Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge Vol. 17 (3), July 2018, pp. 499-511

New ethnomedicinal claims from Magar community of ,

Anant Gopal Singh 1,3 , Akhilesh Kumar 2, Divya Darshan Tewari 3 & Kumar Avinash Bharati 4*

1Department of Botany, , Multiple Campus, Butwal-284 403, Nepal; 2Department of Botany, Dayalbagh Educational Institute (Deemed University), Agra-282 005, Uttar Pradesh, India; 3Department of Botany, M. L. K. Post Graduate College, Balrampur-271 202, Uttar Pradesh, India; 4Central National Herbarium, Botanical Survey of India, Howrah- 711 103, West Bengal, India E-mail: [email protected] Received 20 February 2018, revised 14 March 2018

The aim of present study was to identify medicinal plant species used for the management of healthcare problems prevalent among the Magar tribal community of Palpa district, Nepal. Data about medicinal uses of plants were collected by questionnaire, personal interview and group discussion with pre-identified informants. The present study includes a total of 171 new ethnomedicinal claims for 70 plant species from Nepal. Magar tribes used these species in the treatment of 104 different ailments of human being. Use Value (UV), Fidelity level (FL), Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) and Factor of Informants Consensus (Fic) were used for identification of the popularity level, efficiency medicinal importance of the plants among the community. In the study area, the informants' consensus about usages of medicinal plants ranges from 0.4 to 0.76 with an average value of 0.7. Only 8.6 % of the ethnomedicines are from cultivation and rest 91.4 % from wild resources. While study we have identified twenty of the popular medicinal plants used by Magar tribes, which are not scientifically evaluated so far for their claimed ethnomedicinal uses. These species may be used in phytochemical and pharmacological investigations in future.

Keywords : Ethnomedicine, Traditional Knowledge, Palpa, Magar tribe, Western Nepal IPC Int. Cl. 8: A61K 36/00 Man has been dependent on plants for healthcare ethnomedicine and little works have been carried out management since the beginning of civilization. The by some workers 6-9. Keeping these things in mind, the documentation and scientific investigations of this purpose of this study was to: (i) explore and document traditional knowledge has so often gives the path of the ethnomedicinal knowledge available with the new drugs development. In addition, ethnobotanical Magar tribal community; (ii) study how the people approaches are able to establish close relationship employ the plants in healthcare management. The among the people and nature. Thus, it facilitates to following questions were addressed through the create management strategy to avoid adverse impact study: (a) Is there any new ethnomedicinal on their life and environment 1-3. information is available among the Magar tribal The indigenous people living in remote areas of community of Palpa district? (b) Which medicinal Nepal have significant knowledge about the medicinal plant species are used for the management of properties of the surrounding flora. The medicinal healthcare problems prevalent among the ethnic group plants are second most valuable bio-resources of community? (c) Is there any consensus among Nepal after water resources 4. With the advent of informants for usages of ethno-medicines in the modern medicines, socio-economic and cultural study area? transformation in the area the traditional medicines are losing the ground 5. Consequently, the young Methodology generation is not interested in this valued knowledge Study area about the plants. Therefore, it is urgent to protect this Palpa, a hilly district of western Nepal is located at treasure by documenting it in the printed form. Palpa 27°34´ to 27°57´ N and 83°15´ to 84°22´ E with an district of Western Nepal is potential in terms of altitude ranging from 152 m to 1936 m above the sea level. It lies on the Churia and Mahabharat ranges of ______*Corresponding author Himalayas. Most of the areas have low, high 500 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL 17, NO 3, JULY 2018

mountains and foothills. It is surrounded by Gulmi Magar ethnolinguistic group 10 . They follow and Arghakhanchi districts from West; Gulmi, Buddhism with priest called Bhusal ; the social Syangja, and Tanhun districts from North; process of Sanskritization has drawn some southern Nawalparasi and Tanhun from East, Rupandehi, and Magar population to develop a syncretic form of Nawalparasi from South (Fig. 1).Geographically Hinduism that combines animate and Buddhist rituals Palpa district is divided into medium height mountain under the main ones’ beings. Among there areas (82 %) and Chure hill region (18 %). The are more than 700 sub THARS (family name) like change in elevation provides variation of climate from Ale , , Pun , Rana , etc. The Magar has their own tropical, subtropical to temperate while most of the language which is rooted in the Tibeto-Burman family area lies under subtropical region. The average and the script called “ Akkha Lipi ”. Magar language is temperature of the district is highly fluctuating from old and native spoken. It is used by Magar maximum 32 °C in summer to minimum 4 °C community. There are four dialects which marginally in winter. differ in some aspects to each other. The Magar tribe is genetically isolated because they marry among their Ethnography community. They have Mongol features, medium The total population of the district was 2, 68, 558 built, whitened in complex, oval, or round face, black and it is inhabited by many ethnic groups, viz. hair, razor cut eyes generally describes the physiques Magars , Brahmin , Newar , , Gurung , Kumal , of Magar , and in nature they are gentle, honest, brave, Sarki , etc. Magar is one of the indigenous ethnic charm and happy people. nationalities of Nepal 9. It shares 50.92 % of the total district population. As per Nepal’s 2001 census, it is Ethnobotanical surveys and data collection the largest indigenous ethnic group in the country, The ethnomedicinal field survey was conducted in about 7.13 % of Nepal population is belongs to different Magar dominated VDCs namely , , Koldanda, , , and Jyamire. The study was conducted from December 2009 to November 2013, while investigation we explored the remote villages of the indigenous tribe three times in a year (summer, monsoon, and winter) to cover all the flowering seasons of the plants. The in situ method of the exploration was preferred over ex situ methods due to two reasons: (i) it provides more information, better quality and reliable data; (ii) identification of plants is convenient. Therefore, “walk-in-the-wood” method was selected 11 . The interaction with people was informal based and an open-ended questionnaire was used in local language 3. Prior informed consent was obtained from the respondents before interview.

Preservation and identification of plant species The specimens were collected in flowering stage while investigations and identity were confirmed by the key informant. The specimens were preserved in the form of herbarium and identified by using pertinent floras and literatures 4,12-16 . The botanical identity of voucher specimens and photographs were reconfirmed by taxonomist and finally deposited in the Herbarium of the Maharani Lal Kuwanri Post Graduate College, Balrampur and department of Botany, Butwal Multiple Campus, Tribhuvan

University, Nepal for future references. All the Fig. 1 — Location map of study area botanical names were updated according to the SINGH et al .: NEW ETHNOMEDICINAL CLAIMS FROM MAGAR COMMUNITY OF PALPA DISTRICT, NEPAL 501

International Plant Names Index counted more than one individual. In some case, (http://www.ipni.org ). informants give information in instalments, then, each instalment is counted as separate event and ∑Uis was Data Quantification analysis separately counted 3. The Quantitative ethnomedicinal techniques have great significance as they provide relative importance Fidelity Level (FL ) of plant species to the ethnic group, preference Fidelity level helps in identification of species information on different species and may also aid in according to their relative effectiveness 21 ; it was the conservation of biodiversity 17 . calculated as follows:

Relative frequency of citation (RFC ) I × 100 The popular medicine among community was FL = I identified by citation-frequency. Logically, popular medicine received very high citations; it is calculated Where I p refers to the number of informants who by the following formula 18 : independently suggested the use of a species for same major purpose and Iu refers to total number of Relative frequency of citation % = informants who mentioned the plant for the treatment × 100 of any given disease. ∑ Results Frequency of citation % = During present study 44 informants were No. of informants who cited the medicine × 100 interviewed and altogether of 114 plants species were Total No. of informants interviewed documented during the survey which were claimed to be used in about 216 remedies. However, 44 species Informant consensus factor (Fic ) and about 67 remedies are similar to earlier In ethnobotanical studies, consensus analysis publications from different parts of the Nepal. Hence, provides a measure of reliability for any given claim we have omitted the repeated information and providing reliable evidence. For this purpose the provided only new claims for 70 species of medicinal informant consensus factor (F ic ) was employed to plants with 171 remedies (Table 1). A comparative determine the consensus between the informants for study was performed to find out the novelty of these specific use category. It is calculated as the number of ethno-medicinal claims. mentions in each usage category (n ur ) minus the number of taxa used in each category (n ), divided by Discussion t number of mentions in each usage category minus Observations one 19 . The Fic values range between 0 and 1: Out of 70 species, 64 are wild and six are cultivated. Except Adiantum capillus-veneris n − n (Pteridophyte), all the species are angiosperms Fic = n − 1 distributed in 68 genera and 47 families. The most important families in terms of number of taxa were Use value (UV is ) Fabaceae (10 species), Araceae (5 species), The use value provides information on the relative Asteraceae and Verbenaceae (4 species each), usefulness of the plants to the cultural Acanthaceae and Labiatae (3 species each). The rest group/community 20 , it was calculated as follows: of the families are represented by either two or one species each. Among the 171 remedies recorded, fruit ∑UV is most frequently used plant part and herbs are most UV = frequently used life forms. There are number of n methods for remedy preparations, viz. decoction, tea, Where U is equals the number of uses mentioned in infusion, juice, oil, latex, smoke, poultice, paste, each event by informant ( i) and n is is number of powder, etc. (Fig. 2). events for species ( s) with informants ( i). The n is The females have better therapeutic knowledge then varies with day to day work even a single person is males because most of the year male members moved 502 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL 17, NO 3, JULY 2018

Table 1 — Enumeration of plant species used in Ethno-medicine by Magar tribes of Palpa district, Nepal S. No. Botanical name, family, Local name UV Parts: ailment RF FL Preparation Application; growth forms, treated Dosage & wild/cultivated, Voucher duration number 1. Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd. Babool (N/M) 1.37 Sbk:diarrhoea, and 1.54 37.5 100 g boiled in 2 L of Oral; 2 × 1 ex Del., Leguminosae, dysentery water for 30 min Wild, Tree. AGS- 188 Lf: tooth ache 1.54 37.5 Decoction Mouthwash Tsh: bleeding gums 1.04 25 Toothbrush 2 × 1 2. Achyranthes aspera L., Datiwan (N), 1.62 Wp: kidney stones 1.04 25 Juice Oral; 2 × 1 Amaranthaceae, Wild, Apamarga (M) Wp: urinary tract 2.06 50 Herb. AGS- 33. infection Rt: fever 1.03 25 A small piece tied External; till cure around neck 3. Acmella calva (DC.) Marethi (N) 1.50 Wp: skin diseases 1.03 100 Crushed Ointment; 4 × 1 Jansen. Compositae, Wild, Herb. AGS- 121 4. Adiantum capillus-veneris Uneu (N/M) 1.33 Lf: stop bleeding 1.54 50 Paste Ointment L., Adiantaceae, Wild, form cuts and Herb. AGS- 162 wounds Lf: fever 1.54 50 10 g of fresh leaves Oral; 2 spoons, crushed and boiled in 2 × 1 for 7 days one liter of water for 15 min 5. Ageratum conyzoides L., Ganauneghans 1.33 Lf: antiseptic in 1.54 100 Decoction External Compositae, Wild, Herb. (M), GandheJhar piles AGS- 49 (N) 6. Amaranthus tricolor L., Raato latte (N) 1.20 Lf: abscesses and 3.09 40 Leaf paste Ointment Amaranthaceae, Wild, septic ulcers Herb. AGS-57 Lf &sd: check 2.57 33.3 Decoction Oral; 2 × 1 bleeding in prolonged menstruation Lf: fever 2.06 26.6 Decoction Oral; 2 × 1 7. Amorphophallus Kaan (N) 1.36 corms: dysentery 1.03 18.1 Uncooked corms Oral campanulatus (Decne) corm: hydrocele 1.54 27.2 Uncooked corms Oral; 3 × 1 Sivad, Araceae, Wild, corm: asthma 1.54 27.2 Dried corm powder Oral; 3 × 1 Tuberous herb. AGS-72 with warm water Corm: piles 1.54 27.2 About 100 g corm Oral; 2 × 1 for 2 crushed with 20 g Titari weeks (Tamarindus indica ) 8. Ampelocissus divaricata AiriLahara (N), 1.33 fr: flatulence & 1.54 100 Juice Oral; 2 × 1 (Wall. ex Lawson) Planch. Pureni (M) indigestion Vitaceae, Wild, Trailing herb. AGS-124 9. Anagalis arvensis L., Armale (N) 1.28 Wp: expectorant in 1.54 42.8 Decoction Oral; 2 × 1 Primulaceae, Wild, Herb. arthritis & lung AGS-355 diseases Wp: skin itching 2.06 57.1 Juice Ointment; 3 × 1 10. Ananas comosus (L.) BhuinKathar 1.33 fresh lf: 0.51 6.6 Juice Oral; 1 × 1 Merr. Bromeliaceae, (N/M) constipation Cultivated, Herb. ripe fr: skin 2.06 26.6 Fresh juice Ointment; 3 × 1 AGS- 336 diseases Contd. SINGH et al .: NEW ETHNOMEDICINAL CLAIMS FROM MAGAR COMMUNITY OF PALPA DISTRICT, NEPAL 503

Table 1 — Enumeration of plant species used in Ethno-medicine by Magar tribes of Palpa district, Nepal (contd. ) S. No. Botanical name, family, Local name UV Parts: ailment RF FL Preparation Application; growth forms, treated Dosage & wild/cultivated, Voucher duration number ripe fr:cough 1.54 20 Fresh fruit juice mixed Oral; 3 × 1 till with honey and 2-3 cure bulblets of Lahsoon (Allium sativum ) fr: pinworms in 2.06 6.6 Fresh ripe fruit Oral intestine unripe fruit: cause 1.54 20 About 200 mL juice of Oral; 1 × 1 for abortion unripe fruit one week 11. Andrographis paniculata Kaalmegh (N) 1.25 Wp: diabetes 2.06 100 Decoction Oral; 2 spoonful, (Burm. f.) Wall. ex Nees, 2 × 1 Acanthaceae, Wild, Herb. AGS-158 12. Annona squamosa L., Sitaphal (N) 1.25 Bk: tonic 2.06 100 About 100 g boiled in Oral; 1 × 1 Annonaceae, Cultivated, 100 mL water Small Sized Tree. AGS- 129 13. Arisaema tortuosum Baanko, Sarpako 1.33 Rh: scorpion sting 1.54 100 Paste Ointment (Wall.) Schott, Araceae, Makai (N) Wild, Herb. AGS- 403 14. Barleria cristata L., Bhendekuro (N) 1.50 Rt&lF: muscular 1.03 100 Paste Ointment; 2 × 1 Acanthaceae, Wild, Shrub swelling 15. Basella alba L., Poi Sag (N/M) 1.33 tender sh: refrigerant 2.06 66.6 Decoction Oral; 1 × 1 Basellaceae, Wild, & appetizer Climbing, Herb. AGS- 124 lf:constipation 1.03 33.3 Decoction Oral; 2 × 1 16. Madhuca longifolia Mahuwaa (N) 1.18 Bk:rheumatic pain 3.60 43.7 Tea Oral; one cup, (J.Koenig ex L.) 2 × 1 J.F.Macbr, Sapotaceae, Sd:rheumatic pain 3.60 47.7 Seed oil External; 3 × 1 Wild, Tree. AGS- 90 Bk:stop bleeding 1.03 12.5 Paste Ointment from cuts & wounds 17. Berberis asiatica Roxb., Chautari (N), 1.33 Bk: testis swelling 1.54 100 Decoction prepared Oral; 25 mL 2 × 1 ex DC, Berberidaceae, Chautra (M) from bark mixed with Wild, Shrub. AGS- 135 an equal amount of cow’s urine 18. Bergenia ciliata (Haw.) Paakhanved 1.25 Rh: bone fracture & 2.06 100 Rhizome pounded with Applied as Sternb. Saxifragaceae, (N/M) break Hadchur (Viscum plaster; tied with Wild, Herb. AGS- 241 album ) and Pureni bamboo sticks (Ampelocissus divaricata ) in ratio of 3:1:1, respectively 19. Blumea lacera (Burm. f.) Kukurghans 1.33 Lf: head ache 1.54 100 Extract acts as sedative Orally;200 mL, DC., Compositae, Wild, (N/M) 1 × 1 Herb. AGS-119 20. Boerhavia diffusa L., Punarnaava (N) 1.50 Tender shoot: anemia 2.06 66.6 Decoctions along with Oral; 15-20 mL, Nyctaginaceae, Wild, jaggery or common salt 2 × 1 Herb. AGS- 91 Tender shoot: cough 1.03 33.3 Decoctions along with Oral; 20-30 mL, & asthma jaggery 2 × 1 21. Bryophyllum pinnatum Ajammarijhar 1.50 Lf: refrigerant & 1.54 50 Decoctions Oral; 15-20 mL, (Lam.) Oken, (N), anti-inflammatory 2 × 1 Crassulaceae, Wild, Pattharchatta Lf: cholera 1.54 50 Juice Oral; 10-15 mL, Succulent Herb. (M) 2 × 1 AGS- 128 Contd. 504 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL 17, NO 3, JULY 2018

Table 1 — Enumeration of plant species used in Ethno-medicine by Magar tribes of Palpa district, Nepal (contd. ) S. No. Botanical name, family, Local name UV Parts: ailment RF FL Preparation Application; growth forms, treated Dosage & wild/cultivated, Voucher duration number 22. Callicarpam acrophylla Daheechaaunle 1.50 Fl & Fr:fever 1.03 50 Raw Oral; 2 × 1 Vahl, Verbenaceae, Wild, (N) Fl&sd: rheumatoid 1.03 50 Paste Ointment; 2 × 1 Shrub. AGS- 198 arthritis 23. Calotropis procera (Aiton) SetoAank (N/M) 1.57 Latex: sprains 1.03 28.5 Fresh latex External; 3 × 1 Dryander, Asclepiadaceae, Lf: abdomen pain 1.54 42.8 Warm the leaves along External Wild, Shrub. AGS-184 and muscular with cow’s ghee on the swelling fire Lf: cold and cough 1.03 28.57 Smoke of leaves Inhale; 2 × 1 24. Capparis zeylanica L., KukurKande 1.37 rtbk: stomach ache 1.03 25 Paste Oral; 2 spoonful, Capparaceae, Wild, (N), BaghMukhe 2 × 1 Climbing Shrub. (M) Lf: glandular 2.06 50 Paste Ointment AGS- 176 swelling Lf: syphilis 1.03 25 Decoction Oral; 20 mL, 1 × 1 25. Carum copticum C. B. Jwaano (N/M) 1.20 Sd: rheumatic pain 2.57 100 Seed oil External Clark, Umbelliferae, Wild, Herb. AGS-141 26. Cassia alata L., Adharphool (N) 1.28 Lf: ringworm 2.06 57.1 One handful leaves are Ointment; 3 × 1 Leguminosae, Wild, crushed till cure Shrub. AGS- 139 Rt: indigestion 1.54 42.8 Decoction along with a Oral; one pinch of common salt spoonful, 2 × 1 27. Cassia occidentalis L., Chakmake (N) 1.50 Rt: intestinal worms 1.03 100 A handful of root is Oral; spoonful, Leguminosae, Wild, Herb boiled in 2 L of water 1 × 1 for a week AGS- 134 till volume remains half 28. Cassia tora L., Tapre (N), 1.28 Sd: insomnia 2.06 100 Chewed after dinner Oral; 3-4 seeds Leguminosae, Wild, Herb. ChhinchhineJha 1 × 1 after dinner AGS- 138 r (M) 29. Celosia argentea L., Sahastrajari (N) 1.50 Sd: inflammation of 1.03 100 Paste diluted in water Eye drop;3 × 1 Amaranthaceae, Wild, cornea Herb. AGS- 376 30. Cissampelos pareira L., BatuleLahara 1.50 Lf: bone fractures 1.03 100 Bruised Bandage Menispermaceae, Wild, (N), Badal pate Climbing Herb. AGS- 182 (M) 31. Cleome viscosa L., Ban Methi (N), 1.27 Lf: ear pain 2.06 36.3 Leaf juice boiled in Ear drop; 3 × 1 Capparaceae, Wild, Herb. Hurhure (M) mustard oil AGS- 115 Lf: head ache 1.54 27.2 Poultice of leaves External Sd: wound 2.06 36.3 Paste Ointment 32. Clerodendrum viscosum Bhait (N) 1.33 Lf: sugar 1.54 100 Raw or are mixed with Oral; 1 × 1 Vent., Verbenaceae, Wild, vegetable Shrub. AGS- 148 33. Clitoria ternatea L., Gokarna, 1.28 Rt: head ache 2.06 28.5 Paste External Leguminosae, Wild, Sankhpushpi Climbing Shrub. AGS- (N/M) Sd: nerve tonic 1.03 28.5 Decoction Oral; 2 spoonful, 117 1 × 1 Lf/ rt: dysentery 2.06 28.5 Extract Oral; 2 spoonful, 2 × 1 Sd: muscular pain 1.03 14.2 Paste External 34. Commelina paludosa Kane Sag (N) 1.25 Rt: indigestion 2.06 100 Juice Oral; 5-10 mL, Blume, Commelinaceae, 2 × 1 Wild, Herb. AGS- 85 Contd. SINGH et al .: NEW ETHNOMEDICINAL CLAIMS FROM MAGAR COMMUNITY OF PALPA DISTRICT, NEPAL 505

Table 1 — Enumeration of plant species used in Ethno-medicine by Magar tribes of Palpa district, Nepal (contd. ) S. No. Botanical name, family, Local name UV Parts: ailment RF FL Preparation Application; growth forms, treated Dosage & wild/cultivated, Voucher duration number 35. Curcuma aromatica Ban Haledo (N), 1.25 Rh: back ache 2.06 100 Decoction Oral; 15 mL, Salisb., Zingiberaceae, Ban Beswar (M) 1 × 1 Wild, Herb. AGS- 166. 36. Desmodium gangeticum Kachaurijhar 1.33 Rt: diarrhoea 1.54 100 Juice Oral; spoonful, (L.) DC., Leguminosae, (N) 2 × 1 Wild, Shrub. AGS- 168. 37. Eleusine coracana (L.,) Kodo (N), 1.60 Sd: diuretic 1.54 60 Powder Oral; spoonful, Gaertn, Gramineae, Rangkwa (M) 2 × 1 Cultivated, Herb. Sd: ring worm 0.51 20 Paste Ointment; 3 × 1 AGS- 156 Sd: fractured bone 0.51 20 Seeds are crushed with Bandage Hadchur (Viscum album ) and Shikari Lahara (Scindapsus officinalis ) in 3:1:1 ratio, respectively 38. Heliotropium indicum L., Haatisude (N) 1.66 Young shoot: rabies 1.03 33.3 Extract is mixed with Oral; one cup, Boraginaceae, Wild, Herb. equal amount of Pyaz 2 × 1 AGS- 186 (Allium cepa ) extract Lf:fever 1.54 50 Juice Oral; 2 × 1 LF: eye redness 0.51 16.6 Juice Eye drop; 4 × 1 &conjunctivitis 39. Leucas cephalotes (Roth) Dronpushpi 1.66 Lf &Fl: cough & 1.54 100 Extract is mixed with a Oral; one cup, Spreng., Labiatae, Wild, (N), Gumpati fever pinch of Kalo Marich 2 × 1 Herb. AGS- 120 (M) (Piper nigrum ) powder 40. Lycopodium clavatum L., Naagbeli (N/M) 1.33 Spore: indigestion 1.54 100 A pinch of spore chew Oral; 2 × 1 Lycopodiaceae, Wild, Trailing shrub. AGS-197 41. Macrotyloma uniflorum Gahat (N/M) 1.40 Sd:Jaundice 1.54 60 Decoction Oral; one cup, (Lam.) Verdcourt, 2 × 1 Leguminosae, Cultivated, Sd: leucorrhoea 1.03 40 Infusion Oral; one cup, Herb. AGS- 205 2 × 1 42. Moringa oleifera Lam., Shitalchini (N) 1.20 Lf: chocked voice 1.03 20 Leaves squeezed with External around Moringaceae, Wild, Tree. salt on palm and mixed the neck AGS- 93 with few drops of lime juice Sd: blood pressure 4.12 80 Eaten raw Oral; 4-5 seeds, 1 × 1 43. Morus indica L., Kimmukafal (N), 1.43 Bk: inflammation of 2.06 25 Decoction Gargle after food Moraceae, Wild, Tree. Kimbu (M) vocal cords AGS- 386 Rt: anthelmintic 2.06 25 Decoction Oral; one cup after dinner, 1 × 1 for 3 days Bk: gingivitis 1.03 12.5 Paste Ointment Fr: diarrhoea and 2.06 25 Eaten raw Oral dysentery Fr: cough & cold 1.03 12.5 Juice Oral; one cup, 2 × 1 44. Nephrolepis cordifolia (L.) Paaniamalla 1.55 tuberous rt: 2.06 44.4 Juice Oral; 2 spoonful, C. Presl., (N/M) indigestion 2 × 1 Nephrolepidaceae, Wild tuberous rt: appetizer 1.54 33.3 Eaten raw Oral Herb. AGS- 354 tuberous rt: cold, 1.03 22.2 Juice Oral; one cup, cough & fever 2 × 1 till cure (contd. ) 506 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL 17, NO 3, JULY 2018

Table 1 — Enumeration of plant species used in Ethno-medicine by Magar tribes of Palpa district, Nepal (contd. ) S. No. Botanical name, family, Local name UV Parts: ailment RF FL Preparation Application; growth forms, treated Dosage & wild/cultivated, Voucher duration number 45. Nerium oleander L., Karbir (N) 1.44 Lf: ringworm & 2.06 44.4 Paste Ointment: 2 × 1 Apocynaceae, Wild, scabies Shrub. AGS- 209 Fr latex:expel spines 2.06 44.4 Fresh latex of fruit Ointment; 4 × 1 Lf:inflammation 0.51 11.1 Roasted leaves External; bandage 46. Nyctanthes arbor-tristis Paarijaat (N) 1.27 Fl: diabetes 2.06 36.3 Juice Oral; one L., Oleaceae, Wild, Shrub. spoonful, 2 × 1 AGS- 383 Fl: inflammation 2.06 36.3 Juice Oral; 2 spoonful at morning Sd: scurvy 1.54 27.2 About 10 g crushed Oral; 2 × 1 for 2 weeks 47. Ocimum gratissimum L., BanTulsi (N/M) 1.50 Lf: gonorrhoea 0.51 12.5 Decoction Oral; one cup, Labiatae, Wild, Herb. 2 × 1 till cure AGS- 200 Sd: head ache 2.06 50 Paste External Wp: rheumatic pain 1.54 37.5 Fresh juice External; 2 × 1 & swelling. 48. Oxalis corniculata L., Chariamilo (N) 1.28 Lf & tender shoot: 1.54 50 Fresh juice Oral; spoonful, Oxalidaceae, Wild, Herb. scurvy 3 × 1 AGS- 152 Lf: jaundice 2.06 50 Fresh juice Oral; one cup, 2 × 1 49. Phoenix humilis Royle ex Thakal (N) 1.33 Fr: persistent cough 2.06 66.6 Eaten raw Oral Beccari and Hook. f., tuber: lung diseases 1.03 33.3 Paste of tuber, water sap Oral; 3 × 1 till Palmae, Wild, Small Sized of root of Kera (Musa cure Tree. AGS- 223 paradisiaca ), and powder of kernel of Aam (Mangifera indica ) are mixed thoroughly in equal amount 50. Phyla nodiflora (L.) Jal pippali (N) 1.50 Lf: gonorrhoea 1.03 50 Infusion with a pinch of Oral; spoonful, Greene, Verbenaceae, Jira (Cumminum 2 × 1 Wild, Herb. AGS- 221 cyminum ) fruit powder Wp: cough 1.03 50 Decoction Oral; spoonful, 3 × 1 till cure 51. Phyllanthus amarus Bhuinamala (N) 1.28 Lf: diarrhoea 1.54 42.8 Extract Oral; 10 ml, Schumach. & Thonn., 3 × 1 Euphorbiaceae, Wild, Fresh rt: fever 2.06 57.1 Decoction Oral; 10 ml, Herb. AGS- 178 3 × 1 52. Piper longum L., Ban Pipla (N) 1.14 Fr: rheumatic pain 3.60 100 Two fruits taken with Oral; 2 fruits, Piperaceae, Wild, Climber. milk at bed time 1 × 1 for 1 AGS- 374 months 53. Plumbago zeylanica L., Chitu, Teete 1.40 Wp: cold and cough 2.06 80 Paste is taken with milk Oral; spoonful, Plumbaginaceae, Wild, (N/M) 2 × 1 Shrub. AGS- 173 RT: muscular pain 0.51 20 Paste External 54. Pogostemon benghalensis Rudilo (N) 1.42 Wp: head ache 2.06 57.1 Juice External (Burm. f.) Kuntze, Rt: hematuria 1.54 42.8 About 50 g root boiled Oral; one cup, Labiatae, Wild, Shrub. in 1 L of water till the 2 × 1 AGS- 240 volume remains two cup (contd.) SINGH et al .: NEW ETHNOMEDICINAL CLAIMS FROM MAGAR COMMUNITY OF PALPA DISTRICT, NEPAL 507

Table 1 — Enumeration of plant species used in Ethno-medicine by Magar tribes of Palpa district, Nepal (contd. ) S. No. Botanical name, family, Local name UV Parts: ailment RF FL Preparation Application; growth forms, treated Dosage & wild/cultivated, Voucher duration number 55. Pongamia pinnata (L.,) Kaarengee (N) 1.37 Rt: wounds 2.06 25 Juice mixed with equal Ointment; 3 × 1 Pierre, Leguminosae, amount of coconut Wild, Tree. AGS- 357 water and boiled Sd: fever 2.06 25 4-5 seeds crushed with Oral; 2 pellets, 2 seeds of Kalomarich 2 × 1 (Piper nigrum ) and 4-5 pellets are prepared Sd: rheumatic pain & 1.03 12.5 The seed oil is applied swelling externally twice a day for rheumatic pains and swelling until recovery. Bk: ringworm 3.09 37.5 Bark crushed and boiled Ointment; 2 × 1 in in Aduwa (Zingiber officinale ) oil for 10 min 56. Premna barbata Wall. ex Gineri (N/M) 2.0 Bk: fever 1.03 50 Juice Oral; 10-15 ml, Schaure, Verbenaceae, 2 × 1 Wild, Small Sized Tree. Wd: stop bleeding 1.03 50 Paste External AGS- 233 from cuts & wounds 57. Pterocarpus marsupium Bijaysaal (N/M) 1.42 Wd: anti- 2.06 57.1 Decoction of heart Oral; spoonful, Roxb., Leguminosae, inflammatory wood 2 × 1 Wild, Tree. AGS- 377 Wd: diabetes 1.03 28.5 Decoction of heart Oral; spoonful, wood 2 × 1 Lf: boils 0.51 14.2 Decoction of bruised Ointment leaves 58. Punica granatum L., Anar (N), 1.25 Rt& Bk: week gums 2.06 100 Juice of root and stem Oral; one cup, Punicaceae, Cultivated, Darim (M) barks 1 × 1 Small Sized Tree. AGS- 242 59. Rubus ellipticus Sm., Aisenlu (N), 1.75 Rt: wounds 2.06 100 Paste Ointment; 2 × 1 Rosaceae, Wild, Shrub. Chighwong (M) AGS- 390 60. Scindapsus officinalis Kanchiro (N), 1.60 Rt: cough & 2.57 50 About 10 g root Oral; 2 × 1 (Roxb.) Schott, Araceae, ShikariLahara bronchitis powder taken with Wild, Climber. (M) lukewarm water AGS- 382 Rt: bone fracture 1.54 30 Roots of Shikari External; Lahara (Scindapsus bandage with officinalis ), Hadchur support of (Viscum album ) and Bamboo stick grains of Kodo (Eleusine coracana ) are pounded together in ratio of 3:1:1, respectively. Fr: cuts & wounds 1.03 20 Powder External 61. Scoparia dulcis L., Mithajhar, 1.22 Wp: cuts & wounds 2.06 44.4 Juice mixed with leaf External; 2 × 1 Scorphulariaceae, Wild, Patalmisri (N) juice of Kurkure Jhar Herb. AGS- 360 (Blume alacera ) in equal amount Aerial parts:tooth 2.06 44.4 Decoction Gargled; 3 × 1 ache Rt: tooth cavity 0.51 11.1 Extract Applied on cavity after food (contd.) 508 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL 17, NO 3, JULY 2018

Table 1 — Enumeration of plant species used in Ethno-medicine by Magar tribes of Palpa district, Nepal (contd. ) S. Botanical name, family, Local name UV Parts: ailment RF FL Preparation Application; No. growth forms, treated Dosage & wild/cultivated, Voucher duration number 62. Sida cordifolia L., Balu (N) 1.37 Wp: rheumatic pain 2.06 50 Juice Oral; spoonful, Malvaceae, Wild, Shrub. 2 × 1 AGS- 56 RT: burning sensation 1.54 37.5 Juice Oral; one cup, during urination 2 × 1 Rt: jaundice 0.51 12.5 One cup root juice & Oral; one cup, one spoon sugar mixed 1 × 1 till cure 63. Solanum capsicoides All., Ban Kantkari 1.66 Rt: cough, asthma & 2.06 66.6 Decoction Oral; 2 × 1 one Solanaceae, Wild, Spinous (N/M) chest pain week Herb. Fr: sever tooth ache & 1.03 33.3 Smoke from the dried Smoke; 3 × 1 AGS- 125 also expels worms fruits from teeth 64. Solanum surattense Burm. Kantkari (N/M) 2.0 Wp: cough, fever & 1.54 42.8 Decoction Oral; 2 spoonful, f., Solanaceae, Wild, chest pain 2 × 1 for a week Spinous Herb. Fr:sore throat 0.51 14.2 Juice Oral; 1 × 1 AGS- 317 Wp: skin itching 0.51 28.5 Paste Ointment; 2 × 1 Wp: hair fall 0.51 14.2 Paste External 65. Spilanthes paniculata Wall. Bhuintimur (N)/ 1.50 Fl: stomach pain 1.54 33.3 Juice Oral; one cup, ex DC.,Compositae, Wild, Entire plant parts 1 × 1 Herb. AGS-46 Wp: snake bite 0.51 66.6 Paste Ointment; 2 × 1 66. Tamarindus indica L., Tale amilo, Imali 1.42 Lf: inflammation 2.06 57.1 Paste External Leguminosae, Wild, Tree. (N), Titari (M) Lf: chicken pox 0.51 14.2 Paste Ointment AGS- 51 Lf: boil 0.51 28.5 Paste Ointment 67. Trichilia connaroides Aankhtaruwaa 1.50 BK & lf: cholera 0.51 40 Decoctions Oral; one glass, (Wight and Arn.) Bentv., (N/M)/ Root 3 × 1 Meliaceae, Wild, Tree. bark, Leaf, and Rt: irregular 1.54 60 Root juice Oral; 2 spoonful, AGS- 87 Seed. menstrual cycle 2 × 1 till recovery 68. Urtica dioca L., Sisnu (N), Gheu 1.50 Lf: dog bite 1.03 100 Juice Oral; one cup, Urticaceae, Wild, Herb. (M) 2 weeks AGS- 108. 69. Xerompsis spinosa (Thunb.) Mainiphal (N/M) 1.37 Rtbk: bone ache 2.06 50 One cup decoction Oral & external; Keay, during fever taken orally and also 1 × 1 Rubiaceae, Wild, Spiny paste applied externally Shrub. AGS- 98 Bk: rheumatism 0.51 12.5 Paste External; 2 × 1 Fr: persistent cough 1.54 37.5 Fruit eaten raw Oral 70. Zanthoxylum armatum DC., Timur (N/M) 1.25 Fr: cold & cough 2.06 100 Powdered fruits Oral; spoonful, Rutaceae, Cultivated, Tree. 2 × 1 till cure AGS- 126 Abbreviations: N, Nepali ; M, Magar ;UV, use value; RF, relative frequency of citation; ap, aerial part; bl, bulb; fl, flowers; fr, fruits; lf, leaves; rt, roots; rh, rhizome; rbk, root bark; sd, seeds; sbk, stem bark; st, stem; wp, whole plant; 1 ×1, once a day; 2 ×1, twice a day; 3 × 1, thrice a day; 4 × 1, four times a day. away for their livelihood and female deal common medicinal purposes may be due to easy availability and ailments in home, similar observations were also high effectiveness in the treatment of ailments in reported in other studies 22,23 . As far as the life form of comparison to other growth forms 23,24 . medicinal plants used by the Magar community in the study area is concerned, highest number of plants Ailments treated belongs to herbs (36), it was followed by shrubs (17), The common ailments in the community are trees (13) and climbers (4). Higher uses of herbs for diarrhoea, cough, cold, fever, asthma, bodyache, SINGH et al .: NEW ETHNOMEDICINAL CLAIMS FROM MAGAR COMMUNITY OF PALPA DISTRICT, NEPAL 509

species for the community/cultural group 3. Maximum user value of 2.00 was recorded for Premna barbata and Solanum surattense . Premna barbata was employed for fever and as antiseptic whereas Solanum surattense is used against fever, cough, chest pain, sore throat, skin itching and hair fall. The minimum user value was 1.14 for Piper longum . It was used in the treatment of rheumatic pain. Piper longum is very popular medicine for cough and cold in Nepal and in Magar community. But the species is already published as traditional medicines for cough and cold by various authors 9,25-27 . In ethnobotanical studies, informant consensus factor (Fic) is the agreement of informants for the treatment of various ailments; it provides a measure of reliability for any given claim providing reliable evidence. The product of Fic ranges from 0 to 1. High Fig. 2 — Habit, plant parts, mode of application and remedy value of Fic indicates the agreement of selection of reparation. taxa between informants, whereas a low value arthritis, cut, wound and constipation. Even after indicates disagreement. During the present study the advent of modern medicines, people in remote areas informants’ consensus about usages of medicinal are dependent on traditional therapy for primary plants ranges from 0.4 for ear, nose and throat healthcare management may be due to faith in system, disorders to 0.76 for skeleton-muscular ailments. An easy availability and low price. Remedies for the average value of 0.70 shows high level of agreements treatment of 104 different ailments were documented among the informants for the treatment of some during the survey. The reported ailments were ailment categories. The high level of consensus categorised in to 11 broad categories: dermatological among the informants about the usages of medicinal disorders (22 remedies), gastro-intestinal disorders plants for the treatment and prevention of various (21 remedies), skeleto-muscular pain and swelling (18 diseases and ailments prevalent in the study area remedies), respiratory disorders (11 remedies), suggests that the ethnomedicinal uses of plants are urogenital problems (9 remedies), fever (8 remedies), currently in practice in the study area 27 . oral and dental problems (6 remedies), diabetes Some medicinal plants are frequently employed in (4 remedies), ear, nose, and throat (4 remedies), traditional medicines these are: Amaranthus tricolor scurvy (3 remedies) and others (14 remedies). Large for (6 informants), Madhuca longifolia for rheumatic number of new ethnomedicinal claims are recorded pain (7 informants), Moringa oleifera for blood against dermatological and gastro-intestinal ailments pressure (8 informants), Piper longum for rheumatic may be due to people are still using traditional pain (7 informants) and Pongamia pinnata for ring medicines for these ailments and the ailments are worm (6 informants). Relative frequency of citations prevalent in the study area. Fever is a common for these remedies is higher than three.The best ailment but number of new medicines are less. method to find out the efficiency of the medicine is to Because slow impact of traditional medicines may consult the patients who have adopted the traditional complicate the ailment therefore people don’t take medicines but it is practically not possible in field. risk and use modern medicines. Fidelity level is used to recognize the relative effectiveness of medicinal plants for particular Use value (UV), informant consensus factor (Fic), fidelity level ailment. Logically, plant species popular for treatment (FL) and relative frequency of citation (RFC) of a particular ailment possess healing properties The quantitative techniques are essential for because it is tested over time by healers and effective analysis of data and measurement of patients 23,27,28 . However, plants with similar FL values reliability for any given claim. The user value is used have different number of informants thus may vary in to calculate the relative importance of different their healing potential. It may be corrected by relative 510 INDIAN J TRADIT KNOWLE, VOL 17, NO 3, JULY 2018

frequency of citations (popularity level). We have cooperation this research would have not considered 50 % of the highest number of informants been possible. as threshold of popularity level 23 . In present study maximum number of informants for a particular References ailment is 8. Therefore, remedies cited by 4 or more 1 Kumar R & Bharati KA, Folk veterinary medicines in Jalaun informants have been considered as popular. Our district of Uttar Pradesh, India, Indian J Tradit Knowle , 11 study indicates that 2.06 RFC value is equivalent to (2) (2012) 288-295. four informants; it means remedy with 2.06 or higher 2 Cunnigham AB, Applied ethnobotany: People, wild plant use and conservation , (People and Plant conservation manual, RFC value is popular among Magar communities. Earth Scan, London), 2001. Further, we have considered remedies with FL value 3 Martin JG, Ethnobotany (Methods Mannual ), (Chapman and 50 or more as relatively effective. 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