Profanity in Suicide Squad and Deadpool 2: a Study of Translation Techniques

Annisa Fadilla Hanan Profanity in Suicide Squad And Deadpool 2: A Study of Translation Techniques

Profanity in Suicide Squad And Deadpool 2: A Study of Translation Techniques

Annisa Fadilla Hanan, Wawan Gunawan* English Language and Literature Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia [email protected]

ABSTRACT This study aims to find out the translation techniques used by the translator to do the act of censorship in translating the subtitle in Suicide Squad and Deadpool 2 movies. This study also analyzes the translation shift in the subtitle and acceptability of the translation. This study employs a qualitative method of data collection and analysis informed by Pinker’s (2007) profanity classification according to its purpose, Molina and Albir’s (2002) concept of translation and Newmark’s (1988; 1981) concept of transposition and translation acceptability. The study found five types of profanity based on its purpose in 213 utterances spoken by the movie characters and 11 translation techniques applied to those utterances. Those five types of profanity include idiomatically, abusively, cathartically, descriptively, and emphatically in the two movies. The study also found four types of translation shifts (automatic, grammatical structure, natural grammatical, & lexical gap) as a means of maintaining the meanings of the source language (SL). The meanings shift as a result of an act of translation censorship strategies. The study shows that transferring meaning into other languages such as in the process of subtitling translation could incur potential changes in meaning.

Keywords: censorship, profanity, translation techniques, translation shift, translation acceptability.

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INTRODUCTION cultures. Indonesian rules UU No.8 1992 Translation is often used as a very Pasal (1:4) confirm that movie censorship important technique to understand books, is omitting some parts of movies or sounds. songs, movies, written in other languages. This regulation affects entertainment Robinson (1997) as cited in Moghadam industries especially the film industry. The (2017, p.1) states that “the study of example of movies that require censorship translation is an integral part of intercultural due to their intense use of profanity are, relations and of conveying scientific and Suicide Squad (2016) and Deadpool 2 technological knowledge”. Furthermore, (2018) movie. Both movies were very according to Foster (1958), translation popular action movies and was proved in means an act of transferring a context of a IMDB (2016) and Box Office Mojo (2018). text from the source language (SL) into the According to Common Sense Media (2016: target language (TL). In a translation, the 2018), the biggest viewers of Suicide Squad translator needs to transmit the original and Deadpool 2 movies are children and meaning of message in the target language teenagers from age thirteen. By considering (TL) as precisely as possible. The translated the most viewers of the movie, translators version of the text should also suitable for have to adjust the language so that it would the target readers. Moreover, as stated by be acceptable for the target viewers and it Bernacka (2012), translator has a role as a can be called as an act of censorship. mediator between cultures in the source An act of censorship is done to make the language (SL) and the target language (TL). language acceptable to the target audience. For that reason, a professional translator One of the reasons is because an act of who is usually a native speaker or a person censorship in translated works whether it is who studies native language broadly are a comic, a novel, or a movie can reduce needed to fulfil the role as a mediator even eliminate the effect of humor from the between cultures. original work (see for example, Honarvar & Through the advancement of media Rahimi, 2011; Yuliasri, 2017). Censorship technology and the inclusion of different could also reshape the story plot and also cultures from dissimilar countries, some the character itself as stated by Vandaele words or sentences from different cultures (2002). In addition to an act of censorship cannot be accepted in Indonesia. It requires in terms of humor, there are also acts of Indonesian governments to make censorship in a translation of vulgar or sex- regulations that filter both good and bad related language. Censorship in terms of content verbally and visually in these vulgar or sex-related language usually

Annisa Fadilla Hanan Profanity in Suicide Squad And Deadpool 2: A Study of Translation Techniques harder than censorship in terms of humor. to classify the cultural words and using Dirgantara (2016) states that translators Molina and Albir’s (2002) theory of tend to delete some vulgar language but on translation techniques to analyze the the other side they also want to keep the selected data. The findings showed that vulgar language. The other reason why there are 180 cultural words in the novel translators do an act of censorship is that the and included in six cultural categories. potential for expression and the degree of According to the findings, eight translation violation decreases on vulgar or sex-related techniques are used by the translator in language as stated by Santaemilia (2008). translating those cultural words. The writer realized that borrowing translation To do the act of censorship, translation technique is the most frequently used techniques can be used as a tool. As technique in the novel because most of the censorship can be related with how a text is cultural words in the novel does not have translated, for that reason, it is relevant to the equivalent in Indonesian language. analyze how translation techniques can be Rahmawati (2016) did a study that analyzed used as an act of censorship to manipulate translation techniques used in Divergent words or phrases that are considered as novel by Veronica Roth. The findings of the inappropriate from the original text. From study showed that there are 12 techniques many translation techniques and found in the data. They are, namely, classifications, this study will use adaptation, amplification, borrowing, translation techniques and classifications calque, discursive creation, established proposed by Molina and Albir (2002) equivalent, generalization, linguistic because the concept can be used to analyze compression, literal, particularization, translation words. Previous studies that reduction, and transposition. The total used Molina and Albir’s (2002) translation techniques used in the translation of the techniques and classifications are mostly data are 671. One study on translation focused on the translation techniques. For techniques that focused on an act of instance, Andriyanie, Firmawan, and Retno censorship is, for example, a study by (2017) conducted a research to find out Yuliasri (2017). Yuliasri (2017) did a translation techniques that are used by research to find out censorship through the Silamurti Nugroho, the translator, in translation techniques used by the translating cultural words in Eat, Pray, translators and the reasons underlying the Love novel by Elizabeth Gilbert. The writer translators’ choice of the translation uses Newmark’s cultural words categories techniques in 21 Indonesian translated Walt

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Disney’s Donald Duck comics published in Nugroho, & Rahman, 2017). Hancock 2008. The findings show that reduction and (2002) also argues that the main focus of generalization translation techniques used qualitative method is to develop has distorted some of the meanings, that explanations on social phenomena which some of the humor contained in the original take place in common settings. In line with English text was reduced or lost. The Hancock’s, Nassaji (2015) also stated that publisher’s Senior Editor admitted that they descriptive qualitative research involves did an act of censorship in the translated naturalistic data. For that reason, it can be texts for the sake of decency by Indonesian said that profanity or swear words are seen cultural standards. as common phenomena that can be This study attempts to focus on the analyzed by using descriptive qualitative translation censorship in Suicide Squad and method. The data that are collected in Deadpool 2 movies. This study uses the qualitative method are textual in the form of translation techniques and classifications utterances. Creswell (2009) also added that proposed by Molina and Albir (2002) to not all of the information can be analyzed find out which translation techniques that in data that are in a form of text because a are used by the translator to do the act of data in a form of text are dense and rich. A censorship. Furthermore, this study also study has to focus on specific data. attempts to find out if the translation Therefore, as explained before, this study techniques shift the meaning of messages only focuses on the utterances that contain from the source language to target language profanity, not all of the utterances in or not. Suicide Squad and Deadpool 2 movies. This study used the data from the METHODOLOGY transcription of the official English This study employs a descriptive subtitles of Suicide Squad and Deadpool 2 qualitative method. Qualitative method is movies, and non-official Indonesian usually concerned with human attitude and subtitles of Suicide Squad movie by the what people say, as argued by Taylor and translator called Lebah Ganteng and non- Bogdan (1984). Furthermore, Nassaji official Indonesian subtitles of Deadpool 2 (2015) stated that qualitative research is to by the translator called Pein Akatsuki. The describe an event or phenomenon and its data that are used in the study are limited to characteristics. The characteristics of focusing on the utterances that contain translation work has been qualitatively profanity. The total utterances that contain studied in many studies (see Nugraha,

Annisa Fadilla Hanan Profanity in Suicide Squad And Deadpool 2: A Study of Translation Techniques profanity from Suicide Squad and Table 1. Profanity Words Data Deadpool 2 movies are 213 utterances. Percentages This study conducted several steps to Types of No. Data Percentage collect the data. The first step is watching profanity Suicide Squad and Deadpool 2 movie and 1. Idiomatically 90 42.25% paying attention to the subtitle as well as the 2. Abusively 67 31.45% languages uttered by the actors and 3. Cathartically 32 15% actresses. The second step is transcribing 4. Descriptively 17 8% all of the subtitles as well as the 5. Emphatically 7 3.30% monologues and dialogues. The third step is Total 213 100% categorizing the profanity word in the utterances by using profanity classification Based on table 1, idiomatically, abusively, according to its purpose proposed by Pinker and cathartically are the three most (2007). In total, there are 213 utterances of frequent type of profanity based on its profanity in Suicide Squad and Deadpool 2 purpose that appeared in the utterances. movies. The fourth and last step is Idiomatically appeared as the most frequent highlighting the profanity in each utterance type of profanity in the utterances, which from the movie script as well as the appeared 90 times (42.25%), followed by translated subtitle. abusively profanity word as the second most frequent type which appeared 67 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION times (31.45%), and cathartically as the Types of Profanity Words third most frequent type which appeared 32 The study identified five types of profanity times (15%). Furthermore, descriptively based on its purpose which were found in profanity word appeared 17 times (8%), 213 utterances. Those five types of and emphatically profanity word appeared profanity include idiomatically, abusively, 7 times (3.30%). cathartically, descriptively, and Types of Translation Techniques emphatically. The following table shows From the findings, the study identifies 11 of the frequency and percentages of those five 18 translation techniques were used by the types of profanity. translator to translate the utterances spoken by all of the movie characters in Suicide Squad and Deadpool 2. Those 11 translation techniques are reduction,

Passage 2019, 7(3), 1-20 generalization, adaptation, literal modulation, and borrowing. The following translation, discursive creation, table shows more detailed information on particularization, established equivalence, the frequency and percentages of the linguistics compression, amplification, translation techniques.

Table 2. Translation Techniques Data Percentage

No. Translation technique used Data Percentage 1. Reduction 84 39.44% 2. Generalization 58 27.23% 3. Adaptation 33 15.50% 4. Literal translation 20 9.39% 5 Particularization 5 2.35% 6. Discursive creation 4 1.88% 7. Established equivalence 3 1.40% 8. Linguistics compression 3 1.40% 9. Amplification 1 0.47% 10. Modulation 1 0.47% 11. Borrowing 1 0.47% Total 213 100%

Based on table 2, reduction translation Reduction technique is the most frequently used Reduction translation technique is the most technique in 84 utterances (39.44%) frequently used technique by the translator followed by generalization translation in translating profanity utterances. There technique in the second place used in 58 are 84 utterances (39.44%) that are utterances (27.23%) and adaptation translated using reduction translation translation technique in the third place with technique. According to Molina and Albir 33 utterances (15.50%). Contrarily, (2002), reduction translation technique is a amplification, modulation, and borrowing technique that suppresses information in translation techniques are the least the source language (SL) when translated translation techniques used (0.47%). into the target language (TL). For examples:

Annisa Fadilla Hanan Profanity in Suicide Squad And Deadpool 2: A Study of Translation Techniques

SL: Open the goddamn gate! (Utterance TL: Hajar dia! (Utterance 18) 19) In the utterance above, the translator used TL: Buka pintunya! (Utterance 19) generalization technique to translate the In the above excerpt, the translator used source language (SL) “whoop his ass!” into reduction translation technique to translate the target language (TL) “hajar dia!” The the source language (SL) “open the utterance happened when Deadshot goddamn gate!” into the target language threated a guard which made the guard (TL) “buka pintunya!” This utterance angry and said the utterance. The translator happened when the chief officer in the wanted to give a more general and prison visited Harley Quinn (played by appropriate message to the viewers without Margot Robbie), he hurriedly orders changing the real meaning of the message another officer to open the gate. The itself. If the translator did not use translator suppressed the information that generalization and translated the source contained profanity words by deleting the language (SL) word-for-word, the target profanity word in the source language (SL) language (TL) in the subtitle would be which is ‘goddamn’ to keep the subtitle ‘pecut pantatnya!’ which makes it appropriate for the viewers. By deleting the inappropriate for the viewers. profanity word, the translator did not Adaptation change the message of the utterance, Adaptation is a translation technique that because the translator only suppressed the replaces a cultural element in the source profanity word and keep the main language (SL) with the equivalent element information of the source language (SL) in the target language (TL) (Molina & into the target language (TL). Albir, 2002). Adaptation translation Generalization technique is the third most frequently used Generalization is a translation technique translation techniques by the translator where a term in the source language (SL) is which used in 33 utterances (15.50%). translated to a term that is broadly known in Below are the example of adaptation the target language (TL) (Molina & Albir, translation technique: 2002). In this study, generalization SL: God damn it. Harley! (Utterance 690) translation technique is the second most TL: Astaga, Harley! (Utterance 690) frequently used translation technique by the This utterance spoken by Deadshot when translator which used in 58 utterances the squad entered a building quietly. They (27.23%). The example explained below: supposed to stay together, but Harley got SL: Whoop his ass! (Utterance 18) into an elevator by herself, so Deadshot said

Passage 2019, 7(3), 1-20 the utterance. The phrase ‘God damn it’, in doctor about it, but the doctor ignored him. the source language (SL) is included as The translator was also translated ‘deaf profanity and the speaker said it to show hoes’ literally into ‘wanita murahan yang that he was angry. The translator used tuli’ in the target language (TL), because adaptation translation technique because the translator might think that the phrase the phrase ‘God damn it’ has similar was not too harsh and appropriate for the meaning with ‘astaga’ in Indonesian viewers. language which is more appropriate for Discursive creation Indonesian. Discursive creation translation technique Literal translation creates temporary equivalence in the target Literal translation is a translation technique language (TL) that is unpredictable from that translates the source language (SL) the one in the source language (SL) (Molina word-for-word into the target language & Albir, 2002). This translation technique (TL), without changing and adding was used by the translator in 4 utterances information (Molina & Albir, 2002). This (1.88%). The example of the use of study found 20 utterances (9.39%) that discursive creation is explained below: were translated using literal translation SL: You are a pain in the ass. (Utterance technique. For example: 650) SL: Hey. Hey! Miss? What was that? Oh. TL: Kau ini sangat menyebalkan. Oh, you deaf. You one of them deaf hoes. (Utterance 650) (Utterance 394) The above utterance happened when TL: Hei. Hei! Nona? Barusan itu apa? Kau Halsey chased Joker and stopped right in tuli. Kau salah satu dari wanita murahan front of Joker’s car in the middle of the road yang tuli. (Utterance 394) because Joker tried to leave her. It can be As can be seen from the utterance above, seen from the excerpt above, the translator the translator used literal translation used discursive creation to translate the technique to translate the source language utterance in the source language (SL) “you (SL) “Hey. Hey! Miss? What was that? Oh. are a pain in the ass” into the target Oh, you deaf. You one of them deaf hoes” language (TL) “Kau ini sangat into the target language (TL) “Hei. Hei! menyebalkan.” The phrase in the source Nona? Barusan itu apa? Kau tuli. Kau language (SL) ‘a pain in the ass’ was salah satu dari wanita murahan yang translated into a very different equivalence tuli.” The utterance happened when which is ‘sangat menyebalkan’. But, if the Deadshot got an injection and he asked the phrase in the source language (SL) read

Annisa Fadilla Hanan Profanity in Suicide Squad And Deadpool 2: A Study of Translation Techniques thoroughly, ‘a pain in the ass’ might imply Established equivalence is a translation something that was very annoying. Thus, technique that translates a term in the perhaps it was the reason for the translator source language (SL) with a more common to translate the phrase into ‘sangat and widely known equivalence term in the menyebalkan’ in the target language (TL). target language (TL). Also, as stated by Particularization Molina and Albir (2002), the translated Particularization translation technique term can be identified by dictionaries. In translates a term in the source language this study, the author found three utterances (SL) becomes a more specific term in the (1.40%) that used established equivalence target language (TL) (Molina & Albir, translation technique, one utterance is 2002). This technique is the opposite of explained below: generalization translation technique. The SL: I thought love was bullshit, getting study found 5 utterances (2.35%) that used serious. Desire, mutual benefit whatever. particularization as its translation (Utterance 926) technique. The example explained below: TL: Kukira cinta itu omong kosong, SL: There's your shit. Grab what you need hubungan serius. Hasrat, kebersamaan for a fight. (Utterance 464) saling menguntungkan, apalah. (Utterance TL: Di sana barang kalian. Ambil yang 926) kalian butuhkan. (Utterance 464) Excerpt 20 was uttered by Deadshot when The above excerpt happened when Rick he mentioned about June (Rick’s girlfriend Flag gathered the prisoners to inform them who was trapped by the witch), Rick then about the mission and told them to be answered with the utterance above and prepared. As can be seen from the excerpt added, “Not until I met June”, which shows above, the translator used particularization that Rick really loved June. This excerpt translation technique. The phrase ‘there’s has the same highlighted word as the your shit’ in the source language (SL) was previous excerpt. As can be seen from the translated to ‘di sana barang kalian’ in the excerpt, the highlighted word in the source target language (TL). Which shows that the language (SL) ‘bullshit’ was translated to translator specified the word ‘shit’ and ‘omong kosong’ in the target language transformed it into ‘barang’ to make it (TL). The translator clearly used clearer and easier for the audience to established equivalence translation understand the utterance. technique, because the equivalence term of Established equivalence ‘bullshit’ in Indonesian language is ‘omong kosong’.

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Linguistic compression 2002), to make the message more familiar Linguistic compression is a translation and more comprehensive for the reader technique that combine linguistic elements (Ihsania, 2016). This translation technique in the source language (SL) without is one of the three least frequently used changing the original message in the source translation technique by the translator. language (SL) (Molina & Albir, 2002). There is only one utterance (0.47%) that From the analysis of the movie subtitle, used amplification as its translation three utterances (1.40%) was translated by technique, which explained below: using linguistic compression translation SL: Hey, what's that crap on your face? technique. The utterance explained below: Does it wash off? (Utterance 477) SL: You're lucky man. You got a bad TL: Tato di wajahmu itu tanda apa? Bisa bitch. (Utterance 122) dicuci? (Utterance 477) TL: Kau beruntung. Wanitamu jahat. The above utterance happened when (Utterance 122) Captain Boomerang met El Diablo who has This utterance happened when a gangster tattoo all over his face and then he asked a visited Joker in a club to greet Joker for his sarcasm question towards El Diablo to return. Then, the gangster looked at Harley mock him. The above utterance was who was dancing not far from them and translated by using amplification said, “You're lucky man. You got a bad translation technique. An additional bitch”. To translate the utterance, the information was added to the word ‘crap’ translator used linguistic compression to in the phrase ‘what’s that crap on your combine the phrase ‘you got a bad bitch’ face’ in the source language (SL). In the in the source language (SL), then simplify utterance, the word ‘crap’ did not it by translated the most important part of explained specifically, which might cause the utterance which is ‘bad bitch’. By an ambiguous understanding from the translating only the important part of the audience. So, the translator added more message, the translator made the subtitle information in the target language (TL) to shorter and easier for the audience to make the utterance clearer for the audience. understand the message of the utterance. Modulation Amplification Modulation translation technique is shifting Amplification translation technique is point of view of the source language (SL) adding more information in the target in the target language (TL) (Vinay & language (TL) that is not expressed in the Darbelnet, 1958). The shift can be lexical or source language (SL) (Molina & Albir, structural (Molina & Albir, 2002). There is

Annisa Fadilla Hanan Profanity in Suicide Squad And Deadpool 2: A Study of Translation Techniques only one utterance (0.47%) that was Borrowing translation technique is taking a translated by using modulation translation word or expression straight from the source technique. The example explained below: language (SL) (Molina & Albir, 2002). This SL: I'm getting good at this shit. (Utterance translation technique only used one time 935) (0.47%) by the translator. The utterance TL: Aku mulai menguasai hal ini. explained below: (Utterance 935) SL: We should leave before Fuckernaut Excerpt 26 was taken from the scene when wakes up. (Utterance 1059) Russell came to the orphanage to kill the TL: Kita sebaiknya pergi sebelum headmaster because the headmaster Fuckernaut sadar. (Utterance 1059) tortured him when he lived there. At the The utterance was spoken by Colossus the orphanage, he used his power to burn down Chrome Bone at the end of the movie when the orphanage while chasing the Colossus finally defeated Juggernaut with headmaster who tried to run away from the help of Negasonic Teenage Girl and him. While using his power, he realized that Yukio. As can be seen from the above he started to be able to control his power, utterance, the word ‘Fuckernaut’ in the then he said, “I’m getting good at this shit”. target language (TL) was taken directly The above utterance is shifting when it was from the utterance in the source language translated into the target language (TL). If (SL). The translator did not translate, the utterance was translated by using word- change, or omit the word because it is a for-word technique, it would become ‘Saya name that was sarcastically changed from semakin mahir dalam hal ini’, which means Juggernaut to ‘Fuckernaut’ by Colossus. that the speaker is already good at Translation Shifts controlling the power and getting better. In Based on the findings, four translation the original subtitle, the utterance was shifts appeared in 127 utterances to translated to “aku mulai menguasai hal ini” maintain the meanings of the source which means that the speaker was not able language through censorship strategy. to control the power and just started to be Those utterances were analyzed by using able to control the power. Therefore, there Newmark’s (1988) transposition theory to is a shift when the utterance was translated find out the translation shift syntactically. to the target language (TL), which means To find out the translation shift that the translator used modulation semantically, the utterances were analyzed translation technique. by using the definition of each word. The Borrowing

Passage 2019, 7(3), 1-20 details of the findings are explained in the following table. Table 3. Translation Shift Data Translation shift No. Translation Technique Data First Second Third Fourth shift shift shift shift 1. Reduction 52 5 19 15 13 2. Generalization 33 8 8 10 7 3. Adaptation 18 2 8 3 5 4. Literal translation 13 5 3 4 1 5 Particularization 2 - 2 - - 6. Discursive creation 3 1 1 - 1 7. Established equivalence 2 - - - 2 8. Linguistics compression 3 2 1 - - 9. Amplification 1 - 1 - - 10. Modulation - - - - - 11. Borrowing - - - - - Total 127 15 34 27 25

Based on table 3, translation shift TL: Ya Tuhan. Makhluk apa itu? mostly occurred in 52 utterances that (Utterance 159) were translated by using reduction The phrase ‘what the hell is hat’ in translation technique. The first shift the source language (SL) was occurred in 5 utterances, the second translated to ‘makhluk apa itu’ in the shift in 19 utterances, the third shift in target language (TL). The translator 15 utterances, and the fourth shift in changed the grammatical structure to 13 utterances. The data examples are fit with the one in the target language discussed below. (TL). In the target language (TL), the object ‘makhluk’ was placed in front The examples of translation shift in of the sentence, and the question word reduction translation technique ‘apa’ was placed in the middle of the SL: Oh, Jesus. What the hell is that? sentence. While in the source (Utterance 159) language (SL), the question word

Annisa Fadilla Hanan Profanity in Suicide Squad And Deadpool 2: A Study of Translation Techniques

‘what’ was placed in front of the is used to show that the intended sentence. As can be seen, the person is stupid and annoying grammatical shift happened in the expressed in a mean way. When the above utterance, classified as the utterance was translated to ‘para second shift. Semantically, the phrase bajingan’ in the target language (TL), ‘the hell’ in the source language (SL) the phrase ‘those assholes’ was also is used to express anger, contempt, or expressed in a mean way. Therefore, disbelief. When the utterance was there is no semantic shift between the translated to the target language (TL), source language (SL) and the target the phrase ‘the hell’ was reduced to language (TL). make meaning of the utterance softer in the target language (TL). Translation shift occurred in adaptation translation technique The examples of translation shift in SL: They warned me about you. My generalization translation technique dumbass didn't believe the stories. SL: Those assholes here yet? (Utterance 307) (Utterance 434) TL: Mereka sudah peringatkan aku TL: Para bajingan itu sudah disini? tentangmu. Bodohnya aku tak (Utterance 434) percaya. (Utterance 307) The phrase in the source language The phrase ‘my dumbass’ in the (SL) ‘those assholes’ was translated above utterance was translated to to ‘para bajingan’ in the target ‘bodohnya aku’ in the target language language (TL). The translator (TL). The translator added suffix ‘- changed the plural word ‘assholes’ in nya’ in the word ‘bodohnya’ as the the source language (SL) to singular replacement of a virtual lexical gap in word ‘bajingan’ in the target the target language (TL) by a language (TL). So, there is a shift grammatical structure. For that occurred in the above utterance, reason, there is a lexical gap shift in classified as the first shift. utterance 307 classified as the fourth Semantically, the phrase ‘those shift. Semantically, the phrase ‘my assholes’ in the source language (SL) dumbass’ in the source language (SL)

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is used to express a low opinion of murahan’ in the target language (TL), someone’s intelligence in a harsh the word ‘hoes’ was also expressed in way. When the utterance was a mean way. Therefore, both translated to the target language (TL), utterances in the source language (SL) the phrase ‘my dumbass’ was reduced and the target language (TL) express to make meaning of the utterance the same senses of offensive, which softer in the target language (TL). show that there is no semantic shift.

Translation shift occurred in literal Translation shift occurred in translation technique particularization translation SL: Hey. Hey! Miss? What was that? technique Oh. Oh, you deaf. You one of them SL: What about the shit in our necks? deaf hoes. (Utterance 394) (Utterance 559) TL: Hei. Hei! Nona? Barusan itu TL: Bagaimana dengan bom di leher apa? Kau tuli. Kau salah satu dari kita? (Utterance 559) wanita murahan yang tuli. The adverb ‘necks’ was placed last in (Utterance 394) the source language (SL). In the target The phrase ‘deaf hoes’ in the above language (TL), the adverb ‘leher’ was utterance was translated to ‘wanita placed before the word ‘kita’. The murahan yang tuli’ in the target placement was changed following the language (TL). The translator target language (TL) grammatical changed the plural word ‘hoes’ in the structure. As can be seen, the source language (SL) to singular grammatical shift happened in the ‘wanita murahan’ in the target above utterance, classified as the language (TL). Therefore, there is a second shift. Semantically, the word shift occurred in the above utterance, ‘shit’ in the source language (SL) is classified as the first shift. used as an exclamation of disgust, Semantically, the word ‘hoes’ in the anger, or annoyance. When the word source language (SL) means women was translated to the target language expressed in an offensive way. When (TL), the word ‘shit’ was reduced to the word was translated to ‘wanita

Annisa Fadilla Hanan Profanity in Suicide Squad And Deadpool 2: A Study of Translation Techniques

produce softer meaning in the target Translation shift occurred in language (TL). established equivalence translation technique Translation shift occurred in SL: I thought love was bullshit, discursive creation translation getting serious. Desire, mutual benefit technique whatever. (Utterance 926) SL: What kind of spineless shit stick TL: Kukira cinta itu omong kosong, tries to kill a 14-year-old boy? hubungan serius. Hasrat, (Utterance 598) kebersamaan saling menguntungkan, TL: Orang gila macam apa yang apalah. (Utterance 926) ingin membunuh anak 14 tahun? The phrase ‘mutual benefit’ in the (Utterance 598) source language (SL) was translated The phrase ‘a 14-year-old boy’ in the to ‘kebersamaan saling source language (SL) was translated menguntungkan’ in the target to ‘anak 14 tahun’ in the target language (TL). The translator added language (TL). The adjective ’14-year the word ‘kebersamaan’ to fit the old’ in the source language (SL) was virtual lexical gap by the grammatical placed in front of the word ‘boy’, structure in the target language (TL). opposite from the target language So, there is a lexical gap shift in the (TL) following the grammatical above utterance, classified as the structure of the target language (TL). fourth shift. Semantically, the word Therefore, there is a grammatical shift ‘bullshit’ is vulgar and used to in the above utterance, classified as express untrue talk or writing; the second shift. Same as the previous nonsense. In the target language (TL), example, semantically, the word the word ‘bullshit’ was translated to ‘shit’ in the source language (SL) is ‘omong kosong’ which is softer than used as an exclamation of disgust, the original word. anger, or annoyance. In the target language (TL), the word ‘shit’ was Translation shift occurred in reduced to produce softer meaning. linguistics compression translation technique

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SL: You're lucky man. You got a bad (SL) was translated to ‘tato di bitch. (Utterance 122) wajahmu itu tanda apa?’ in the target TL: Kau beruntung. Wanitamu jahat. language (TL). The object ‘tato’ in (Utterance 122) the target language (TL) was placed The phrase ‘bad bitch’ in the source in front of the sentence, opposite from language (SL) was translated to the source language (SL). Therefore, ‘wanitamu jahat’ in the target there is a grammatical shift in the language (TL). The position of the above utterance, classified as the adjective was changed automatically second shift. Semantically, ‘crap’ is and the translator had no choice to used to express something of change it. Therefore, there is a shift in extremely poor quality. When the the above utterance classified as the utterance was translated to the target first shift. Semantically, ‘bad bitch’ language (TL), the word ‘crap’ was means a woman who is belligerent, reduced to make meaning of the unreasonable, malicious, rude, or utterance softer in the target language aggressive. The word ‘bitch’ is also (TL). one of the most common curse word To sum up, the translation techniques in the English language (Jay, 2009). that were used by the translator to In the target language (TL), the word translate profanity utterances in ‘bitch’ was translated to ‘jahat’ which Suicide Squad and Deadpool 2 is softer. movies were mostly by using reduction, generalization, and Translation shift occurred in adaptation. The use of those amplification translation technique translation techniques have succeeded SL: Hey, what's that crap on your to manipulate words and phrases that face? Does it wash off? (Utterance included as profanity. Although the 477) techniques used are the same as the TL: Tato di wajahmu itu tanda apa? previous study by Yuliasri (2017), the Bisa dicuci? (Utterance 477) findings show a different result. In The sentence ‘hey, what’s that crap on Yuliasri’s study, the findings show 17 your face?’ in the source language translation techniques were used,

Annisa Fadilla Hanan Profanity in Suicide Squad And Deadpool 2: A Study of Translation Techniques

different from this study, which show techniques used did not change the 11 translation techniques were used in meanings of the source language the translation process. (SL). This study also adds an analysis of the translation shift syntactically by using CONCLUSION Newmark’s (1988) transposition theory and semantically by using From the findings, 213 utterances of dictionaries that were not applied in profanity were found in the two the previous studies by Yuliasri movies. By using Molina and Albir’s (2017) and Fitria (2015). The findings (2002) concepts of translation of the translation shift analysis show techniques, this study identified 11 that syntactic and semantic shifts both translation techniques, containing affect the profanity utterances. To fit reduction, generalization, adaptation, the grammatical structure in the target literal translation, discursive creation, language (TL), the utterances were particularization, established shifted syntactically. Semantically, equivalence, linguistics compression, the translation shift also affects the amplification, modulation, and translation of profanity in the target borrowing. The translation techniques language (TL) which was mostly mostly used by the translator includes reduced as a result of an act of reduction, generalization, and translation censorship strategies. adaptation. Reduction translation Although the translation shift affects technique was applied for 84 times the translation results, the target (39.44%), generalization translation language (TL) is still understandable. technique for 58 times (27.23%) and Similar to the findings in Yuliasri adaptation translation technique for (2017), the translation techniques 33 times (15.50%). At the same time, have changed some of the words and amplification, modulation, and phrases meanings. In Fitria’s (2015) borrowing translation technique was study, the findings show a higher only applied for one time (0.47%). scale of accuracy in the translation, Besides to find out the translation which means that the translation techniques used by the translator, this

Passage 2019, 7(3), 1-20

study also aims to find out if the utterances. The findings of the translation techniques shift the analysis on translation shift show that messages from the source language those translation shifts change the (SL) to the target language (TL) or utterances syntactically and not. Newmark’s (1988) transposition semantically. However, the meaning theory is applied in the study. The of the messages in the utterances are analysis shows that four types of still understandable. According to translation shifts appeared in 127 Newmark’s (1981) communicative utterances. The first shift appeared in translation theory, when a translation 15 utterances, the second shift result is understandable, then it is appeared in 34 utterances, the third acceptable, because translating is shift appeared in 27 utterances, and supposed to make the reading process the fourth shift appeared in 25 simple and easier for the reader.

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Annisa Fadilla Hanan Profanity in Suicide Squad And Deadpool 2: A Study of Translation Techniques

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