Description of Tanytrachelos Ahynis and Its Implications for the Phylogeny of Protorosauria
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An Evaluation of the Phylogenetic Relationships of the Pterosaurs Among Archosauromorph Reptiles
Journal of Systematic Palaeontology 5 (4): 465–469 Issued 19 November 2007 doi:10.1017/S1477201907002064 Printed in the United Kingdom C The Natural History Museum An evaluation of the phylogenetic relationships of the pterosaurs among archosauromorph reptiles David W. E. Hone∗ Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK Michael J. Benton Department of Earth Sciences, University of Bristol, Queens Road, Bristol, BS8 1RJ, UK SYNOPSIS The phylogenetic position of pterosaurs among the diapsids has long been a contentious issue. Some recent phylogenetic analyses have deepened the controversy by drawing the pterosaurs down the diapsid tree from their generally recognised position as the sister group of the dinosaur- omorphs, to lie close to the base of Archosauria or to be the sister group of the protorosaurs. Critical evaluation of the analyses that produced these results suggests that the orthodox position retains far greater support and no close link can be established between pterosaurs and protorosaurs. KEY WORDS Pterosauria, Prolacertiformes, Archosauria, Archosauromorpha, Ornithodira Contents Introduction 465 Methods and Results 466 Discussion 467 Re-analysis of Bennett (1996) 467 Re-analysis of Peters (2000) 467 Conclusions 469 Acknowledgements 469 References 469 Introduction tained). Muller¨ (2003, 2004) also suggested that the prolacer- tiforms were not a valid clade, with Trilophosaurus splitting The basal archosaurs and their phylogenetic positions relative his two prolacertiform taxa (Prolacerta and Tanystropheus). to one another within the larger clade Archosauromorpha The analysis performed by Senter (2004) also found the pro- have been a source of controversy among palaeontologists lacertiforms to be paraphyletic, although here he removed the for decades. -
University of Birmingham Post-Hatchling Cranial Ontogeny In
University of Birmingham Post-hatchling cranial ontogeny in the Early Triassic diapsid reptile Proterosuchus fergusi Ezcurra, Martin; Butler, Richard DOI: 10.1111/joa.12300 License: None: All rights reserved Document Version Peer reviewed version Citation for published version (Harvard): Ezcurra, M & Butler, R 2015, 'Post-hatchling cranial ontogeny in the Early Triassic diapsid reptile Proterosuchus fergusi', Journal of Anatomy, vol. 226, no. 5, pp. 387-402. https://doi.org/10.1111/joa.12300 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. When citing, please reference the published version. Take down policy While the University of Birmingham exercises care and attention in making items available there are rare occasions when an item has been uploaded in error or has been deemed to be commercially or otherwise sensitive. -
8. Archosaur Phylogeny and the Relationships of the Crocodylia
8. Archosaur phylogeny and the relationships of the Crocodylia MICHAEL J. BENTON Department of Geology, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK JAMES M. CLARK* Department of Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA Abstract The Archosauria include the living crocodilians and birds, as well as the fossil dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and basal 'thecodontians'. Cladograms of the basal archosaurs and of the crocodylomorphs are given in this paper. There are three primitive archosaur groups, the Proterosuchidae, the Erythrosuchidae, and the Proterochampsidae, which fall outside the crown-group (crocodilian line plus bird line), and these have been defined as plesions to a restricted Archosauria by Gauthier. The Early Triassic Euparkeria may also fall outside this crown-group, or it may lie on the bird line. The crown-group of archosaurs divides into the Ornithosuchia (the 'bird line': Orn- ithosuchidae, Lagosuchidae, Pterosauria, Dinosauria) and the Croco- dylotarsi nov. (the 'crocodilian line': Phytosauridae, Crocodylo- morpha, Stagonolepididae, Rauisuchidae, and Poposauridae). The latter three families may form a clade (Pseudosuchia s.str.), or the Poposauridae may pair off with Crocodylomorpha. The Crocodylomorpha includes all crocodilians, as well as crocodi- lian-like Triassic and Jurassic terrestrial forms. The Crocodyliformes include the traditional 'Protosuchia', 'Mesosuchia', and Eusuchia, and they are defined by a large number of synapomorphies, particularly of the braincase and occipital regions. The 'protosuchians' (mainly Early *Present address: Department of Zoology, Storer Hall, University of California, Davis, Cali- fornia, USA. The Phylogeny and Classification of the Tetrapods, Volume 1: Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds (ed. M.J. Benton), Systematics Association Special Volume 35A . pp. 295-338. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1988. -
A Reexamination of Four Prolacertiforms \Tith Implications for Pterosaur Phylogenesis
Rìvista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia Dicembre 2000 I--r4-""l*-I-."-''* 1 A REEXAMINATION OF FOUR PROLACERTIFORMS \TITH IMPLICATIONS FOR PTEROSAUR PHYLOGENESIS DAVID PETERS ReceìterJ October 23, 1999; accepted October 20, 200A Kqt uorcls: Pterosauria, Prolacertiiormes (Reprilia, Diapsida), Traditionally the answer has been rhat prerosaurs Phyìogeny, Cladisric an:ìy.is. are archosaurs (Romer 1956); the sister group of the Riassunto . Tradizionalmente gli prerosauri venir.ano considerati Dinosauria, ScleromochÌus a.nd Lagosuclcws/Maraswchus come appartenenti agli Archosaurifomes e molti specìalistì contempo_ (Benton 1985, 1990, 1999; Padian 1984; Gauthter 1984, ranei considerano gli pterosauri quali sisrer groups di Lagosuchus, 1986; Sereno 1991, 1994; Kellner 1996); or perhaps Schleromochlus e dei Dinosauria. La nuova analisi filogenerica qui pro- archosauriformes close posta merte in discussione queste affinirà jn quanto tutte le presunte to prorerosuchids and eryrhro- sinapomorfie che collegherebbero gli Pterosauria con gli Archosauri_ suchids (Bennett 1996a), chiefly because prerosaurs formes o con gli pterosaurìa, Ornìthodira mancano in realtà negli have a prominent anrorbiral fenestra and a suite of other oppure sono condivise anche da alcuni taxa di prolacertiformi. ll archosaur-like characrers almosr entirely recente riesame degli olotipi dt confined to the Cosesaurus a,Liceps, Longisquama ìnsig_ hind nis e di Sharovipteryx mìrabi/ìs suggeriscono che molti caratteri potreb- limb (Bennert 1996a). Although Benton (1982, bero venire interpretati in maniera diversa rispetto alle precedenti L984) initially indicated that the prerosauria are descrìzioni. I risultati di molteplici analisì cladistjche suggeriscono che archosauromorphs and the sister-group ro all other questi tre prolacertìformi enigmatici, uniramente a Langobardìsawrws, archosauromorphs, later work (Benton 1985, 1.990, recentemente descritto, costituirebbero i sister taxa degli prerosauri, in base ad un insieme di sinapomorfie di nuova identificazione. -
The Oldest Predaceous Water Bugs (Insecta, Heteroptera, Belostomatidae), with Implications for Paleolimnology of the Triassic Cow Branch Formation
Journal of Paleontology, 91(6), 2017, p. 1166–1177 Copyright © 2017, The Paleontological Society 0022-3360/17/0088-0906 doi: 10.1017/jpa.2017.48 The oldest predaceous water bugs (Insecta, Heteroptera, Belostomatidae), with implications for paleolimnology of the Triassic Cow Branch Formation Julia Criscione1 and David Grimaldi2 1Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Rutgers University, 610 Taylor Road, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA 〈[email protected]〉 2Division of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th St, New York, NY, 10024, USA 〈[email protected]〉 Abstract.—A new genus and species of predaceous water bugs, Triassonepa solensis n. gen. n. sp., is described from the Triassic Cow Branch Formation of Virginia and North Carolina (USA) based on ~36 adult specimens and 51 nymphs. This species is the oldest known member of the extant family Belostomatidae. It is placed in a new genus based on the unique structure of the raptorial foreleg, in which the tarsus is elongate and opposed to the tibia + femur. The fossil record of this family is reviewed and the paleoenvironmental implications of the species assemblage preserved in the Cow Branch Formation are discussed. Introduction Though belostomatids are widespread in Cenozoic sedi- ments, many are still undescribed, including a Paleocene The Heteroptera, or sucking bugs, have a long fossil record, specimen from Alberta, Canada (Mitchell and Wighton, 1979), potentially spanning back to the Permian. The first putative two unnamed early Eocene specimens from Denmark (Larsson, heteropteran from this period is Paraknightia magnifica Evans, 1975; Rust and Ansorge, 1996), and a late Oligocene specimen 1943 from New South Wales (Evans, 1950). -
Reptile Family Tree
Reptile Family Tree - Peters 2015 Distribution of Scales, Scutes, Hair and Feathers Fish scales 100 Ichthyostega Eldeceeon 1990.7.1 Pederpes 91 Eldeceeon holotype Gephyrostegus watsoni Eryops 67 Solenodonsaurus 87 Proterogyrinus 85 100 Chroniosaurus Eoherpeton 94 72 Chroniosaurus PIN3585/124 98 Seymouria Chroniosuchus Kotlassia 58 94 Westlothiana Casineria Utegenia 84 Brouffia 95 78 Amphibamus 71 93 77 Coelostegus Cacops Paleothyris Adelospondylus 91 78 82 99 Hylonomus 100 Brachydectes Protorothyris MCZ1532 Eocaecilia 95 91 Protorothyris CM 8617 77 95 Doleserpeton 98 Gerobatrachus Protorothyris MCZ 2149 Rana 86 52 Microbrachis 92 Elliotsmithia Pantylus 93 Apsisaurus 83 92 Anthracodromeus 84 85 Aerosaurus 95 85 Utaherpeton 82 Varanodon 95 Tuditanus 91 98 61 90 Eoserpeton Varanops Diplocaulus Varanosaurus FMNH PR 1760 88 100 Sauropleura Varanosaurus BSPHM 1901 XV20 78 Ptyonius 98 89 Archaeothyris Scincosaurus 77 84 Ophiacodon 95 Micraroter 79 98 Batropetes Rhynchonkos Cutleria 59 Nikkasaurus 95 54 Biarmosuchus Silvanerpeton 72 Titanophoneus Gephyrostegeus bohemicus 96 Procynosuchus 68 100 Megazostrodon Mammal 88 Homo sapiens 100 66 Stenocybus hair 91 94 IVPP V18117 69 Galechirus 69 97 62 Suminia Niaftasuchus 65 Microurania 98 Urumqia 91 Bruktererpeton 65 IVPP V 18120 85 Venjukovia 98 100 Thuringothyris MNG 7729 Thuringothyris MNG 10183 100 Eodicynodon Dicynodon 91 Cephalerpeton 54 Reiszorhinus Haptodus 62 Concordia KUVP 8702a 95 59 Ianthasaurus 87 87 Concordia KUVP 96/95 85 Edaphosaurus Romeria primus 87 Glaucosaurus Romeria texana Secodontosaurus -
Evidences for a Semi Aquatic Life Style in the Triassic Diapsid Reptile Tanystropheus
Rivista Italiana di Paleontologia e Stratigrafia (Research in Paleontology and Stratigraphy) vol. 124(1): 23-34. March 2018 EVIDENCES FOR A SEMI AQUATIC LIFE STYLE IN THE TRIASSIC DIAPSID REPTILE TANYSTROPHEUS SILVIO RENESTO1 & FRANCO SALLER2 1Dipartimento di Scienze Teoriche ed Applicate, Università degli Studi dell’Insubria, via Dunant 3, I 21100 Varese, Italy. E-mail: silvio.renesto@ uninsubria.it 2Via Weingarter 5 39010 Gargazzone (Bolzano) Italy. To cite this article: Renesto S.. & Saller F.. (2018) - Evidences for a semi aquatic life style in the Triassic diapsid reptile Tanystropheus. Riv. It. Pale- ontol. Strat., 124(1): 23-34. Keywords: Tanystropheus; Reptilia (Diapsida); Triassic; functional morphology; osteology; myology; locomotion; palaeoenvironment. Abstract. The paleoecology of the bizarre, long-necked tanystropheid diapsid Tanystropheus from the Middle and Late Triassic of Western and Eastern Tethys has been debated since the first discoveries. In the present work, osteological features related with gait and locomotion are reanalysed, and a reconstruction of the pattern of the musculature of the tail, pelvic girdle and hindlimb is proposed. The anatomical correlates, along with the inferred functional interpretation of the musculature support the hypothesis that 1) Tanystropheus was able to lift the body off the substrate when on land, 2) it lacked adaptations for continuous swimming, either tail-based or limb-based, 3) it was able to swim for by rowing with symmetrical strokes of the hind limbs. Rowing is a discontinuous swim- ming pattern that occurs in animals with a semi-aquatic life style which return frequently to emerged land, thus the proposed model is consistent with the hypothesis that Tanystropheus was a shoreline dweller rather than a fully aquatic animal. -
Tetrapod Biostratigraphy and Biochronology of the Triassic–Jurassic Transition on the Southern Colorado Plateau, USA
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 244 (2007) 242–256 www.elsevier.com/locate/palaeo Tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Triassic–Jurassic transition on the southern Colorado Plateau, USA Spencer G. Lucas a,⁎, Lawrence H. Tanner b a New Mexico Museum of Natural History, 1801 Mountain Rd. N.W., Albuquerque, NM 87104-1375, USA b Department of Biology, Le Moyne College, 1419 Salt Springs Road, Syracuse, NY 13214, USA Received 15 March 2006; accepted 20 June 2006 Abstract Nonmarine fluvial, eolian and lacustrine strata of the Chinle and Glen Canyon groups on the southern Colorado Plateau preserve tetrapod body fossils and footprints that are one of the world's most extensive tetrapod fossil records across the Triassic– Jurassic boundary. We organize these tetrapod fossils into five, time-successive biostratigraphic assemblages (in ascending order, Owl Rock, Rock Point, Dinosaur Canyon, Whitmore Point and Kayenta) that we assign to the (ascending order) Revueltian, Apachean, Wassonian and Dawan land-vertebrate faunachrons (LVF). In doing so, we redefine the Wassonian and the Dawan LVFs. The Apachean–Wassonian boundary approximates the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. This tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology of the Triassic–Jurassic transition on the southern Colorado Plateau confirms that crurotarsan extinction closely corresponds to the end of the Triassic, and that a dramatic increase in dinosaur diversity, abundance and body size preceded the end of the Triassic. © 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Triassic–Jurassic boundary; Colorado Plateau; Chinle Group; Glen Canyon Group; Tetrapod 1. Introduction 190 Ma. On the southern Colorado Plateau, the Triassic– Jurassic transition was a time of significant changes in the The Four Corners (common boundary of Utah, composition of the terrestrial vertebrate (tetrapod) fauna. -
The Shoulder Girdle and Anterior Limb of Drepanosaurus Unguicaudatus
<oological Journal of the Linnean Socieg (1994), Ill: 247-264. With 12 figures The shoulder girdle and anterior limb of Drepanosaurus unguicaudatus (Reptilia, Neodiapsida) from the upper Triassic (Norian) Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/111/3/247/2691415 by guest on 27 September 2021 of Northern Italy SILVIO RENESTO Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universita degli Studi, Via Mangiagalli 34, I-20133 Milano, Italy Received January 1993, accepted for publication February 1994 A reinvestigation of the osteology of the holotype of Drepanosaurus unguicaudatus Pinna, 1980 suggests that in earlier descriptions some osteological features were misinterpreted, owing to the crushing of the bones and because taphonomic aspects were not considered. The pattern of the shoulder girdle and fore-limb was misunderstood: the supposed interclavicle is in fact the right scapula, and the bones previously identified as coracoid and scapula belong to the anterior limb. The new reconstruction of the shoulder girdle, along with the morphology of the phalanges and caudal vertebrae, leads to a new hypothesis about the mode oflife of this reptile. Drepanosaurus was probably an arboreal reptile which used its enormous claws to scrape the bark from trees, perhaps in search of insects, just as the modern pigmy anteater (Cyclopes) does. Available diagnostic characters place Drepanosaurus within the Neodiapsida Benton, but it is impossible to ascribe this genus to one or other of the two major neodiapsid lineages, the Archosauromorpha and the Lepidosauromorpha. ADDITIONAL KEY WORDS:-Functional morphology - taxonomy - taphonomy - palaeoecology . CONTENTS Introduction ................... 247 Taphonomy ..... .............. 249 Systematic palaeontology . .............. 251 Genus Drepanosaurus Pinna, 1980 .............. 252 Drepannsaurus unguicaudatus Pinna, 1980. -
University of Birmingham the Earliest Bird-Line Archosaurs and The
University of Birmingham The earliest bird-line archosaurs and the assembly of the dinosaur body plan Nesbitt, Sterling; Butler, Richard; Ezcurra, Martin; Barrett, Paul; Stocker, Michelle; Angielczyk, Kenneth; Smith, Roger; Sidor, Christian; Niedzwiedzki, Grzegorz; Sennikov, Andrey; Charig, Alan DOI: 10.1038/nature22037 License: None: All rights reserved Document Version Peer reviewed version Citation for published version (Harvard): Nesbitt, S, Butler, R, Ezcurra, M, Barrett, P, Stocker, M, Angielczyk, K, Smith, R, Sidor, C, Niedzwiedzki, G, Sennikov, A & Charig, A 2017, 'The earliest bird-line archosaurs and the assembly of the dinosaur body plan', Nature, vol. 544, no. 7651, pp. 484-487. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22037 Link to publication on Research at Birmingham portal Publisher Rights Statement: Checked for eligibility: 03/03/2017. General rights Unless a licence is specified above, all rights (including copyright and moral rights) in this document are retained by the authors and/or the copyright holders. The express permission of the copyright holder must be obtained for any use of this material other than for purposes permitted by law. •Users may freely distribute the URL that is used to identify this publication. •Users may download and/or print one copy of the publication from the University of Birmingham research portal for the purpose of private study or non-commercial research. •User may use extracts from the document in line with the concept of ‘fair dealing’ under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 (?) •Users may not further distribute the material nor use it for the purposes of commercial gain. Where a licence is displayed above, please note the terms and conditions of the licence govern your use of this document. -
A Ne\T Prolacertiform Reptile from the Late Triassic of Northern Italy
Riv. It. Paleont. Strat. v. 100 n.2 pp. 285-306 tav. 1-3 Ottobre 1994 A NE\T PROLACERTIFORM REPTILE FROM THE LATE TRIASSIC OF NORTHERN ITALY SLVIO RENESTO Key-uords: Langobardisaurus pandolfii, New Genus, Reptilia, Diapsida, Late Triassic, Description, Palaeoecology. Riassunto. Vengono descritti due esemplari di Renili fossili raccolti a Cene (Val Seriana, Bergamo), nel Calcare di Zorzino (Norico Medio, Triassico Superiore). I due esemplari provengono dal medesimo strato e presentano caratteri scheletrici pressochè identici, per cui possono essere considerati conspecifici con ragione- vole cerf.ezza. Possono inohre essere classificati come appartenenti all' ordine dei Prolacertiformi. I confronti con i taxa già noti, consentono di ritenerli come appartenenti ad un genere ed una specie nuovi per la scienza: Langobardisaurus pand.olfii. Le caratteristiche dello scheletro suggeriscono infine che Langobardisaurus fosse un rettile terrestre e si nutrisse prevalentemente di insetti. Absúact. A new diapsid reptile is described from the locality of Cene (Seriana Valley, near Bergamo, Lombardy, Northern ltaly) from an outcrop of the Calcare di Zorzino (Zorzino Limestone) Formation (Middle Norian, Late Triassic). It is based on virtually identical specimens, differing only in size. Analysis of available diagnostic characters allows it to be included in the Prolacertiformes, represenring a new genus and species, Langobardisaurus pandolfi probably related to Macrocnemus, possibly to Cosesaums, and to the Tany- stropheìdae. It is assumed here that Langobardisaurus pandolfii was adapted to a terrestrial mode of life and probably to an insectivorous diet. Introduction. The Norian (Late Triassic) vertebrate localities from the Bergamo Prealps (Lom- bardy, Northern Italy) are of worldwide interest for the diversity and importance of their faunas. -
Tiago Rodrigues Simões
Diapsid Phylogeny and the Origin and Early Evolution of Squamates by Tiago Rodrigues Simões A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in SYSTEMATICS AND EVOLUTION Department of Biological Sciences University of Alberta © Tiago Rodrigues Simões, 2018 ABSTRACT Squamate reptiles comprise over 10,000 living species and hundreds of fossil species of lizards, snakes and amphisbaenians, with their origins dating back at least as far back as the Middle Jurassic. Despite this enormous diversity and a long evolutionary history, numerous fundamental questions remain to be answered regarding the early evolution and origin of this major clade of tetrapods. Such long-standing issues include identifying the oldest fossil squamate, when exactly did squamates originate, and why morphological and molecular analyses of squamate evolution have strong disagreements on fundamental aspects of the squamate tree of life. Additionally, despite much debate, there is no existing consensus over the composition of the Lepidosauromorpha (the clade that includes squamates and their sister taxon, the Rhynchocephalia), making the squamate origin problem part of a broader and more complex reptile phylogeny issue. In this thesis, I provide a series of taxonomic, phylogenetic, biogeographic and morpho-functional contributions to shed light on these problems. I describe a new taxon that overwhelms previous hypothesis of iguanian biogeography and evolution in Gondwana (Gueragama sulamericana). I re-describe and assess the functional morphology of some of the oldest known articulated lizards in the world (Eichstaettisaurus schroederi and Ardeosaurus digitatellus), providing clues to the ancestry of geckoes, and the early evolution of their scansorial behaviour.