Feminist Challenges in the Social Sciences: Gender Studies in the Basque Country
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C U R R E N T R E S E A R C H S E R I E S Current Research is a joint publishing project between the University of Feminist Challenges the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and the Center for Basque Studies at the University of Nevada, Reno (UNR). The UPV/EHU is the public university of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country. Current Research is in the Social Sciences multidisciplinary in approach and publishes the best scholarship of leading CURRENT academics and researchers at the UPV/EHU, which is a worldwide pioneer in RESEARCH Gender Studies in the Basque Country S E R I E S bilingual higher education. The Center for Basque Studies and UNR are proud to make this important series available to an English-language readership. 2 in the Social Sciences Feminist Challenges This book reflects many of the profound social, political, and economic changes EDITED BY that have influenced the UPV/EHU since the 1980s. This process shaped a Mari Luz Esteban complex social and political reality in the Basque Country that is mirrored in the and Mila Amurrio diversity of authors and topics in the book. These authors do, however, share a feminist outlook and these chapters provide a general, albeit partial, overview of Basque feminist scholarship. The book is indicative of a twofold series of feminist challenges: There is the challenge of describing and reflecting upon the changes that have occurred in recent decades as regards the presence of women in the job market, in politics, and in public life. These are spheres where feminist activity—institutional, academic, and professional—has flourished to a considerable extent, but where inequalities, though often highly sophisticated and therefore difficult to identify, nonetheless remain evident. And there is a challenge in another sense as well, because the material gathered here represents a vital contribution to general research in the fields of anthropology, sociology, history, law, economics, political science, and communications sciences. EDITED BY ISBN 978-1-935709-01-5 Mila Amurrio Mari Luz Esteban and Center for Basque Studies UPV/EHU University of Nevada, Reno C U R R E N T R E S E A R C H S E R I E S Current Research is a joint publishing project between the University of Feminist Challenges the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) and the Center for Basque Studies at the University of Nevada, Reno (UNR). The UPV/EHU is the public university of the Autonomous Community of the Basque Country. Current Research is in the Social Sciences multidisciplinary in approach and publishes the best scholarship of leading CURRENT academics and researchers at the UPV/EHU, which is a worldwide pioneer in RESEARCH Gender Studies in the Basque Country S E R I E S bilingual higher education. The Center for Basque Studies and UNR are proud to make this important series available to an English-language readership. 2 in Feminist Challenges This book reflects many of the profound social, political, and economic changes EDITED BY that have influenced the UPV/EHU since the 1980s. This process shaped a the Mari Luz Esteban complex social and political reality in the Basque Country that is mirrored in the Social and Mila Amurrio diversity of authors and topics in the book. These authors do, however, share a feminist outlook and these chapters provide a general, albeit partial, overview of Basque feminist scholarship. The book is indicative of a twofold series of feminist challenges: There is the challenge of describing and reflecting upon Sciences the changes that have occurred in recent decades as regards the presence of women in the job market, in politics, and in public life. These are spheres where feminist activity—institutional, academic, and professional—has flourished to a considerable extent, but where inequalities, though often highly sophisticated and therefore difficult to identify, nonetheless remain evident. And there is a challenge in another sense as well, because the material gathered here represents a vital contribution to general research in the fields of anthropology, sociology, history, law, economics, political science, and communications sciences. EDITED BY ISBN 978-1-935709-01-5 Mila Amurrio Mari Luz Esteban and 9 781935 709015 Center for I// Center for Basque Studies -:!-Basque Studies Universidad Euskal Herriko UPV/EHU U - UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO del Pafs Vasco Unibertsitatea University of Nevada, Reno Center for Basque Studies Current Research Series, No. 2 Feminist Challenges in the Social Sciences: Gender Studies in the Basque Country Edited by Mari Luz Esteban and Mila Amurrio Current Research Series No. 2 Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Published in conjunction with the University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU f// Center for -:;_ Basque Studies Universidad Euskal Herriko 0 .. UNIVERSITY OF NEVADA, RENO II del Pais Vasco Unibertsitatea Current Research Selections of the ongoing work done by the faculty of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU) Editorial Committee Amaia Maseda (Chair, UPV/EHU), Arantza Azpiroz (UPV/EHU), Javier Echeverría (Ikerbasque), Jon Landeta (UPV/EHU), Sandra Ott (UNR), Joseba Zulaika (UNR), Santos Zunzunegui (UPV/EHU) Current Research Series, No. 2 Center for Basque Studies University of Nevada, Reno Reno, Nevada 89557 http://basque.unr.edu Copyright © 2010 by the Center for Basque Studies All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Cover and series design © 2010 by Jose Luis Agote. Cover design based on engravings by Eduardo Chillida and Jorge Oteiza. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Feminist challenges in the social sciences : gender studies in the Basque country / edited by Mari Luz Esteban and Mila Amurrio. p. cm. -- (Current research series ; no. 2) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-935709-01-5 (pbk.) 1. Women, Basque. 2. Women--France--Pays Basque. 3. Women- -Spain--País Vasco. 4. Women’s studies. I. Esteban, Mari Luz. II. Amurrio, Mila. HQ1162.F46 2010 305.48’89992--dc22 2010036946 Contents Introduction — Mila Amurrio and Mari Luz Esteban .............. 7 Part 1 Te Social Standing of Men and Women: Gender Visibility and Invisibility 1. Te Social Status of Men and Women in the Basque Country ..... 11 Ainhoa Novo and Arantxa Elizondo 2. Te Construction of Female Identity through Press Photography: El País and El Mundo......................... 25 Flora Marin Murillo and Maria Ganzabal Learreta Part 2 Te University, Knowledge, and Feminist Research 3. Higher Learning and Equality Politics at the University of the Basque Country .............................................. 39 Jasone Astola and Mertxe Larrañaga 4. Demythicizing, Unveiling, Challenging: A Review of Twenty-fve Years of Feminist Academic Production (1985–2010)............. 55 Jone M. Hernández and Elixabete Imaz Part 3 Rewriting Memory, Reinterpreting Culture 5. “Be Cautious, Not Chaste!” Gender Ideals and Sexuality (1920–1936) .............................................. 71 Nerea Aresti 6 Contents 6. Patriotic Mothers of Basque Nationalism: Women’s Action during the Spanish Second Republic in the Basque Country ...... 85 Miren Llona 7. Spanish Cinema through its Women Directors: 1995–2005 ....... 101 Casilda de Miguel, Leire Ituarte, and Katixa Agirre 8. Matriarchy versus Equality: From Mari to Feminist Demands..... 113 Carmen Díez Mintegui and Margaret Bullen 9. Identity, Memory, and Power Games .............................. 127 Teresa del Valle Part 4 Gender Relations: Analysis and Proposals 10. Tree Decades of Reproductive Rights: Te Highs and Lows of Biomedical Innovations .................. 143 Itziar Alkorta Idiakez 11. Love and Violence in Learning about Relationships ............... 159 Mila Amurrio and Ane Larrinaga 12. Conciliation and Participation: Capacities that Afect Women’s Well-being and Quality of Life .......................... 175 Idoye Zabala Errazti, María José Martínez Herrero, and Marta Luxán Serrano 13. Anthropology of the Body, Corporeal Itineraries, and Gender Relations............................................. 191 Mari Luz Esteban Index ................................................................. 205 List of Contributors................................................... 219 Introduction Mila Amurrio and Mari Luz Esteban Translated by Robert Forstag Te refections in this book represent diferent lines of research by femi- nist academics who teach and research at the Universidad del País Vasco/ Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (University of the Basque Country, UPV/ EHU). Tey mirror the transformations the university has undergone as a consequence of the political transition in the Spanish state following the death of Franco in 1975. One major objective of the transition was to successfully construct the Spanish nation-state by means of implementing democracy (Moya Valga- n 1984, 215). It was thus necessary to eliminate the previously existent breach in civil society between the victors and the vanquished and to accept and integrate both class inequalities as well as national and regional difer- ences, at once legalizing their organizational forms and their ideological expressions. An amnesty was thus negotiated for opponents of the former regime, political parties were legalized, and a Constitution was promul- gated in 1978 that defned the country as a decentralized state comprising seventeen autonomous communities. Within this legislative framework, the unity of the Spanish nation was constitutionally indisputable. Although the constitution was the product of a consensus on the