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New Ethnomedicinal Claims from Magar Community of Palpa District, Nepal

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New Ethnomedicinal Claims from Magar Community of Palpa District, Nepal Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 17 (3), July 2018, pp. 499-511 New ethnomedicinal claims from Magar community of Palpa district, Nepal Anant Gopal Singh 1,3 , Akhilesh Kumar 2, Divya Darshan Tewari 3 & Kumar Avinash Bharati 4* 1Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Butwal Multiple Campus, Butwal-284 403, Nepal; 2Department of Botany, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed University), Agra-282 005, Uttar Pradesh, India; 3Department of Botany, M. L. K. Post Graduate College, Balrampur-271 202, Uttar Pradesh, India; 4Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, Howrah- 711 103, West Bengal, India E-mail: [email protected] Received 20 February 2018, revised 14 March 2018 The aim of present study was to identify medicinal plant species used for the management of healthcare problems prevalent among the Magar tribal community of Palpa district, Nepal. Data about medicinal uses of plants were collected by questionnaire, personal interview and group discussion with pre-identified informants. The present study includes a total of 171 new ethnomedicinal claims for 70 plant species from Nepal. Magar tribes used these species in the treatment of 104 different ailments of human being. Use Value (UV), Fidelity level (FL), Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) and Factor of Informants Consensus (Fic) were used for identification of the popularity level, efficiency medicinal importance of the plants among the community. In the study area, the informants' consensus about usages of medicinal plants ranges from 0.4 to 0.76 with an average value of 0.7. Only 8.6 % of the ethnomedicines are from cultivation and rest 91.4 % from wild resources. While study we have identified twenty of the popular medicinal plants used by Magar tribes, which are not scientifically evaluated so far for their claimed ethnomedicinal uses. These species may be used in phytochemical and pharmacological investigations in future. Keywords : Ethnomedicine, Traditional Knowledge, Palpa, Magar tribe, Western Nepal IPC Int. Cl. 8: A61K 36/00 Man has been dependent on plants for healthcare ethnomedicine and little works have been carried out management since the beginning of civilization. The by some workers 6-9. Keeping these things in mind, the documentation and scientific investigations of this purpose of this study was to: (i) explore and document traditional knowledge has so often gives the path of the ethnomedicinal knowledge available with the new drugs development. In addition, ethnobotanical Magar tribal community; (ii) study how the people approaches are able to establish close relationship employ the plants in healthcare management. The among the people and nature. Thus, it facilitates to following questions were addressed through the create management strategy to avoid adverse impact study: (a) Is there any new ethnomedicinal on their life and environment 1-3. information is available among the Magar tribal The indigenous people living in remote areas of community of Palpa district? (b) Which medicinal Nepal have significant knowledge about the medicinal plant species are used for the management of properties of the surrounding flora. The medicinal healthcare problems prevalent among the ethnic group plants are second most valuable bio-resources of community? (c) Is there any consensus among Nepal after water resources 4. With the advent of informants for usages of ethno-medicines in the modern medicines, socio-economic and cultural study area? transformation in the area the traditional medicines are losing the ground 5. Consequently, the young Methodology generation is not interested in this valued knowledge Study area about the plants. Therefore, it is urgent to protect this Palpa, a hilly district of western Nepal is located at treasure by documenting it in the printed form. Palpa 27°34´ to 27°57´ N and 83°15´ to 84°22´ E with an district of Western Nepal is potential in terms of altitude ranging from 152 m to 1936 m above the sea level. It lies on the Churia and Mahabharat ranges of _______ *Corresponding author Himalayas. Most of the areas have low, high 500 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL 17, NO 3, JULY 2018 mountains and foothills. It is surrounded by Gulmi Magar ethnolinguistic group 10 . They follow and Arghakhanchi districts from West; Gulmi, Buddhism with priest called Bhusal ; the social Syangja, and Tanhun districts from North; process of Sanskritization has drawn some southern Nawalparasi and Tanhun from East, Rupandehi, and Magar population to develop a syncretic form of Nawalparasi from South (Fig. 1).Geographically Hinduism that combines animate and Buddhist rituals Palpa district is divided into medium height mountain under the main ones’ beings. Among Magars there areas (82 %) and Chure hill region (18 %). The are more than 700 sub THARS (family name) like change in elevation provides variation of climate from Ale , Thapa , Pun , Rana , etc. The Magar has their own tropical, subtropical to temperate while most of the language which is rooted in the Tibeto-Burman family area lies under subtropical region. The average and the script called “ Akkha Lipi ”. Magar language is temperature of the district is highly fluctuating from old and native spoken. It is used by Magar maximum 32 °C in summer to minimum 4 °C community. There are four dialects which marginally in winter. differ in some aspects to each other. The Magar tribe is genetically isolated because they marry among their Ethnography community. They have Mongol features, medium The total population of the district was 2, 68, 558 built, whitened in complex, oval, or round face, black and it is inhabited by many ethnic groups, viz. hair, razor cut eyes generally describes the physiques Magars , Brahmin , Newar , Chhetri , Gurung , Kumal , of Magar , and in nature they are gentle, honest, brave, Sarki , etc. Magar is one of the indigenous ethnic charm and happy people. nationalities of Nepal 9. It shares 50.92 % of the total district population. As per Nepal’s 2001 census, it is Ethnobotanical surveys and data collection the largest indigenous ethnic group in the country, The ethnomedicinal field survey was conducted in about 7.13 % of Nepal population is belongs to different Magar dominated VDCs namely Kachal, Dobhan, Koldanda, Gothadi, Rahabas, and Jyamire. The study was conducted from December 2009 to November 2013, while investigation we explored the remote villages of the indigenous tribe three times in a year (summer, monsoon, and winter) to cover all the flowering seasons of the plants. The in situ method of the exploration was preferred over ex situ methods due to two reasons: (i) it provides more information, better quality and reliable data; (ii) identification of plants is convenient. Therefore, “walk-in-the-wood” method was selected 11 . The interaction with people was informal based and an open-ended questionnaire was used in local language 3. Prior informed consent was obtained from the respondents before interview. Preservation and identification of plant species The specimens were collected in flowering stage while investigations and identity were confirmed by the key informant. The specimens were preserved in the form of herbarium and identified by using pertinent floras and literatures 4,12-16 . The botanical identity of voucher specimens and photographs were reconfirmed by taxonomist and finally deposited in the Herbarium of the Maharani Lal Kuwanri Post Graduate College, Balrampur and department of Botany, Butwal Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan University, Nepal for future references. All the Fig. 1 — Location map of study area botanical names were updated according to the SINGH et al .: NEW ETHNOMEDICINAL CLAIMS FROM MAGAR COMMUNITY OF PALPA DISTRICT, NEPAL 501 International Plant Names Index counted more than one individual. In some case, (http://www.ipni.org ). informants give information in instalments, then, each instalment is counted as separate event and ∑Uis was Data Quantification analysis separately counted 3. The Quantitative ethnomedicinal techniques have great significance as they provide relative importance Fidelity Level (FL ) of plant species to the ethnic group, preference Fidelity level helps in identification of species information on different species and may also aid in according to their relative effectiveness 21 ; it was the conservation of biodiversity 17 . calculated as follows: Relative frequency of citation (RFC ) I< & 100 The popular medicine among community was FL = I2 identified by citation-frequency. Logically, popular medicine received very high citations; it is calculated Where I p refers to the number of informants who by the following formula 18 : independently suggested the use of a species for same major purpose and Iu refers to total number of Relative frequency of citation % = informants who mentioned the plant for the treatment ! & 100 of any given disease. " ! !## $%$ Results Frequency of citation % = During present study 44 informants were No. of informants .ho cited the medicine & 100 interviewed and altogether of 114 plants species were 1otal No. of informants intervie.ed documented during the survey which were claimed to be used in about 216 remedies. However, 44 species Informant consensus factor (Fic ) and about 67 remedies are similar to earlier In ethnobotanical studies, consensus analysis publications from different parts of the Nepal. Hence, provides a measure of reliability for any given claim we have omitted the repeated information and providing reliable evidence. For this
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