reptiles First Dinosaurs

Triassic Terrestrial Scene Triassic Terrestrial Environment

Glossopteris Cycad Dicroidium Pleuromeia Walchia (Tongue-leafed Tree) (Sago Palm) (Cypress-like Conifer) Triassic Terrestrial Environment

Triassic Forest Triassic Terrestrial Arthropods

Friularachne

Terrestrial arthropods were common in the Triassic, though there is little evidence they grew to the enormous sizes they did the Late Paleozoic. Sinosoma Triassic Terrestrial Arthropods Triassic Terrestrial Insects

Clatrotitan (Related to Dragonflies)

A. Cockroach, B. Crane Fly, C. Thrips, D. Elcanis Orthopteran Gigaitan Water Bug Triassic Terrestrial Insects Triassic Terrestrial Quadrupeds (Amphibians)

Aphaneramma Rhytidostesus (Temnospondyl) (Temnospondyl)

Trematosaurus (Temnospondyl)

Triadobatrachus Laidleria (Salamander-Frog Transition) (Temnospondyl) Triassic Terrestrial Quadrupeds (Amphibians)

Chart from Roelants et al. (2005) Triassic Quadrupeds (Reptiles)

Longisquama Drepanosaurus Fraserosphenodon

Mandasuchus Desmatosuchus Triassic Quadrupeds (Reptiles) Triassic Quadrupeds (Marine Reptiles)

Nothosaurus

Placodus

Ichthyosaurus Mystriosuchus Triassic Quadrupeds (Marine Reptiles)

Chart from Bardet et al. (2014) Triassic Quadrupeds (Pterosaurs)

Faxinalipterus

Caelestiventus Triassic Quadrupeds (Pterosaurs)

Chart from Andres et al. (2014) Triassic Origin of Dinosaurs

Dinosaur Characters Diapsid Supratemporal fossa Epipophyses Radius Fourth trochanter Astragalus Calcaneum Pelvis (illium, ischium, pubis) Chemical crest Tibia Fibula Eoraptor Triassic Origin of Dinosaurs

Illium

pubis ischium

Illium

pubis ischium Triassic Origin of Dinosaurs Triassic Quadrupeds (Dinosaurs)

Coelophysis

Camposaurus

Plateosaurus

Herrasaurus Triassic Quadrupeds (Dinosaurs)

Chart from Sereno et al. (1999) Triassic Quadrupeds (Mammal-Like Reptiles)

Thrinaxodon

Lystrosaurus

Morganucodon

Chiniquodon Cynognathus Triassic Quadrupeds (Mammal-Like Reptiles) Triassic Biodiversity

800

End-Triassic Extinction Event 600 Post-Permian Radiation Event

400

Modern Fauna

200 Paleozoic Fauna NumberFamiliesof

Cambrian Fauna 0 Cambrian Ordovician Sil. Devonian Carbon. Permian Tri. Jurassic Cretaceous Tertiary 500 400 300 200 100 0 Geological Time Data from Sepkoski (1981) Triassic Extinctions End-Ordovician End-Devonian End-Permian End-Triassic End-Cretaceous 80 Palaeozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic Triassic 60

40 PercentExtinction 20

0 Cambrian Ord. Sil. Dev. Carb. Perm. Trias. Jurassic Cretaceous Paleoc. Neo. Paleozoic Mesozoic Cenozoic

Data from Sepkoski (1998) Triassic Extinctions System/ Numerical Period Series/Epoch Stage/Age Age (Ma) 201.3 Rhaetian End-Triassic 208.5 Extinction Event Upper Norian 227 Carnian 237 Ladinian Middle 242

Triassic Anisian 247.2 Olenekian Delayed Post- 291.2 Lower Permian Recovery Induan 252.9 0 250 500 % Extinction (Genera) Triassic Delayed Recovery of Post-Permian Biodiversity

Diagram from Chen & Benton (2012) Triassic Delayed Recovery of Post-Permian Biodiversity

Diagram from Grasby et al. (2016) Triassic End-Triassic Extinctions

Victims Marine Benthos Brachiopods Bivalves Gastropods Marine Nekton Conodonts Ammonites Marine Reptiles Terrestrial Labyrinthine Amphibians Thecodont Reptiles Survivors Synapsid Reptiles Marine Benthos Marine Nekton Terrestiral Foraminifera Fish Plants Bryozoans Bryozoans Dinosaurs Echinoderms Echinoderms Mammals Triassic Sea-Level Changes System/ Numerical Period Series/Epoch Stage/Age Age (Ma) 201.3 Rhaetian 208.5 Upper Norian 227 Carnian 237 Ladinian Middle 242

Triassic Anisian 247.2 Olenekian Lower 291.2 Induan 252.9 0 250 500 % Extinction (Genera)

Diagram from Haq (2018) Triassic Ocean Anoxia Events System/ Numerical Period Series/Epoch Stage/Age Age (Ma) 201.3 Rhaetian 208.5 Upper Norian 227 Carnian 237 Ladinian Middle 242

Triassic Anisian 247.2 Olenekian Multiple Ocean 291.2 Lower Anoxia Events Induan 252.9 0 250 500 % Extinction (Genera)

Diagram from Zhang et al. (2018) Triassic Ocean Anoxia Events

Diagram from Zhang et al. (2018) Triassic LIP Eruptions System/ Numerical Period Series/Epoch Stage/Age Age (Ma) 201.3 Central Atlantic Magmatic Province Rhaetian (10.0 Mkm2 208.5 Upper Norian Agayucham 227 (150 Kkm2 Carnian 237 Wrangalia (1.0 Mkm2 Ladinian Middle 242

Triassic Anisian 247.2 Olenekian Lower 291.2 Induan 252.9 0 250 500 % Extinction (Genera)

Diagram from Zhang et al. (2018) Triassic LIP Eruptions

Wrangalia Igneous Province

A complex LIP that appears to have been formed as an oceanic plateau and accreted onto the western margin of North America. Despite its size and complex eruptive and mineralologic history few extinctions have been associated with its emplacement.

Age: c. 231 - 255 Ma Extent: 10 Mkm2 Duration: 7 m.y. Location: Alaska, Yukon, British Columbia

Map from Weis (2005) Triassic LIP Eruptions Angayucham Igneous Province

Another LIP that appears to have been formed as an oceanic plateau and accreted onto the western margin of North America. Like Wrangalia, despite its size and complex eruptive and mineralologic history few extinctions have been associated with its emplacement.

Age: c. 200 Ma Extent: 150 Kkm2 Duration: ??? Location: Alaska, Yukon Triassic LIP Eruptions

Angayucham Igneous Province

Diagram from Zaffani et al (2017) Triassic LIP Eruptions Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP)

This is the largest continental LIP event in the Phanerozoic and reflects the rifting episode that subdivided Pangea into two continents (Gondwana & Laurasia) and resulted in the creation of the Atlantic Ocean. An enormous volume of research has been done on the CAMP event and its association with the Norian extinction event is well established.

Age: 201 Ma Extent: 11 Mkm2 Duration: 600,000 yrs Location: North America, Europe, Africa, South America Triassic Bolide Impacts System/ Numerical Period Series/Epoch Stage/Age Age (Ma) 201.3 Rhaetian 208.5 Rocheochuart (214 km) Manicouagan (214 km) Upper Norian St. Martin (220 km) 227 Carnian 237 Ladinian 242 Middle Araguainha (<244 km)

Triassic Anisian 247.2 Kow (<250 km) Olenekian Kursk (250 km) Lower 291.2 Induan 252.9 0 250 500 % Extinction (Genera) Triassic Bolide Impacts Araguainha Crater

This structure has been subject to a fair amount of study for being in a generally remote location. Impact origin confirmed via presence of shatter cones, impact breccia and shocked minerals.

Age: 254.7 ± 2.5 Ma Diameter: 14 km Location: South-central Brazil Triassic Bolide Impacts Rocheochuart Crater

This crater has no surface expression owing to subsequent erosion and glaciation (the map is a reconstruction). Impact origin long suspected and was confirmed in the 1970s with the finding of impact breccia and shocked minerals at the site. This was the first crater to be recognized as such in the absence of projectile evidence.

Age: 206.9 Ma Diameter: 23 km Location: West-central France Triassic Bolide Impacts Saint Martin Crater

A well-established crater that has been proposed to be related to the Manico- aguan crater owing to its alignment and proximity. However the isotopic ages for the two craters are distinctly different.

Age: 227 ± 1.1 Ma Diameter: 40 km Location: Southern Manitoba, Canada Triassic Bolide Impacts Manicouagan Crater

Plainly visible from outer space, this crater is one of the largest known. Its form constitutes a multi-ring basin with the inner rim some 40 km in diameter. Researchers believe this crater was formed from the impact of an asteroid c. 5 km in diameter.

Age: 215.5 Ma Diameter: 100 km Location: Quebec, Canada Triassic End-Triassic Extinctions Oceanic LIP Eruption

Eustatic Sea-Level Regression Bolide Impact

Reduced Increased CO2 CO2 SO2 Shock Wave Thermal Flash Ballistic Ejecta Stratospheric Shelf Area Albedo Release Dust Release Release

Proximate Wildfires Global Increased Global Acid Rain Increased Marine Increased Global Global Extinctions Darkness Albedo Temp. Rise Competition Climate Extremes Cooling Temp. Rise

Global Cooling Altered Terres- Altered Marine trial Habitats Habitats

Altered Terres- Productivity Altered Marine trial Habitats Collapse Habitats

Extinctions

Extinctions Triassic End-Triassic Extinctions: Synthesis

CAMP Sea-Level Volcanism Fall

Negative CO2 Ocean !C13 Values Release Acidification

Negative Global Temp. Ocean !O18 Values Rise Stagnation

Methane Productivity Release Collapse

Extinctions Triassic & Jurassic Worlds, Life & Extinctions Norman MacLeod School of Earth Sciences & Engineering, Nanjing University