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Gender Budgeting And A Gender Benefit Incidence Analysis of Four Contituencies Published by Society for International Development (SID) Eastern Africa Regional Office 1st Floor, Britak Centre; Ragati/Mara Roads P.O. Box 2404-00100 Nairobi, Kenya E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.sidint.org © 2007 Society for International Development, East Africa ISBN 9966 - 7026 - 6 - 0 Design and layout by: The Creative Studio, IBS-A Denis Pritt Road P.O. Box 60595-00200 Nairobi, Kenya Printed by: Regal Press Ltd, Kenya Bunyala Road P.O. Box 46166-00100 Nairobi, Kenya List of Tables & Boxes iv Acronyms v Acknowledgements vii Preface ix Chapter 1: Gender Inequality and Gender Responsive Budgeting 1 1.1 Gender inequalities in Kenya: A situational analysis 2 1.2 Gender inequalities and their effects 9 1.3 Kenya’s commitments to gender-responsive budgeting 14 1.4 Translating gender-responsive budgeting into practice 17 1.5 The Constituencies Development Fund (CDF) 22 Chapter 2: Methodological Approach and Overview of the Fieldwork 28 2.1 Evaluating ‘distribution’ and ‘benefit’ 29 2.2 Household survey 33 2.3 Focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews 34 2.4 Sample selection method 34 2.5. Data processing and analysis 36 Chapter 3: Research Findings 38 3.1 Needs and priorities of men and women 38 3.2 Awareness and participation in CDF management 42 Chapter 4: Conclusion and Recommendations 61 4.1 Conclusion 61 4.2 Recommendations 63 References 66 Appendix 1: List of projects in Dagoretti, Dujis, Mukurweini and Tigania West constituencies by sector in FYs 2003/4, 2004/5 70 Appendix 2: Distribution of the constituencies by poverty headcount index 73 Appendix 3: Estimation of population parameters 80 List of Tables Table 1: Secondary school level enrolment by gender (%), 1996-2002 Table 2: Secondary to university transition rates by gender (%), 1999/00-2002/03 Table 3: Percentage among women aged 15-49 and men aged 15-54 that are HIV positive in Kenya (2003) Table 4: Demographic and health indicators for Kenya (1989-2003) Table 5: Number of the unemployed by gender and age, 1999 Table 6: Sample size and response rate Table 7: Priorities of males and females Table 8: Time-use survey outcomes per constituency Table 9: Respondents who confirmed awareness of the CDF Table 10: Percentage participation in CDF projects (%) Table 11: Total allocations in health, water and education sectors in the four constituencies Table 12: Benefit incidence of CDF spending on health in Mukurweini and Tigania West constituencies Table 13: Education attainment in the three constituencies by gender, 1999 Table 14: Benefit Incidence Analysis of CDF spending in education—Dagoretti Constituency Table 15: Benefit Incidence Analysis of CDF spending on education in Mukurweini Constituency Table 16: Benefit Incidence Analysis of CDF spending on education in Tigania WestConstituency Table 17: Distribution of educational bursaries by gender in the three contituencies List of Boxes Box 1: Linking HIV/AIDS and gender roles Box 2: Three categories of gender budget analysis Box 3: Formulae for distributing funds and CDF allocations Box 4: Key provisions within the Constituencies Development Fund Act of 2003 Box 5: Expenditure tools for Gender Responsive Budgeting Box 6: Public spending and health outcomes: Links in the chain iv Box 7: Challenges and limitations of BIA BIA Benefit Incidence Analysis CBS Central Bureau of Statistics (now known as Kenya National Bureau of Statistics) CDC Constituency Development Committee CDF Constituencies Development Fund CFC Constituencies Fund Committee CPR Contraceptive Prevalence Rates DPC District Project Committee EAs Enumeration Areas EPS Essential Package of Services EPSEM Equal Probability Sampling Method ERS Economic Recovery Strategy (for Wealth and Employment Creation) 2003-2007 FGD Focus Group Discussion FY Financial Year GBI Gender Budget Initiatives GBIA Gender Benefit Incidence Analysis GRB Gender Responsive Budgeting HIV/AIDS Human Immuno-Deficiency Virus/Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome IEA Institute of Economic Affairs IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IPAR Institute of Policy Analysis and Research KDHS Kenya Demographic and Health Survey Kes. Kenya Shillings LDC Locational Development Committee MPND Ministry of Planning and National Development M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MoEST Ministry of Education, Science and Technology MoH Ministry of Health NCGD National Commission on Gender and Development NCPD National Council for Pupulation and Development NFLS Nairobi Forward-Looking Strategies (1985) NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations PC Project Committee PRSP Poverty Recovery Strategy Paper PPS Probability Proportional to Size PSU Primary Sampling Units SPSS Statistical Package for Social Scientists SEBF Secondary Education Bursary Fund SID Society for International Development UNIFEM United Nations Development Fund for Women v This report would not have been possible without the support and contributions of various individuals and organizations. In terms of the preliminary research, drafting and content, this report benefited from the in-put and contributions of the following: Mumbi Machera, Thomas Muchoki Maina, Dhimin Munguti Nzoya, Sammy Oyombe and Daniel Masinde Wesonga. We also acknowledge the Kenya National Bureau of Statistics for lending its support to the data collection process. In particular we thank the Director of Statistics, Anthony Kilele, Macdonald Obudho (Provincial Statistical Officer, Nairobi), Alex Mulewa (District Statistical Officer, Garissa), Joseph M’Ekabu (District Statistical Officer, Meru North) and Elias Nyagah (District Statistical Officer, Nyeri). Fieldwork and data collection was assisted by: Charles Munene Kiura, Magdalene Makara and Francis Juma Odhiambo. In the course of its preparation, this report benefited from comments from and discussions with a number of individuals. In alphabetical order they include: Debbie Budlender (Community Agency for Social Enquiry (CASE), Fred Muthengi and Katindi Sivi (Institute for Economic Affairs (IEA)), Mary Njeri (Education Centre for Women in Democracy (ECWD)), Muthoni Wanyeki and Maureen Were (Kenya Institute of Public Policy Research and Analysis (KIPPRA)). We also wish to acknowledge the support we received from the following Members of Parliament, whose constituencies we studied: Hon. Mutahi Kagwe (Mukurweini), Hon. Dr. Kilemi Mwiria (Tigani West), Hon. Beth Mugo (Dagoretti) and Hon. Hussein Maalim Mohamed (Dujis). We especially acknowledge the assistance of the CDF project coordinators in the constituencies concerned: Abdullahi Haji (Dujis), George Samuel Kimathi (Tigania West), Moses Ngang’a (Dagoretti) and Nelson Riitho (Mukurweini). vii Gender Budgeting & CDF This project would not have been possible without the support and commitment of the Canadian International Development Agency-Gender Equity Support Programme Phase II (CIDA-GESP II). We wish to particularly thank Nyambura Ngugi and Simone Ellis Oluoch-Olunya. Finally, for their assistance, support and direction, we thank the following SID staff members (in alphabetical order): Silvia Bighellini, M.J. Gitau, Wendy Harcourt, Joshua Kikuvi, Duncan Okello, Irene Omari and Arthur Muliro. Hulda Ouma’s leadership and management of the process has been outstanding. viii Like many other countries, Kenya is signatory to a number of key international conventions and human rights instruments that uphold and seek to protect the ideal of gender equality. However, gender equality is yet to be fully embraced in our development planning and decision-making processes. Looking specifically at the macro-economic and budget policies that have been developed to guide the country’s growth, issues of gender inequality do appear within the texts of these documents, but they rarely provide ways of effectively tackling these issues. Much still remains to be done on gender inequality in terms of transformative strategies and provisioning that would effectively deal with gender inequalities. One of the more transformational ways in which gender inequality can be addressed is through gender-responsive budgeting (GRB), a concept that seeks to link government policy commitments on gender equality to the budgetary policies and decisions that are made by the government. GRB advocates focus on how governments raise and spend their finances with the aim of ensuring gender equality both in their benefits and burdens. The discourse on gender-responsive budgeting is not new to Kenya, thanks to the efforts of Kenya’s Gender Budget Network whose members include Collaborative Centre for Gender and Development (CCGD), African Women Development Communication Network (FEMNET), ABANTU for Development, Action Aid, Bridge Africa, and the Society for International Development (SID). Some analytical work has been done at the national level on the challenges of actualizing GRB, although no study has yet been published that evaluates the gendered outcomes of the national budget or specific sectors.* This latter issue is a critical omission because such studies are important in assisting development actors in understanding the gendered outcomes of budgetary choices; they also support advocacy efforts for change in the manner in which public resources are allocated and utilized. This publication, which is based on a study that looks at public expenditure choices oriented towards development at the constituency level, is designed to contribute to these endeavours. The study undertakes a Gender Benefit Incidence Analysis (GBIA) of the
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