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Kinisjarvi Roope Opinnayte.Pdf (1.103Mb) Reaalipolitiikan kaurapuuroa vai ulkopoliittista itsetyydytystä? Portugalin siirtomaiden kansalliset vapautusliikkeet Suomen YK-politiikassa 1960–1975 Roope Kinisjärvi Pro gradu -tutkielma Poliittinen historia Filosofian, poliittisen historian ja valtio-opin laitos Turun yliopisto Turun yliopiston laatujärjestelmän mukaisesti tämän julkaisun alkuperäisyys on tarkastettu Turnitin OriginalityCheck - järjestelmällä. TURUN YLIOPISTO Filosofian, poliittisen historian ja valtio-opin laitos KINISJÄRVI, ROOPE: Reaalipolitiikan kaurapuuroa vai ulkopoliittista itsetyydytystä? Portugalin siirtomaiden kansalliset vapautusliikkeet Suomen YK-politiikassa 1960–1975 Tutkielma, 112 s. Poliittinen historia Toukokuu 2020 – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – – Työssä tutkitaan Suomen YK-politiikkaa ja siinä tapahtuneita muutoksia suhteessa Portugalin siirtomaihin vuosina 1960–1975. Tutkimuksen aineistona käytetään YK:n yleiskokouksen ja sen komiteoiden sekä turvallisuusneuvoston päätöslauselmia, äänestyksiä, raportteja, kannanottoja ja istuntopöytäkirjoja sekä ulkoministeriön arkiston YK:ta ja Portugalia käsittelevää asiakirja-aineistoa. YK-politiikan muutoksen tarkastelussa käytetään Charles F. Hermannin (1990) ulkopolitiikan analyysin kehikkoa, jossa määritellään ulkopolitiikan muutoksen syyt ja asteet. Ulkopolitiikan muutoksen asteita on neljä: korjausliike, ohjelmallinen muutos, ongelman uudelleenmäärittely tai täydellinen suunnanmuutos. Muutos voi olla peräisin ulkopolitiikan johdosta, byrokraattisesta asianajosta, kotimaisesta uudelleen ryhmittymisestä tai ulkoisesta shokista. Primaariaineiston ja tutkimuskirjallisuuden perusteella asetetaan Suomen YK- politiikan muutos sen syyn ja asteen perusteella Hermannin luomaan kehikkoon. Suomen YK-politiikka suhteessa Portugalin siirtomaihin ja muihin eteläisen Afrikan kysymyksiin kehittyi asteittain 1960-luvun alusta alkaen. 1960-luvun ensimmäisellä puolikkaalla Suomi osallistui Angolan kriisiä tutkineeseen komiteaan, mutta yleiskokouksessa se pidättyi useimmista Portugalin siirtomaita koskeneista päätöslauselmista. Suomi kaihtoi toisten valtioiden sisäisiin asioihin puuttumista ja tulkitsi tiukasti YK:n peruskirjan kansainvälistä rauhaa ja turvallisuutta koskevia lukuja. 1960-luvun puolivälissä Suomen suhtautuminen siirtomaakysymyksiin muuttui samaan aikaan, kun Suomi omaksui aktiivisen otteen ulkopolitiikassaan. Suomen ulkopolitiikka siirtyi kohti aktiivista puolueettomuutta, ja se oli 1960-luvun lopulla jäsenenä YK:n siirtomaakomiteassa 1967–68 ja turvallisuusneuvostossa 1969–70. Suomi pyrki vaikuttamaan siirtomaita koskevien päätöslauselmien sisältöön, jotta ne olisivat mahdollisimman suuren YK:n enemmistön hyväksyttävissä. Samaan aikaan kansalaisyhteiskunta Suomessa alkoi vaatia hallitukselta toimia siirtomaissa toimivien kansallisten vapautusliikkeiden tueksi. 1970-luvun alussa useiden kansallisten vapautusliikkeiden edustajat tapasivat Suomen ulkopoliittista johtoa. Vuonna 1973 Suomi teki periaatepäätöksen vapautusliikkeille suoraan annettavasta humanitaarisesta avusta YK:n kautta kanavoidun avun lisäksi. Samana vuonna Suomi kannatti yleiskokouksen päätöslauselmaa, joka teki Portugalin siirtomaiden vapautusliikkeistä kansojen laillisia edustajia. Portugalin siirtomaat itsenäistyivät Portugalin diktatuurin kaatumisen jälkeen vuosina 1974–75. Muutokset Suomen YK-politiikassa olivat korjausliikkeitä ennen 1970-luvun ohjelmallista muutosta. Muutoksen lähteet vaihtelivat johtajavetoisesta muutoksesta, byrokraattiseen asianajoon, kotimaiseen uudelleenryhmittymiseen ja lopuksi ulkoiseen shokkiin. Suomen ulkopolitiikan peruslinja laajeni tarkastelujaksolla lokalistisesta realismista kohti globalistista idealismia. Asiasanat: ulkopolitiikka, Yhdistyneet kansakunnat, Suomi, Portugali, Angola, Mosambik, Guinea-Bissau, dekolonisaatio, kansalliset vapautusliikkeet Sisällysluettelo 1 JOHDANTO ........................................................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 TUTKIMUKSEN AIHE ............................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 TEOREETTINEN VIITEKEHYS ...................................................................................................................................... 5 1.3 AINEISTO JA AIKAISEMPI TUTKIMUS......................................................................................................................... 10 2 DEKOLONISAATIO, YK JA SUOMI ..................................................................................................................... 13 2.1 DEKOLONISAATION LYHYT SOTIENJÄLKEINEN HISTORIA ................................................................................................ 13 2.2 YK:N ROOLI DEKOLONISAATIOSSA........................................................................................................................... 17 2.3 SUOMEN YK-POLITIIKAN PERUSLINJAT..................................................................................................................... 22 3 UUSI VALTIO JA UUSI KANSAINVÄLINEN JÄRJESTELMÄ 1960-1966 .................................................................. 29 3.1 TAISTELU PORTUGALIN SIIRTOMAISSA ALKAA ............................................................................................................ 29 3.2 YHDISTYNEET KANSAKUNNAT, HAJONNEET SIIRTOMAAT .............................................................................................. 41 3.3 SUOMEN KASVAVA ULKOPOLITIIKKA ........................................................................................................................ 49 4 SALAZAR KAATUU, CAETANO JATKAA 1967-1971 ............................................................................................ 57 4.1 PORTUGALI EI OLE PIENI VALTIO ............................................................................................................................. 57 4.2 KANNATTAA VAI PIDÄTTYÄ? .................................................................................................................................. 62 4.3 VANHALTA UUTEEN ULKOPOLITIIKKAAN? ................................................................................................................. 73 5 VALLANKUMOUS LUANDASTA LISSABONIIN JA TAKAISIN 1972–1975 ............................................................. 82 5.1 PORTUGALI JA TULEVAISUUS ................................................................................................................................. 82 5.2 KANSAN LAILLISET EDUSTAJAT ............................................................................................................................... 87 5.3 SUOMEN TUKI JA TUNNUSTUS ............................................................................................................................... 94 6 JOHTOPÄÄTÖKSET ......................................................................................................................................... 100 LÄHTEET ................................................................................................................................................................. 104 1 Johdanto ”Ruotsin poliittiset johtajat ovat voineet maansa edullisen geopoliittisen asemansa ansiosta syöttää kansalaisilleen moralisoivan ulkopolitiikan kaviaaria, suomalaisten on ollut pakko tyytyä reaalipolitiikan kaurapuuroon.”1 1.1 Tutkimuksen aihe Suomi hyväksyttiin Yhdistyneiden kansakuntien jäseneksi 1955, vaikka jäsenanomus oli jätetty jo vuonna 1947 Pariisin rauhansopimuksen allekirjoittamisen jälkeen. Jäsenhakemus oli kuitenkin jäänyt kiinni suurvaltojen jumiuttaman hallintokoneiston rattaisiin, kun länsivallat eivät suostuneet hyväksymään Itä-Euroopan kansandemokratioita YK:n jäseniksi, ja Neuvostoliitto vastasi tähän hylkäämällä kaikkien muidenkin maiden hakemukset. Kun tilanne lopulta raukesi, kaikkien jäsenyyttä hakeneiden valtioiden hakemukset hyväksyttiin kerralla joulukuussa 1955.2 Presidentti Paasikiven suhtautuminen YK-jäsenyyteen oli epäileväinen, sillä linjansa oli pysyä mahdollisimman näkymättömänä ja vältellä suurvaltakonflikteja, joihin Suomi ei halunnut ottaa kantaa.3 Kun Suomi hyväksyttiin jäseneksi, se ei voinut enää perääntyä. Jäsenyys YK:ssa tarkoitti kansainvälisen politiikan porttien aukenemista, ja Suomen oli pakko astua sisään. Jukka Tarkan mukaan ”vuodessa 1961 oli suuren ulkopoliittisen murroksen merkit”4, mikä näkyi sekä Suomen kauppapolitiikassa, että ulkopolitiikassa. FIN-EFTA-sopimus astui voimaan, presidentti Kekkonen vieraili Iso-Britanniassa ja Yhdysvalloissa. Washingtonin-vierailun yhteydessä Kekkonen osallistui YK:n yleiskokoukseen, jossa hän piti usein siteeratun puheensa, joka määritteli Suomen ulkopolitiikan suuret linjat vuosikymmeniksi eteenpäin: ”Näemme itsemme täällä pikemmin lääkärin kuin tuomarin osassa. Asianamme ei ole esittää moitteita tai julistaa tuomioita. Meidän on mieluummin tutkittuamme ongelmia pyrittävä löytämään niihin parannuskeinoja”.5 Kekkosen näkemys Suomesta kansainvälisen politiikan lääkärinä on jatkoa hänen ulkopoliittisen oppi-isänsä J.V. Snellmanin realistiselle käsitykselle valtiosta kansallisen edun puolustajana, minkä hän esitti teoksessaan Valtio-oppi: 1 Jakobson 1983, 80. 2 Tarkka 1992, 53–54. 3 Reimaa 2013, 31; Tarkka 1992, 53; Polvinen 2003, 258. 4 Tarkka 1992, 82. 5 Kekkonen YK:n yleiskokouksessa 19.10.1961. ULA 1962, 156.
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