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Water Induced Disaster Mitigation from Watershed Management Perspective in Nepal - an Example from Dobhan Khola Watershed, West Nepal

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December 2016

  • Vol. 4 No. 1-3
  • INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANDSLIDE AND ENVIRONMENT

Pathak./Int. J. Lsld. Env.(2016) 4(1-3),1-8

Water Induced Disaster Mitigation from Watershed Management Perspective in Nepal - An Example from Dobhan Khola Watershed,
West Nepal

Dinesh Pathak1

Central Department of Geology, Geodisaster Research Center, Tribhuvan University, Kathmandu, Nepal

ORIGINAL ARTICLE

Correspondence to: DineshPathak Correspondence to: Dinesh Pathak

Central Department of Geology, Cental Department of Geology, Geodisaster Research Center, Tribhuvan University

Email: [email protected] Kathmandu, Nepal

Email: [email protected]

Abstract

Water induced disasters are common phenomenon in the mountainous region of the active Himalayan belt. It is the major cause of annual loss of lives and properties in Nepal. The water induced disaster management is generally carried out in basin, sub-basin or watershed level through watershed management approach. Exploration of water induced disaster and evaluation of appropriate watershed management in Dobhan watershed in Palpa district, west Nepal has been carried out. Water induced disaster events like landslide, bank cutting, flood and sediment transportation are common in the watershed. Around 20% of the Dobhan watershed is covered by agriculture land and majority of it is on the sloping terrace. Though more than 65% watershed area is covered by forest, there is significant encroachment leading to degradation of the forest area and natural condition of the forest. Watershed related information, like geology, geomorphology, river morphology, land use, socio-economic conditions of the people in the watershed are some of the factors to be considered in the watershed management leading towards water induced disaster risk reduction. This paper presents various parameters and approach required for watershed management of the Dobhan Khola watershed, which is equally important to deal with other watershed of the country in holistic manner for the mitigation of water induced disasters.

Keywords: Water induced disaster, watershed management, watershed atlas, Dobhan Khola

1. Introduction

and ethical perspective (Newson, 1992; Marty, 1997). Each perspective corresponds with one or more scientific disciplines, and each highlights some aspects of RBM. Watershed is a small component of river basin.
The mountainous region of Nepal is facing loss of lives and property each year due to the water induced disaster. The water induced disasters are taking place due to general tendency of underestimating the natural phenomena through deteriorating the environmental condition of the mountainous region. It has significant impact also to the downstream areas. It has close relationship with poverty alleviation, natural resource management and sustainable development.
Disaster mitigation activities is essential from various perspectives like protection of environment in terms of natural resources and biodiversity, protection of infrastructures, forced migration, conflict resolution that has eventual impact to the livelihood of people. This can be achieved through a well managed watershed with conservation of downstream. This situation will eventually minimize the watershed degradation thereby supporting to reduce sediment deposition as well as floods in downstream
There are several perspectives on river basin management (RBM). Some important ones are natural-science, engineering, social optimization, legal, decision-making

Water Induced Disaster Mitigation from Watershed Management Perspective in Nepal - An Example from Dobhan
Khola Watershed, west Nepal

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which will eventually create a favorable condition for 96 km2. The watershed is elongated in east west direction reducing the water induced disaster. A harmonic relationship will be maintained between nature and the people. Within river basins, land and water, surface water and groundwater, and water quantity and water quality interact in many different ways (Mostert, 1999). To prevent overuse and degradation, prudent management is necessary that pays due attention to these interrelations. and lies in the Siwalik region of Palpa district in Western Development Region (Fig. 1). The watershed consists of mainly 4 VDCs, namely Dobhan, Kachal, Baldengadhi and Juthapauwa.

Watershed management has been the priority of government of Nepal that is primarily focused to conservation of soil, water and other biological components within the watershed. However, it has given low priority for disaster risk reduction. For example, the huge mass wasting (either in the form of landslide or debris flow) in the upper watersheds are usually affecting both the upstream as well as the downstream population. The event could be either from the overexploiting natural resources or purely a natural event. Therefore, watersheds need to be studied to identify the natural and human induced causes for the disaster. It can be done through the consideration of multi-layer components, multi-sectoral interaction and temporal information collection.

Figure 1 Location of Dobhan Khola watershed in western Nepal. The location of Nepal in the Himalayan range is shown in inset at top right corner.

The Dobhan Khola watershed is one of the most affected ones in the Tinau river basin. Water induced disasters resulting from severe cut banks, landslides and debris flows are common in this area. There are a number of shallow to deep-seated landslides developed due to toe cutting by the Dobhan Khola. Likewise, the lower terraces of the Dobhan Khola are under a high flood hazard. The Dobhan Bazar that lies near the confluence of Dobhan Khola and Tinau River is at risk due to bank cutting by the river.
The watershed management activities is typical in each watershed, which should be identified through thorough study of various factors. Educating people in the causes and consequences of various factors for water induced disaster, including proper land use practice, is necessary to implement the activities. Water induced disasters in the Nepalese mountainous regions should be addressed through the watershed management perspectives.

The rainfall data as measured in
Butwal meteorological station maintained by the Department of Hydrology and Meteorology, Government of Nepal has been analyzed (Fig. 2). This is the nearest meteorological station lying south of the study area. It is observed that the maximum annual rainfall was 3251.9 mm in 1996 and the minimum was 1399.2 mm in 1998. The 26 year average (1985-2010) being 2327 mm. The maximum rainfall occurred between the months June to September.
The aim of this paper is to explore various interlinked components to reduce water induced disaster from the watershed management perspective. A typical watershed in the southern Himalaya region has been considered in the study to justify the various data and aspects to be considered to address the issue. The importance of satellite imageries

EPP of the benchmark model (model 1) sharply

for relevant data extraction, assessment of land use

increased as soon as the shaking event initiated and then leveled

condition, evaluation of hazard and vulnerability have

off. While for model 2 and 3, in which this location was in the

been carried out in the watershed considered. Various parameters of the watershed to be considered for the water induced disaster mitigation activities are presented in the paper. The paper emphasizes on the necessity of dealing the entire watershed in a holistic manner for the reduction of water induced disaster. This approach of reducing the water induced disaster through watershed management perspective is supposed to be useful in other watershed in the Nepal Himalaya.

2. The study area

Figure 2 Annual rainfall variation between 1985 and 2010 in the Butwal meteorological station.

Dobhan Khola is one of the tributaries of approximately north south flowing Tinau River and covers an area of

Water Induced Disaster Mitigation from Watershed Management Perspective in Nepal - An Example from Dobhan
Khola Watershed, west Nepal

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December 2016

  • Vol. 4 No. 1-3
  • INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANDSLIDE AND ENVIRONMENT

Pathak./Int. J. Lsld. Env.(2016) 4(1-3),1-8

area was digitized in GIS. This map consists of various geological formations with rock types and geological structures. Likewise, the relevant documents were collected from concerned organizations like Soil Conservation and Watershed Management Field office, Water Induced Disaster Prevention Field Office, District Agriculture Development Office.

3. Geology of Dobhan Khola watershed

Though the watershed is distributed both in the Lesser Himalaya in the north and Siwalik region in the south, the present study is focused only in the Siwalik region (Fig. 3). The Siwalik Group consists of fluvial deposits strongly influenced by the Neogene tectonics of the Himalaya (Prakash et al. 1980). Rocks of Lower Siwalik (LS) and Middle Siwalik (MS) are distributed in the area. The Lower Siwalik (LS) is characterized by alternate beds of fine-grained sandstone, siltstone and variegated mudstone. It is a mud and silt dominated sequence and is the oldest formation in the Siwalik Group. The Middle Siwalik (MS) is characterized by alternate beds of thick bedded, massive, medium to

coarse grained „salt and pepper‟ colored sandstone and

subordinately of mudstone, siltstone and conglomeratic horizons at the upper part (e.g. Gansser 1964; Tokuoka et al. 1990). The watershed is covered dominantly by Middle Siwalik rocks (Shakya et al. 1998).
The primary data was basically extracted from the satellite imageries and from field investigation. There is tremendous use of the satellite imageries in watershed management. It is helpful right from the beginning of watershed management planning to execution stage. Various information required for geo-disaster assessment can be extracted from the satellite imageries and aerial photographs (Pathak, 2014, 2015b). The geological boundaries as well as the geological structures were updated from the high resolution satellite images and later from field observation. Likewise, it is widely used in the assessment of flood hazard in an area (Pathak et al., 2009). Various thematic layers, like landslide distribution, gully erosion and bank cutting were prepared from the from the satellite images, which was further updated and verified during the field investigation. In addition, bifurcation ratio, stream order and drainage density in the watershed were calculated, which are important parameters related to stream morphology.

The field data collection was made through the observation, measurement and interaction with local people as well as stakeholder. Checklists were used for technical and social data collection in the field. The technical data collection checklists included biophysical (like settlements, geology, slope, land use, stream order, drainage type and density and frequency, stream/river length, river bank cutting, erosion, sedimentation and land degradation, landslide problem areas, wetland, vulnerability to disaster etc.) that represents the watershed characteristics. The upstreamdownstream linkage was assessed so as to understand the impact of activities soil erosion, landslide, deforestation etc. that is going on at the upper catchment to the lower catchment.

Figure 3 Geology of the Dobhan Khola.

Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) lies at the northernmost part of the watershed that borders the Siwalik Region with the Lesser Himalayan Region. Likewise, the Central Churia Thrust (CCT) is passing almost through the centre of the watershed, north of the Dobhan Khola. CCT is mainly responsible for the formation of Doon Valley. This thrust is the main cause of the repetition of the Siwalik formations in the sequence. These geological structures play vital role in the geomorphological condition as well as terrain features and on the slope stability.
The socio-economic data were mainly on the social composition, educational condition, water stress, livelihood and impact of disaster in the livelihood of people, economic activities of the people, energy sources etc. Likewise, the major agriculture products, cropping patterns, irrigation facilities and livelihood strategy of the people living within the watershed was also assessed.

4. Materials and Methods

In order to assess the condition of watershed and associated water induced disasters, primary and secondary data have been utilized. The secondary data utilized in the study are geological map of the area published by Department of Mines and Geology, digital topographic map of Department of Survey that consists of contours, drainage network, land use, and administrative boundaries. The geological map of the
The primary and secondary data were compiled and analyzed. GIS database formed from the primary and secondary data, which were analyzed and relevant maps were prepared. The location of gully erosion have been

Water Induced Disaster Mitigation from Watershed Management Perspective in Nepal - An Example from Dobhan
Khola Watershed, West Nepal

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Pathak./Int. J. Lsld. Env.(2016) 4(1-3),1-8

demarcated and landslide hazard map have been used to degree (Fig. 4a). The steeper area (> 50 degree) and the describe the landslide hazard condition in the gentle area (< 10 degree), respectively occupies around watershed. Likewise, the vulnerability from these water 7% and 10% of the study area. The northern part of the

  • induced disasters have also been assessed.
  • study area is mostly represented by the steeper hillslope.

The present land use condition have been considered as a basis for assessment of the appropriate use of land in the watershed and thereby propose for future measures to reduce the water induced disaster. Similarly, climate change is another issue to be considered in every planning and hence emphasized in the watershed management activities to be carried out to mitigate the water induced disaster. The technical and social data collected from secondary source and from the field was

Figure 4 (a) Slope map and (b) Relief map of the watershed.

carefully evaluated with respect to watershed The study area lies within the elevation from 250 m to management from water induced disaster perspective in 1750 m (Fig. 4b). The area with 750-1000 m elevation the watershed. A broader framework to deal with the occupies 35% of the study area followed by elevation water induced disaster through watershed management classes 500-750 m (31%) and less than 500 m (15%).

  • activities have been proposed.
  • The high elevation classes (<1000 m) occupies around

18% of the study area. The highest elevation areas lie in the north and western part of the study area. Interestingly, the study area has almost equal north facing and south facing sloping land (around 37.5% each). The east facing and west facing slopes respectively occupies 14.5% and 10.5% of the study area.

5. Watershed Characteristics

Watershed characteristics mainly comprises of the physical characteristics of the watershed. Certain physical properties of watersheds significantly affect the characteristics of runoff and resulting river morphology. Morphometry is the measurement and mathematical

analysis of the configuration of the earth‟s surface,

shape and dimensions of its landforms (Clarke, 1966). The study of basin morphometry relates basin and stream network geometries to the transmission of water and sediment through the basin. The size of a drainage basin acts upon the amount of water yield; the length, shape and relief, affect the rate at which water is discharged from the basin and total yield of sediments. Drainage area is a lumped variable as all the environmental variables are involved within it and specific sediment yield is an index of soil erosion intensity of some drainage basin. There is no specific relationship between the mass of the exported sediment and the size of the drainage basins (Cerdan et al. 2012; Carlos de Araujo and Knight 2005). The sediment yield from a watershed is a function of topographical, land use, and pedological parameters, which have been considered in the present study.
The geomorphic feature of an area is controlled by lithology and geological structures, which are further modified by the drainage. Therefore, the resulting landscape is the result of endogenic crustal movements, exogenic processes, and climatic condition. The rocks are generally dipping towards north (Fig. 5). The alternating layers of thick bedded mudstone and sandstone give rise to the hogback structures and strike ridges.

5.1. Geomorphology

The Siwalik Hills are the southernmost mountain range of the Himalaya that abruptly rises from the Terai Plain up to an altitude of 1687 m near Baldengadhi in the Dobhan watershed. Generally, the range exhibits very rugged terrain with deeply dissected gullies and steep slopes. Low terraces, alluvial fans, badlands, thin soil cover are the characteristics of the Churia Range. Significant amount of sediments are generated from the gullies and tributaries. The slope class 10-30 degree occupies almost 54% of the study area while around 20% of the study area is occupied by slope class 30-40

Figure 5 Active Landslide with north dipping beds on the left bank of the Dobhan Khola.

In general, the MBT is responsible for creating

a typical landform of a depression and a “pressure

ridge” south of it. The CCT is another important thrust

Water Induced Disaster Mitigation from Watershed Management Perspective in Nepal - An Example from Dobhan
Khola Watershed, West Nepal

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December 2016

  • Vol. 4 No. 1-3
  • INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANDSLIDE AND ENVIRONMENT

Pathak./Int. J. Lsld. Env.(2016) 4(1-3),1-8

running in east-west direction through the Siwalik farming, it is not practiced commercially rather aimed region. These thrusts are playing a vital role in creating to meet their domestic demand. the geomorphic features and drainage patterns. These are also responsible for creating slope instability problems leading to landslides and debris flows.

  • There
  • are
  • 36

community forests handed over to the local community in Dobhan watershed indicating the good initiation to maintain the greenery of the watershed, which will be supportive to reduce the water induced disaster. However, the lower portion of the watershed is less diverse in biodiversity than the upper watershed due to the increased encroachment from nearby settlements.

5.2. Major morphometric parameter

The stream order in the Dobhan watershed have been calculated by Strahler (1964) method. The Dobhan Khola is 4th order stream and the mean bifurcation ratio (BF) is 2.02. The total length of the stream in the Dobhan Khola watershed is 156 km and watershed area The use of wood for fire is still a dominant (>93%) one is 96. Drainage density is another morphometric for cooking purpose in the entire watershed (CBS, parameter that considers the amount of channels in a 2014). This requires careful forest management so that watershed (Horton, 1932). The calculated drainage it would not degrade due to excessive demand of wood density (Dd) 1.62 km/km2 indicates moderate drainage for domestic use. densities. The Moderate drainage density indicates the basin is having permeable subsoil and vegetative cover that well reflects the field condition in Dobhan watershed.

6. Water induced disaster in the watershed

6.1. Erosion, sedimentation and land degradation
5.3. Socio-economic condition

Erosion has been taking place from the Dobhan watershed. The major factors that have contributed to induce high incidences of various types of mass movements in the area are fragile geological condition, prolonged and high-intensity rainfall, and various anthropogenic factors.
Socio-economic condition of the people living in the watershed plays vital role in watershed degradation and vice-versa. The population of Dobhan VDC is highest (6872) followed by Kachal (3699), Juthapauwa (3440) and Baldengadhi (2043) VDC (CBS, 2014).
The weak Siwalik rocks undergo extensive weathering and erosion process thereby producing significant amount of sediments to the gullies and then rivers flowing through the area (Fig. 6). In addition, the scenario is much worse when there is significant deforestation in the area that removes the surface cover and increases the soil erosion activities.
The Dobhan watershed is mostly resided by the Magars, followed by Chhetris, Brahmins and Dalits (CBS, 2014). Migration from ridge to the valleys like Kachal valley is increasing due to the availability of productive land. It was noticed that the farm land is increasing with encroachment in forest, which is also evidenced by the new settlement observed inside the forests where trees were cut down for farming. The education level of the people is highest in Dobhan VDC followed by Juthapauwa, Baldengadhi and Kachal. Principally, it is easy to make people aware about the watershed management if they are better educated, which is also indirectly lined with their better economic condition.

The agriculture product from their farm supports their round the year livelihood even without proper irrigation facility. Mainly, three type crops are grown in a year, which are paddy during monsoon, and maize, millet and buckwheat in winter and wheat and other crops during pre-monsoon. Vegetables are widely produced in the area, mainly cabbage, cauliflower, potatoes, beans etc. Likewise, the livelihood of the people is also supported by the production of fruits like banana, peaches guava, mangoes. Cinnamon and Amliso are produced for income generation. Local youths immigrate to India and Arab countries for the employment in addition to major cities within the country. Producing local liquor is another livelihood strategy, in which mostly women are engaged. Even though there is potentiality for livestock

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