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Participation and Leadership in Latin America and the Caribbean: Gender Indicators

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Participation and Leadership in Latin America and the Caribbean: Gender Indicators PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP IN LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEAN: GENDER INDICATORS Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean Santiago, Chile, 1999 LC/L.1302 December 1999 The indicators were designed and the data collected by the Women and Development Unit of ECLAC in collaboration with FLACSO. The final report was produced by Teresa Valdés and Indira Palacios, who are consultants with the Women and Development Unit. The opinions expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Organization. Design and typesetting by: María Eugenia Gilabert INDEX Introduction .................................................................................................................. 9 I. WOMEN’S SOCIO-POLITICAL PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP ON THE INTERNATIONAL AGENDA ................................... 13 II. STATISTICS AND INDICATORS OF SOCIO-POLITICAL PARTICIPATION ....................................................................... 19 A. Reference framework for indicators .............................................................. 21 B.The indicators selected ................................................................................... 23 C.The information presented .............................................................................. 25 III. WOMEN’S ACCESS TO CITIZENSHIP ............................................................... 27 IV. WOMEN IN THE STATE ....................................................................................... 35 1. The executive ................................................................................................. 36 a) Presidency of the Republic ................................................................. 38 b) Vice-presidency .................................................................................. 40 c) Ministries or departments of State ...................................................... 40 d) Deputy ministers or under-secretaries of State ................................... 44 e) Ambassadors ....................................................................................... 44 f) Governors ............................................................................................ 46 g) Women mayors ................................................................................... 48 h) National mechanisms for the advancement of women ....................... 49 i) Governmental instruments for equal opportunities between women and men .................................................................... 55 j) Other national mechanisms ................................................................. 56 k) Mechanisms for following up the Beijing agreements ....................... 59 2. The legislature ................................................................................................ 61 a) Parliamentary commissions for women’s affairs ................................ 64 b) Quota laws .......................................................................................... 66 3. The judiciary .................................................................................................. 68 V. POLITICAL PARTIES.............................................................................................. 73 VI. SOCIAL PARTICIPATION AND LEADERSHIP BY WOMEN ........................... 79 1. Unions ............................................................................................................ 79 2. Professional organizations ............................................................................. 81 3. Employers’ organizations ............................................................................... 85 4. Women’s social organizations ........................................................................ 85 5. Women’s programmes and courses in centres of higher education................ 92 VII. SOME FINAL CONSIDERATIONS..................................................................... 95 1. Information for change ................................................................................... 95 2. Participation and leadership in Latin America and the Caribbean ................. 98 3. The challenges raised ................................................................................... 100 Bibliography .............................................................................................................. 103 Annex: List of indicators relating to power and gender equity ................................... 109 TABLE INDEX Table 1 YEAR VOTE OBTAINED BY WOMEN ............................................................... 29 Table 2 YEAR OF RATIFICATION AND SIGNATURE OF THE CONVENTION ON THE ELIMINATION OF ALL FORMS OF DISCRIMINATION AGAINST WOMEN, BY DATE INSTRUMENT ACCEPTED, AS OF DECEMBER 1998 ....... 33 Table 3 FIRST WOMAN TO BECOME A MINISTER OR SECRETARY OF STATE, BY YEAR AND PORTFOLIO ................................................................................ 37 Table 4 WOMEN PRESIDENTS, PRIME MINISTERS OR EQUIVALENT, YEAR OF OFFICE................................................................. 39 Table 5 WOMEN VICE-PRESIDENTS OR EQUIVALENT, LATEST YEAR AVAILABLE................................................................................. 40 Table 6 WOMEN MINISTERS, SECRETARIES OF STATE OR EQUIVALENT, LATEST YEAR AVAILABLE................................................................................. 41 Table 7 MINISTERIAL PORTFOLIOS AND DEPARTMENTS OF STATE HELD BY WOMEN, AROUND 1997 ...................................................................................... 43 Table 8 WOMEN DEPUTY MINISTERS, UNDER-SECRETARIES OR EQUIVALENT, AROUND 1997 ............................................................................ 45 Table 9 WOMEN AMBASSADORS IN OFFICIAL DIPLOMATIC POSITIONS, AROUND 1997 ....................................................................................................... 47 Table 10 WOMEN GOVERNORS IN FEDERAL COUNTRIES, 1990S ............................... 47 Table 11 WOMEN IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT: WOMEN MAYORS, LATEST YEAR AVAILABLE................................................................................. 50 Table 12 NATIONAL MECHANISMS FOR THE ADVANCEMENT OF WOMEN........... 53 Table 13 INSTRUMENTS FOR ACHIEVING EQUALITY BETWEEN WOMEN AND MEN............................................................................................... 57 Table 14 SPECIAL STATE MECHANISMS FOR FOLLOWING UP BEIJING ................. 60 Table 15 WOMEN IN THE LEGISLATURE: COUNTRIES WITH BICAMERAL PARLIAMENTS. LATEST ELECTIONS ............................................................... 62 Table 16 WOMEN IN THE LEGISLATURE: COUNTRIES WITH UNICAMERAL PARLIAMENTS. LATEST ELECTIONS ............................................................... 63 Table 17 PARLIAMENTARY COMMISSIONS FOR WOMEN’S AFFAIRS, YEAR OF CREATION.............................................................................................................. 65 Table 18 QUOTA LEGISLATION ......................................................................................... 69 Table 19 WOMEN JUDGES IN THE SUPREME COURT OF JUSTICE, 1990S ................ 71 Table 20 WOMEN ON THE NATIONAL GOVERNING BODIES OF POLITICAL PARTIES, LATEST YEAR AVAILABLE ............................................................... 74 Table 21 POLITICAL PARTIES WITH INTERNAL QUOTA REGULATIONS FOR WOMEN, AROUND 1998 ...................................................................................... 77 Table 22 WOMEN ON THE NATIONAL GOVERNING BODIES OF NATIONAL UNIONS AND UNION CONFEDERATIONS, LATEST YEAR AVAILABLE ......... 82 Table 23 WOMEN ON THE GOVERNING BODIES OF SELECTED PROFESSIONAL ASSOCIATIONS, LATEST YEAR AVAILABLE .................................................. 84 Table 24 WOMEN ON THE GOVERNING BODIES OF SELECTED BUSINESS OR EMPLOYERS’ ORGANIZATIONS, LATEST YEAR AVAILABLE..................... 87 Table 25 NATIONAL WOMEN’S NETWORKS AND COORDINATING BODIES, LATEST YEAR AVAILABLE................................................................................. 89 Table 26 WOMEN’S PROGRAMMES AND COURSES IN UNIVERSITIES AT THE UNDERGRADUATE AND POSTGRADUATE LEVELS, 1997-1998 ................. 92 INTRODUCTION The adoption of the Declaration on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women by the General Assembly of the United Nations in 1967 marked the beginning of international efforts to achieve gender equity and put an end to the discrimination from which women suffer. The second important step was the World Conference of the international year for women, held in Mexico City in 1975, where a start was made on producing an international women’s agenda. Although this social process has not been without difficulties, the Governments of Latin America and the Caribbean have become more and more firmly committed to it. Shortly afterwards, the United Nations Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, adopted by Governments in 1979, created a set of international standards for progress towards gender equity. With the century drawing to a close, the Convention has been ratified by all the countries in the region. This represents crucial progress for women, as they are now protected against discrimination by an international legal instrument, the binding character of which was strengthened in 1999 by the preparation of an optional protocol establishing procedures for exercising the right of petition in respect of the
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