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Monarchy of

This article is about the history, function and symbols Sweden has been a kingdom since prehistoric times. As of the Swedish monarchy as an institution. For a list of early as the 1st century, Tacitus wrote that the Suiones and queens regnant of Sweden, see List of Swedish had a , but the order of succession up until King monarchs. For a list of Swedish and princesses, the Victorious (died 995), is known almost exclusively past and present, see . through accounts in historically controversial Norse sagas (see Mythical kings of Sweden and Semi-legendary kings ). The Monarchy of Sweden concerns the monarchical of Sweden of Sweden,[3] which is a constitutional and Originally, the Swedish king had combined powers lim- hereditary monarchy with a parliamentary system.[4] The ited to that of a war chief, a judge and a priest at the Kingdom of Sweden (Swedish: Konungariket Sverige) Temple at (see Germanic king). However, there has been a monarchy since time immemorial. Originally are thousands of runestones commemorating common- an , it became an hereditary monar- ers, but no known chronicle about the Swedish kings prior chy only in the 16th century during the reign of Gustav to the 14th century (though a list of kings was added .[5] in the Westrogothic law), and there is a relatively small Sweden in the present day is a representative democracy amount of runestones that are thought mention kings: Gs in a parliamentary system based on popular sovereignty, 11 (Emund the Old), U 11 (Haakon the Red) and U 861 as defined in the current Instrument of Government (one (Blot-Sweyn). of the four Fundamental Laws of the Realm which makes About 1000 A.D., the first king known to rule both up the written [6]). The role of the Monarch is and Götaland was Olof Skötkonung, but fur- to be a strictly ceremonial head of state, and have no part ther history for the next two centuries is obscure, with in the formal governance of the Realm.[7][8] The Monarch many kings whose tenures and actual influence/power is and the members of the Royal Family undertake a vari- unclear. The , however, does ety of official, unofficial and other representational duties Olof’s father as Sweden’s first king. The power of within Sweden and abroad.[5] the king was greatly strengthened by the introduction of Carl XVI Gustaf became King on 15 on during the 11th century, and the following the death of his grandfather, Gustaf VI .[9] centuries saw a process of consolidation of power in the hands of the king. The king was traditionally elected from a favored at the Stones of Mora, and the people had the right to elect the king as well as depose him. The 1 History ceremonial stones were destroyed around 1515. In the 12th century, the consolidation of Sweden was Main article: still effected by dynastic struggles between the Erik and Sverker clans, which ended when a third clan married into the Erik clan and the House of Bjelbo was estab- lished on the . That dynasty formed a pre- 1.1 Pre 16th century Union Sweden into a strong state, and finally king Magnus IV even ruled and . Following the Black Death, the union was weakened, and Scania was reunited with . In 1397, after the Black Death and domestic power strug- gles, Queen united Sweden, Den- mark and Norway (then including and ) in the Union of Kalmar with the approval of the . Continual tension within each country and the union led to open conflict between the and the in the 15th century. The union’s final disintegra- kunuki, i.e. konungi, the dative case for Old Norse konungr tion in the early 16th century led to prolonged rivalry be- (“king”). A runic inscription of the 11th century (U11) refers to tween Denmark-Norway and Sweden (with Finland) for King Håkan the Red.

1 2 1 HISTORY

centuries to come. assessments per farm were adjusted to reflect ability to pay. Crown tax revenues increased, but more impor- tantly the new system was perceived as fairer. A war with 1.2 16th and changes Lübeck in 1535 resulted in the expulsion of the Hanseatic traders, who previously had had a monopoly on foreign trade. With its own burghers in charge, Sweden’s eco- nomic strength grew rapidly, and by 1544 Gustav con- trolled 60% of the farmlands in all of Sweden. Sweden now built the first modern army in , supported by a sophisticated tax system and an efficient bureaucracy.[10] At the death of King Gustav I in 1560, he was succeeded by his oldest son Eric XIV. His reign was marked by Swe- den’s entrance into the and the Northern Seven Years’ War, and combined effects of Eric’s de- veloping mental disorder and his opposition to the aris- tocracy, leading to the Murders in 1567 and the imprisonment of his brother John (III), who was mar- ried to , sister of King Sigismund II of .[11] In 1568 he was dethroned and succeeded by John III. In domestic politics John III showed clear Catholic sympathies, inspired by his queen, creating fric- tion with the Swedish and nobility. He reintro- duced several Catholic traditions previously abolished, and his foreign policy was affected by his family connec- tion to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, where his eldest son had been made King Sigismund III in 1587.[n 3] Following the death of his father, Sigismund tried to rule Sweden from Poland, leaving Sweden under the control of a — his paternal uncle (Gustav I’s youngest son) Gustav I, portrayed here in 1542 by Jakob Binck, legally created (IX) — but was unable to defend his Swedish the hereditary monarchy and organized the Swedish unitary state. throne against the ambitions of his uncle. In 1598 Sigis- mund and his Swedish-Polish army was defeated at the Catholic had supported the King of Denmark, Battle of Stångebro by the forces of Charles, and he was Christian II, but he was overthrown in a rebellion led by declared deposed by the Estates in 1599. nobleman Gustav Vasa, whose father had been executed In 1604, the Estates finally recognized the regent and de at the bloodbath. Gustav Vasa (hereinafter re- facto ruler as King Charles IX. His short reign was one ferred to as Gustav I) was elected King of Sweden by the of uninterrupted warfare. The hostility of Poland and the , assembled in Strängnäs on 6 June breakup of involved him in overseas contests for 1523. the possession of and , the Polish–Swedish Inspired by the teachings of , Gustav I War (1600–1611) and the Ingrian War, while his preten- used the Protestant to curb the power of sions to claim brought on a war with Denmark [n 4] the Roman . In 1527 he persuaded the () in the last year of his reign. Estates of the Realm, assembled in the city of Västerås, inherited three wars from his father to confiscate church lands, which comprised 21% of the when he ascended to the throne. From 1612, when Count country’s farmland. At the same time, he broke with Axel was appointed Lord High , the papacy and established a reformed state church: the which he remained until Gustavus Adolphus’s death, the .[n 1] Throughout his reign, Gustav I two men struck a long and successful partnership and suppressed both aristocratic and peasant opposition to complemented each other well: In Oxenstierna’s own his ecclesiastical policies and efforts at centralisation, words, his “cool” balanced the King’s “heat”.[12][13] The which to some extent laid the foundation for the mod- war against Russia (the Ingrian War) ended in 1617 ern Swedish unitary state. Legally Sweden has only been with the , which excluded Russia a hereditary monarchy since 1544 when the of from the . The final inherited war, the war the Estates, through Västerås arvförening, designated the against Poland, ended in 1629 with the Truce of Alt- sons of King Gustav I as the heirs to the Throne. [n 2] mark, which transferred the large province of Livonia to Tax reforms took place in 1538 and 1558, whereby mul- Sweden and freed the Swedish forces for subsequent in- tiple complex taxes on independent farmers were sim- tervention in the Thirty Years’ War in , where plified and standardised throughout the district and tax Swedish forces had already established a bridgehead in 1.2 16th and 17th century changes 3

man conquests (-Verden and ) that were made.[n 7] After having decided not to get mar- ried, Christina abdicated the throne on 5 June 1654, in favor of her cousin Charles Gustav[n 8], went abroad and converted to Roman Catholicism.

The Lion of the North: King Gustavus Adolphus depicted at the turning point of the Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) against the forces of Johann Tserclaes, Count of Tilly.

Charles XI at the Battle of in 1676. Painting by David 1628. was torn apart by a quarrel between Klöcker Ehrenstrahl. the Protestants and the Catholics. When Gustavus Adol- phus began his push into northern Germany in June–July The Estates elected Gustav as their new King 1630, he had just 4,000 troops. But he was soon able and his short reign is best characterized by foreign wars: to consolidate the Protestant position in the north, us- first a lengthy campaign within Poland and then with Den- ing reinforcements from Sweden and money supplied by mark. In the latter case, the risky 1658 March across at the Treaty of Bärwalde.[14] [n 5] Gustavus Adol- the Belts which resulted in the Treaty of , would phus was killed at the 1632 Battle of Lützen. Queen prove to be the largest permanent territorial gain Swe- Maria Eleonora and the king’s ministers took over the den ever had: Skåne, and Bohuslän now be- government of the Realm on behalf of Gustavus Adol- came Swedish provinces and have remained so ever since. phus’ underage daughter Christina, until she reached the Charles X Gustav was not satisfied, as he wanted to age of majority. Gustavus Adolphus is often regarded by crush Denmark once and for all, but the 1659 Assault historians as one of the greatest military com- on did not prove successful for the Swedes, manders of all time, with innovative use of combined much of it due to the Dutch naval intervention to the aid arms. [n 6] of the Danes. As the heiress presumptive, at the age of six Christina Charles X Gustav died in in 1660 and as the succeeded her father on the Swedish throne (being the Crown passed to his five-year-old son Charles XI, a new only person left in the line of succession), although a regency government would assume the responsibilities of recency government would rule in her name until she the state. The regency government, composed of aristo- turned 18 years of age. During the regency, Chancellor crats and led by Chancellor Count Magnus Gabriel De Axel Oxenstierna wrote the 1634 Instrument of Govern- la Gardie, was more interested in feathering their own ment, which although never approved by any monarch, nests rather than to work in the interest of the country nevertheless would continue to have an important nor- at large. When Charles XI came of age in 1672, the mative role in the state administration. Christina early effectiveness of the armed forces had seriously deteri- on showed an interest in literature and the sciences and orated and the country was ill-prepared as the King of famously brought René Descartes to Sweden. Sweden Denmark, Christian V, invaded to settle old scores. The continued to be involved in the Thirty Years’ War dur- Danes were ultimately unsuccessful in their attempts, and ing reign of Christina and that conflict was settled at the Charles XI would undertake several measures to prevent 1648 Peace of Westphalia, and the Swedish monarch re- what had just almost happened from occurring again: re- ceived representation at the Imperial Diet due to the Ger- ducing the influence of the aristocracy by nationalizing 4 1 HISTORY

estates and properties which had been handed out to them by his predecessors, introducing the (Swedish: indelningsverket) which would form the basis of the armed forces until the 20th century, and with the support of the Estates he was declared in 1680 an absolute monarch. Charles XI was succeeded by his son, Charles XII, who would prove to be an extremely able military commander with the defeat of the Russians at as his greatest victory. However, from this point on it would all go in a downwards spiral, beginning with his defeat at Poltava and ending at fortress, in an attempt to in- vade Norway. The Swedish Age of Greatness (Swedish: stormaktstiden) had ended. [n 9]

1.3 to the present

Charles XII’s sister, Ulrika Eleonora, had now inherited the throne but she was forced by the Estates to sign the 1719 Instrument of Government, which ended the abso- lute monarchy and made the the highest organ of the state and reduced the role of monarch to a figurehead. The Age of Liberty (Swedish: frihetsti- den) with its parliamentary rule, dominated by two parties Crown Charles John at the (1813). Paint- — the and the — had begun. Ulrika Eleonora ing by Fredric Westin. had had enough after a year on the throne and abdicated in favor of her husband, Frederick, who had little inter- est in the affairs of state and was elected King by the Es- would follow Charles XIV John's reign tried to defend tates as King Frederick I, resulting in the 1720 Instrument the power and privileges they still had, the tide incremen- of Government: content-wise almost identical to the one tally turned against “personal regal rule” (Swedish: per- from 1719. Despite having many extra-marital affairs, sonlig kungamakt) with the growth of the , social Frederick I never sired a legitimate heir to the throne. democrats, and the expansion of the franchise.[15] The 1720 Instrument in Government was later replaced When King Gustav V publicly objected to the defence by the 1772 Instrument of Government in a self-coup or- budget cuts made by Prime Minister Karl Staaf and the chestrated by King Gustav III. cabinet just before the First World War in event known as On 17 September 1809 in the Treaty of Fredrikshamn, as the Courtyard Crisis accompanied by the Peasant arma- a result of the poorly managed , Sweden had ment support march (Swedish: bondetåget), it was seen as to surrender the eastern half of Sweden to Russia. King a deliberate provocation by conservatives and reactionar- Gustav IV Adolf and his descendants were deposed in a ies against the uncodified norm of a parliamentary sys- coup d'etat led by dissatisfied army officers. The child- tem supported by the liberals and the social democrats, less uncle of the former king was almost immediately leading to Staaf’s resignation.[16] then appointed elected as King Charles XIII. The Instrument of Govern- a caretaker government, supported by the conservatives, ment of 1809 put an end to royal absolutism by dividing led by legal scholar Hjalmar Hammarskjöld, which re- the legislative power between the Riksdag (primary) and mained in power longer than expected due to the outbreak the King (secondary), and vested executive power in the of World War I (in which Sweden remained neutral) and King when acting through the Council of State. increased defence spending was no longer a controver- sial issue.[17] Nevertheless, in the year of the outbreak The present Bernadotte dynasty was established in of the Russian revolution, social tensions continued to September 1810 when the Riksdag, convened in Örebro, rise; the election in 1917 gave the liberals and elected French Marshal and Prince of Ponte Corvo Jean social democrats greatly strengthened representation in Baptiste Jules Bernadotte as . This took both Riksdag chambers and a conservative government place because Charles XIII had no legitimate heir, and was no longer a defensible option.[17] Following the def- a Crown Prince previously elected in January 1810, inite breakthrough of parliamentarism in 1917, with the Charles August, suddenly had died of a stroke during a appointment of the coalition government of liberals and military exercise. social democrats led by Professor Nils Edén, the politi- Although the 19th century Bernadotte monarchs that cal influence of the King was considerably reduced and 5

an unwritten constitutional precedent was set that would idea of a parliamentary system and promised Prime Min- remain in effect until 1975.[18][19] ister Nils Edén to stop seeking advice from secret advi- sors other than the duly appointed cabinet ministers and Only during World War II, in the so-called Midsummer [29][19] crisis (regarding the issue whether neutral Sweden should not to interfere in politics again; the Torekov com- permit rail transport of German troops from Norway promise, struck in 1971 by the four major parties at the passing through to Finland), did Gustaf V allegedly try time, provided, and continues to provide, a majority con- sensus in Swedish political discourse on the role of the to intervene in the political process by threatening to [21][30][7] abdicate.[20] monarchy within the constitutional framework. The official motive for the radical changes which came King Gustaf VI Adolf succeeded his elderly father who to pass in 1975 was for it to be as descriptive as possible died in 1950, and he is generally regarded as a consti- of the workings of the state and clear on how decisions tutional monarch who stayed out of politics and con- actually are made.[28] Minister of Justice Lennart Gei- troversy. In 1954, a royal commission began work on jer further remarked on the 1973 government bill that whether Sweden should undergo constitutional reform to any continued pretensions of royal involvement in gov- adapt the 1809 Instrument of Government to current po- ernment decision making would be of a “fictitious nature” litical realities, or whether a new one should be writ- and therefore “highly unsatisfactory”.[28] ten; ultimately the latter idea was chosen.[21] The fu- ture role of the monarchy was settled in a manner well Thus, the monarch lost all formal executive pow- ers, becoming a ceremonial and representative known within Swedish political discourse: a political [30][31][28] compromise reached at the summer resort Torekov in figurehead. The monarch, while explicitly 1971 (hence known as the Torekov compromise, Swedish: referred to as the “Head of State” (Swedish: Statschefen) in the 1974 Instrument of Government[n 12], is not even Torekovskompromissen) by representatives of four of the [n 13][36][23][7] parties in the Riksdag (the Social Democrats, the Centre the nominal chief executive. The Instrument Party, the Liberal People’s Party, and the , of Government of 1974 does grant the person serving as that is all the parties except the Communists). [n 10][21] It king or absolute immunity from criminal (but not civil) charges for as long as he or she remains in mandated that the monarchy would remain largely as it [37][n 14] was but would become entirely ceremonial, without any office. The monarch therefore cannot be prose- residual political powers left.[21] cuted or otherwise held to account for his or her actions, both official and private, in judicial proceedings.[37] Following the required double Riksdag votes that took None of the other members of the Royal Family or the place in 1973 and 1974, a new Instrument of Govern- employees the Royal Court enjoy similar immunity.[37] ment was brought into effect. The monarch’s functions and duties, as defined in the 1974 Constitution Act, in- At the request of the , the monarch clude heading the special cabinet council held when there opens the annual session of the Riksdag (Swedish: Riksmötets öppnande) in the chamber of the Riksdag is a change of government, but no executive powers with [n 15][39] respect to the governance of the realm are vested in building. The king or queen regnant also re- him.[8][7] ceives Letters of Credence of foreign ambassadors sent to Sweden and signs those of Swedish ambassadors sent abroad.[8] The monarch also chairs the Cabinet Coun- cil (Swedish: skifteskonselj) in a session that establishes 2 Constitutional and official role the new government following a general election or ma- jor cabinet reshuffle and also chairs information councils (Swedish: informationskonselj) approximately four times When, on 1 January 1975, it replaced the Instrument a year to get information from the assembled Govern- of Government of 1809 as part of the Constitution ment, apart from that given by ministers in individual au- of Sweden, the Instrument of Government of 1974 diences or through other means.[40][8] Formally, it is the (Swedish: 1974 års regeringsform) transformed the ad- explicit responsibility of the prime minister to keep the visory Council of State (Swedish: Statsrådet) into the monarch informed on the affairs of the realm; the failure collegial Government (Swedish: Regeringen), to which to do so following the 2004 tsunami disaster in the Indian [23][24] all executive power was transferred. Responsibil- Ocean (in which many Swedes perished) gave rise to wide ity for nominating and dismissing the prime minister criticism of Prime Minister Göran Persson for his han- (who, since 1975, is elected by the Riksdag) was trans- dling of the matter.[37] The monarch also chairs the Advi- ferred to the Speaker of the Riksdag and the prime min- sory Council on Foreign Affairs (Swedish: Utrikesnämn- ister appoints and dismisses the other ministers at his den), a body that enables the government of the day to [25][26][24][n 11] or her discretion. Further, bills passed by inform not only the head of state, but also the speaker and the Riksdag become law without : the prime representatives of the opposition parties in the Riksdag, minister or any other cabinet minister signs them “On on foreign affairs issues in a confidential manner.[8][41][40] Behalf of the Government” (Swedish: På regeringens vägnar).[28] Although the unwritten precedent was set in While the monarch is no longer the commander-in-chief 1917, when Gustaf V had little choice but to support the (Swedish: högste befälhavare) of the Swedish Armed 6 4 TITLES

Forces, as he once was under the 1809 Instrument of of Mora in and participation was originally re- Government[21] (and much older custom, as shown in the stricted to the people of that area; hence, the need of hav- history section), King Carl XVI Gustaf retains the hon- ing the election confirmed by the other parts of the realm. orary ranks of a four star in the The Eriksgata gradually lost its importance when, as of and general in the and Air Force.[8] As the 14th century, representatives of other parts of Swe- part of his court, the monarch has a military staff, which den began to participate in the election. After 1544, when is headed by a senior officer (usually a general or admi- hereditary monarchy was instituted, that meant that the ral, retired from active service) and includes active duty Eriksgata had little practical importance. The last king military officers serving as aides-de-camp to the monarch to travel the Eriksgata according to the old tradition was and his or her family.[42] Charles IX, whose reign began in 1604. Later, kings, up until present times, have made visits to all the Swedish provinces and called them an Eriksgata, while those visits 3 Cultural role bear little resemblance to the medieval tradition.

The monarch and the members of Royal Family under- take a variety of official, unofficial and other representa- 4 Titles tive duties within Sweden and abroad. The monarch and his or her family play a central role in state visits to Swe- den and the sovereign conducts state visits to other na- tions on behalf of Sweden. Other members of the Royal Family may also represent the country abroad at lesser functions.

The royal standard used by the monarch

Many of the flag days in Sweden have direct royal connec- tions; among them are the name days of the King (28 Jan- uary), the Queen (8 August), and the Crown Princess (12 March); the birthdays of the King (30 April), the Queen (23 December), and the Crown Princess (14 July); and Gustavus Adolphus Day (Swedish: Gustav Adolfsdagen), on November 6, in memory of King Gustavus Adolphus, who was killed on that date (old style) in 1632 in the Battle of Lützen.[n 16][43][44][45] None of these flag days are public holidays, however.[n 17] The Throne, used by all Swedish monarchs from Queen Christina in 1650 onward Perhaps the most globally known ceremony in which the Swedish royals annually participate is the award ceremony held at the Stockholm Concert Hall (and the subsequent banquet in the Stockholm City Hall), 4.1 Monarch where the monarch hands out the Nobel Prizes on behalf of the for outstanding contributions to The full title of the Swedish monarch from 1544 to 1973 mankind in physics, chemistry, literature, physiology or included: medicine, and the economic sciences.[47] Eriksgata was the name of the traditional journey of In Swedish: Med Guds Nåde Sveriges, Götes newly elected medieval Swedish kings through impor- och Vendes Konung (, tant provinces to have their election confirmed by lo- King of the Swedes, the /, and the cal Things. The actual election took place at the Stone ) 4.3 Ducal 7

In : Dei Gratia Suecorum, Gothorum et 4.3 Ducal Vandalorum Rex Main article: in Sweden Sometimes the first part of the Latin title was Svionum or Sveonum, all three words meaning “of the Swedes”, not King Gustav III revived a tradition from the time of “of Sweden”. Gustav Vasa and the medieval era by giving male heirs Götes Konung () dated back at least to to the throne ducal titles of Swedish provinces. The dif- Kings Magnus III, Erik the Saint, and Charles VII (and ference between the ducal titles from the Vasa era and possibly to Inge the Elder, the title being used in a letter those granted by Gustav III is they now are non-hereditary to Inge from the ). The title Svea Konung (King of courtesy titles given at birth. Since 1980, they have been the Swedes) dated to an older era. In the 16th century, conferred to all royal heirs, male and female. The wives it was changed to Sveriges Konung or Rex Sveciae (King of royal have always shared their husbands’ titles; of Sweden), a short form of the title that came be used the husbands of royal duchesses have done so as of 2010. sometimes in less formal circumstances. Before the accession of the first king of the , Charles XIV John, in 1818, the King of Swe- 5 Symbols of the Monarchy den had many other titles relating to the wider : 5.1 Regalia

Grand Prince of Finland, of Scania, , Livonia, Karelia, Bremen, Verden, Stettin, Pomerania, Kashubia and Wendia, Prince of Rügen, Lord of Ingria and , Count Palatine of the , Duke of , Jülich, Cleves and Berg.

During the reign of the House of -Gottorp from 1751 to 1818, the title Heir to Norway (Arvinge till Norge) was also used,[48] as well as other titles connected to the Dukes of Holstein-Gottorp. When, after the , Norway was in personal union with Sweden, the title included King of Norway, in older Swedish spellings: Sweriges, Norriges, Göthes och Wendes Konung. Upon his accession, Carl XVI Gustaf chose for his ti- tle simply Sveriges Konung (King of Sweden).[9] This was reflected in his personal motto För Sverige, i tiden (“For Sweden, with ”). Queen Margrethe II of Denmark did the same in 1972 and, similarly, bears no titles except King of Norway. The Crown of Eric XIV.

Main article: Swedish Royal Regalia 4.2

The customary title of the heir apparent is Crown Prince Sweden's Royal Regalia are kept deep in the vaults of the of Sweden (Sveriges Kronprins) or, if female, Crown Treasury chamber (Swedish: Skattkammaren), located Princess of Sweden (Sveriges Kronprinsessa). The wife of underneath the Royal in Stockholm, in a a crown prince would also receive a corresponding title, which has been open to the public since 1970. Among the but not the husband of a crown princess. The traditional oldest objects in the collection are the sword of Gustav official title used until 1980 for other dynastic male heirs Vasa and the crown, orb, sceptre and key of King Erik XIV. The Regalia is state property and the government was Hereditary Prince of Sweden (Sveriges arvfurste), al- [49][50] though the word prince (prins) was used in constitutional authority which holds it in trust is Kammarkollegiet. legal texts such as the Act of Succession and also colloqui- The last King to be coronated was Oscar II. His son ally and informally. In all cases the title of princesses was and successor, Gustaf V, abstained from having a Princess of Sweden (Prinsessa av Sverige). Since 1980, .[49] While the crowns and coronets have not the official title of all dynasts is Prince/Princess of Swe- been worn by Swedish royals since 1907, they are nev- den (Prins/Prinsessa av Sverige). ertheless still displayed on royal occasions such as at 8 5 SYMBOLS OF THE MONARCHY

weddings, christenings and funerals. Until 1974, the Family. crown and sceptre were also displayed on cushions be- side the Silver Throne at the annual solemn opening of the Riksdag (Swedish: Riksdagens högtidliga öppnan- 5.3 Royal residences de).[49][50][51] Main article: Crown in Sweden 5.2 Royal orders of chivalry The Royal Palaces (including the Royal Palace in Stock- holm, Palace, , , , Rosersberg Palace, and ) are the property of the Swedish state, managed by the National Property Board (Swedish: Statens fastighetsverk) and are at the disposal of the Monarch, an arrangement that has been in place since the beginning of the 19th century.[53][54] In addi- tion, there are also residences which are held privately by the Royal Family, such as Solliden Palace on the island of Öland, a cottage in Storlien in the Jämtland and Villa Mirage in Sainte-Maxime in southern France (originally acquired by Prince Bertil).[55]

5.3.1 The Royal Palace

Main article: The Royal Palace (Kungliga slottet), also known as

The Royal Orders of Sweden constituting the Royal Order of

The Royal orders have a historical basis, dating back to the 1606 founding of the now extinct Jehova Order. The Royal Palace in Stockholm, as seen from the tower of the The Royal Orders of Knights of Sweden were only truly Cathedral. codified in the 18th century, with their formal founda- tion in 1748 by King Frederick I. In 1974 the Riksdag Stockholm Palace (Swedish: slott), is the significantly changed the conditions and criteria under official residence of the King. The Royal Palace is lo- which orders and decorations could be awarded: that no cated on (“City Island”), commonly known Swedish citizen outside the Royal Family is eligible to as (“the Old Town”) in the national receive such decorations. The Order of the Seraphim city Stockholm. (Swedish: Serafimerorden) is only awarded to foreign The offices of the King, other members of the Swedish heads of state and members of the Swedish and foreign Royal Family, and the offices of the Royal Court are lo- royal families, while the (Swedish: cated in the Palace. The Royal Palace is used for rep- Nordstjärneorden) can be bestowed on any non-Swedish [1] [52] resentative purposes and State occasions by the King. citizen. Following the reforms, the The Royal Palace is guarded by Högvakten, a royal guard, (Swedish: Svärdsorden) and the (Swedish: consisting of regular service members of the Swedish Vasaorden) are no longer conferred: officially they have Armed Forces.[56] The tradition of having a regular unit been declared as “dormant”. of the Army guarding at the royal residence dates back Since 1975, H. M. The King’s Medal (Swedish: H.M. Ko- to 1523.[56] Until the mid 19th century, the nungens medalj) is the highest honour that can be awarded also maintained law and order in the city and provided to Swedish citizens other than members of the Royal firefighting services.[56] 5.3 Royal residences 9

The castle , located on the site of today’s palace, in a painting from 1661 by Govert Dircksz Camphuysen.

Drottningholm Palace, a UNESCO World Heritage site is the [2] The southern façade faces the grand style slope home residence of the King & Queen. ; the eastern façade borders , an quay which passes along the eastern waterfront of the tourist attraction.[2] old town; on the northern front is a system of ramps named for the , on the The gardens and park areas surrounding Drottningholm stone railings; and the western wings border the open Palace and adjacent to its buildings are one of the main space Högvaktsterrassen. The Royal Palace in Stockholm attractions for the tourists that visit the palace each is unique among European royal residences in that large year. The gardens have been established in stages since portions of it are open year round to visitors, who pay the palace was first built, resulting in many different entrance fees.[1] styles.[57] The first building on this site was a fortress with a core The royal domain of Drottningholm is a well preserved tower built in the 13th century by to defend milieu from the 17th and 18th centuries, inspired by the entry into Lake Mälaren. The fortress gradually grew French buildings such as the Chateau of Versailles, and is to a castle, known as Tre Kronor: named after the spire on a UNESCO World Heritage Site, principally because of the centre tower with , which have become the Theatre and the Chinese Pavil- the Swedish national symbol.[n 14] In the late 16th century, ion at Drottningholm. It was added to the World Heritage work was done to transform the castle into a List in 1991.[58] palace during the reign of John III. In 1690, it was decided that the castle be rebuilt in style in a design by Nicodemus Tessin the Younger. In 1692, work began on 5.3.3 Haga Palace the northern row. However, much of the old castle was destroyed in a disastrous fire on 7 May 1697. Main article: Haga Palace Haga Palace (Swedish: Haga slott), formerly known Tessin rebuilt the damaged palace, and work continued for another 63 years. Semicirclular wings around the outer western courtyard were finished in 1734, the palace church was finished in the , and the exterior was finished in 1754. The royal family moved to the palace with the southwest, southeast, and northeast wings fin- ished. The northwest wing was finished in 1760. In the north, Lejonbacken (the “Lion’s Slope”) was rebuilt from 1824 to 1830.

5.3.2 Drottningholm Palace

Main article: Drottningholm Palace Drottningholm Palace (Swedish: Drottningholms slott) Haga Palace is the residence of Crown Princess Victoria and her is located at Drottningholm on the island of Lovön (in family. Ekerö Municipality of ), and is one of Sweden’s Royal Palaces. It was originally built in the late as the Queen’s Pavilion (Swedish: Drottningens pavil- 16th century. It has served as a residence of the Swedish jong), is located in the Haga Park, royal family members for most of the 18th and 19th cen- in Metropolitan Stockholm. The palace, built between turies. Apart from being the current private residence of 1802 – 1805, was modelled after balletmaster Louis Gal- the King and Queen, Drottningholm Palace is a popular lodier's Italian villa at Drottningholm by architect Carl 10 7 SEE ALSO

Christoffer Gjörwell on appointment by King Gustaf IV 4 that the Monarch and dynastic members of the Royal Adolf for the royal children. It has been the home or House must at all times be a Protestant Christian of the summer house of several members of the Swedish royal pure evangelical faith (by implication the Church of Swe- family – notably it was the birthplace of the present King den).[63][64] Carl XVI Gustaf – until 1966 when King Gustaf VI Adolf A rewrite of the Act, entering into force in 1980, funda- transferred its disposal to the Prime Minister and it was mentally changed the rules of succession from agnatic pri- turned into a guest house for distinguished foreign offi- mogeniture to absolute .[64] This allowed cial visitors (heads of state and heads of government et for the crown to pass to the eldest child regardless of gen- cetera).[59] der and thus retroactively installed Princess Victoria as In April 2009, it was announced by Prime Minister Crown Princess (heir apparent) over her younger brother that the rights of disposal of the palace Prince Carl Philip who had been born as Crown Prince. would be transferred back to the King and thus could be In its present reading, Article 1 of the Act of Succession used by Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden, and her [60] limits the potential number of claimants to the throne, so husband, Prince Daniel, Duke of Västergötland. They that only the descendants of Carl XVI Gustaf can inherit moved into the palace in the autumn after their wedding [65][64] [61] the Throne. If the royal house were to be extinct, on 19 June 2010. the Riksdag is not obligated to elect a new royal house, as it once was up until the constitutional reforms of the 1970s.[37] 6 Royal Family

Main article: Swedish Royal Family 7 See also

The Swedish Royal Family is, according to the Royal Court, currently cathegorized into three groups;

• first, those with royal titles and style (manner of ad- dress) who perform official and unofficial engage- ments for the nation, are the members of the Royal Family (Swedish: Kungafamiljen) (currently this category only includes the King, Queen and their de- scendants, including spouses);[62]

• second, those with royal titles and style (manner of address) who performs no official engagements (Swedish: Kungliga Huset, usually stylized with the shortform Kungl. Huset);[62] The royal barge Vasaorden, last used at the 2010 royal wedding. • and third, the extended family of the King (Swedish: Kungliga Familjens övriga medlemmar, usually styl- ized with the shortform Kungl. Famljens övriga medlemmar) which is other close relatives who are 7.1 Notes not dynasts and thus do not represent the country officially.[62] [1] A complete Lutheran church ordinance was not pre- sented until the Swedish Church Ordinance 1571, with a statement of faith finalized by the Uppsala in 1593. However, in any case, there is no legislation or other pub- lic document which delineates the rules of membership [2] The powers of the king were originally regulated by a sec- in either the Royal House or Royal Family, as it is left to tion of the written legal code called Konungabalk (English: the sole discretion of the King. Kings’ partition) from medieval times until 1734, when a new law code of Sweden was adopted and that section was removed. The new law code of Sweden was adopted after a long period of inquiries by royal commissions since the 6.1 The line of succession days of Charles IX (late 16th/early 17th century)

Main article: Line of succession to the Swedish throne [3] No —just Sigismund—is used when refer- ring to Sigismund III Vasa as King of Sweden.

The Act of Succession of 1810 provides the rules gov- [4] The war against Denmark was concluded in 1613 with a erning the line of succession and designates the legiti- peace treaty, which did not cost Sweden any territory, but mate heirs to the Swedish Throne; it also states in article Sweden was nevertheless forced to pay a heavy indemnity 7.2 References 11

to Denmark (Treaty of Knäred) in order to regain control the 1972 party congress of the Social Democrats, Prime of Älvsborg fortress. Minister publicly defended the Torekov com- promise, in response some members that yearned for a re- [5] Meanwhile, a Catholic army under Tilly was laying waste public, by famously characterizing that the upcoming re- to . Gustavus Adolphus met Tilly’s army and forms would reduce the constitutional role of the monar- crushed it at the First Battle of Breitenfeld in Septem- chy to nothing but a "plume"(Swedish: plym) and thus ber 1631. He then marched clear across Germany, estab- paving the way to abolish the monarchy with the stroke of lishing his winter quarters near the Rhine, making plans a pen (Swedish: penndrag) at some distant point in the fu- for the invasion of the rest of the . ture. Palme emphasized though that other reforms were In March 1632, Gustavus Adolphus invaded Bavaria, a far more important for the Social Democrats than abol- staunch ally of the Emperor. He forced the withdrawal of ishing the monarchy.[33][35] Successive leaders (and prime his Catholic opponents at the Battle of Rain. In the sum- ministers) and Göran Persson have also mer of that year, he sought a political solution that would defended the status quo.[33] preserve the existing structure of states in Germany, while guaranteeing the security of its Protestants. But achieving [14] This could be interpreted as “for life”, given the histori- these objectives depended on his continued success on the cal precedent: no voluntary has occurred since battlefield. Ulrika Eleonora, in 1719 and only three hereditary monar- chs have been involuntarily deposed (Eric XIV in 1568, [6] In Chapter V of ' , he lists Sigisumnd 1599, and Gustav IV Adolf in 1809). Gustavus Adolphus as an example of an outstanding mil- itary leader, along with: , Julius Cae- [15] The Riksdag Act provision in question reads: sar, Alexander Farnese, Charles XII, and Bonaparte. Special meeting for the opening of the Riksdag session Art. 6. A special meeting [7] Although conflict with Denmark-Norway, as part of the Chamber for the formal opening of a of the Thirty Years’ War was settled at the Second Treaty Riksdag session takes place no later than the of Brömsebro (1645), in which the Danes ceded the Nor- third day of the session. At the request of the wegian provinces of Jämtland, Härjedalen and Idre & Speaker, the Head of State declares the ses- Särna as well as the Danish Baltic Sea islands of sion open. If the Head of State is unable to and Ösel. Sweden was furthermore exempted from the attend, the Speaker declares the session open. Sound Dues and received the Danish province of At this meeting, the Prime Minister delivers a for a period of 30 years as a guarantee of these provisions. statement of Government policy unless there are special grounds why he or she should re- [8] Charles Gustav was the son of John Casimir, Count Pala- frain from doing so. tine of Kleeburg (1589-1652) and Princess Catherine of Time of meeting for the opening of the Sweden (1584-1638), daughter of King Charles IX. Riksdag session Supplementary provision 3.6.1 The formal [9] Sweden ceded its Baltic provinces and parts of Finland to opening of the session after an election to the Russia in the 1721 . Riksdag takes place at 2 p.m. on the second [10] Also known as the Torekov Agreement (Swedish: To- day of the session. rekovsövernskommelsen). The participants were Valter In years in which no election to the Riksdag Åman (s), Bertil Fiskesjö (c), Birger Lundström (fp) and has been held, the formal opening takes place Allan Hernelius (m).[22] on the first day of the session at the same time. [11] The Speaker of the Riksdag, not the Prime Minister, is The Speaker may appoint another time for considered the second highest public office in the order of the meeting.[38] precedence, below the head of state.[27] [16] According to the , the king died on 16 [12] Such as in the first article in which the monarch is men- November, but the (“old style”) was still tioned: used in Protestant Sweden at the time and the same date is still used now. Art. 5. The King or Queen who occu- pies the throne of Sweden in accordance with [17] Flag days are regulated by an ordinance issued by the the Act of Succession shall be the Head of .[46] This means that the national State.[32] flag is flown on all public flag and buildings on those dates. [13] Given their predominance in 20th century Swedish poli- tics, the public positions taken by the leaders of the Social Democrats are noteworthy; particularly given that their 7.2 References party programme does call for the abolishment of the [33] monarchy. Party leaders and prime ministers Hjalmar [1] “The Royal Palace of Stockholm”. Royal Court of Swe- Branting, Per-Albin Hansson and all made den. Retrieved 2014-02-23. statements to the effect of being for a in princi- ple whenever the issue was raised, but that it was not worth [2] “Drottningholm Palace”. Royal Court of Sweden. Re- pursuing (presumably fearing an electoral backlash).[34] At trieved 2014-02-23. 12 7 SEE ALSO

[3] See the Instrument of Government, Chapter 1, Article 5. [25] “Forming a government”. The Riksdag. Retrieved 2014- 10-24. [4] Parliamentary system: see the Instrument of Government, Chapter 1, Article 1. [26] Larsson & Bäck: pp. 166-170.

[5] “The Monarchy in Sweden”. Royal Court of Sweden. Re- [27] Larsson & Bäck: p. 155. trieved 2014-02-22. [28] Prop. 1973:90. Kungl. Maj:ts proposition med förslag [6] “The Constitution”. The Riksdag. Retrieved 2014-02-22. till ny regeringsform och ny riksdagsordning m. m.; given Stockholms slott den 16 mars 1973. p. 172-175. [7] “The Head of State”. Government of Sweden. Retrieved 2014-02-22. [29] Larsson & Bäck: pp. 65-69.

[8] “Duties of the Monarch”. Royal Court of Sweden. Re- [30] Nergelius: p. 41. trieved 2014-02-22. [31] Larsson & Bäck: p. 166. [9] (Swedish) SFS (1973:702) [32] The Instrument of Government: Chapter 1, Article 5. [10] Michael Roberts, The Early Vasas: A History of Sweden 1523-1611 (1968); Jan Glete, War and the State in Early [33] “Socialdemokraterna och republikfrågan”. Arbetar- Modern Europe: , the , and Sweden as rörelsen arkiv och bibliotek (Swedish Labour Movement Fiscal-Military States, 1500-1660 (2002) online edition Archives and Library). Retrieved 2014-12-02.

[11] Article “Johan III”, from Nordisk familjebok [34] Åse: pp. 58-60.

[12] Ericson Wolke, Lars; Larsson, Villstrand. Historiska Me- [35] Åse: pp. 11-13. dia, ed. Trettioåriga kriget (in Swedish). pp. 145–148. ISBN 91-85377-37-6. [36] Petersson: p. 44.

[13] “Nordisk Familjebok – Axel Gustafsson Oxenstierna”. [37] Nergelius: p. 42. Nordisk Familjebok at runeberg.org (in Swedish). 1914. [38] The Riksdag Act: Chapter 3, Article 6. Retrieved 2014-10-23. [39] “A year in the Riksdag”. The Riksdag. Retrieved 2014- [14] Prinz, Oliver C. (2005). Der Einfluss von Heeresver- 10-24. fassung und Soldatenbild auf die Entwicklung des Mil- itärstrafrechts. Osnabrücker Schriften zur Rechts- [40] Nergelius: pp. 41-42. geschichte (in German) 7. Osnabrück: V&R unipress. pp. 40–41. ISBN 3-89971-129-7. Referring to Kroener, [41] “The Advisory Council on Foreign Affairs”. The Riksdag. Bernhard R. (1993). “Militärgeschichte des Mittelalters Retrieved 2014-10-24. und der frühen Neuzeit bis 1648. Vom Lehnskrieger zum Söldner”. In Neugebauer, Karl-Volker. Grundzüge [42] "Övriga funktioner” (in Swedish). The Royal Court of der deutschen Militärgeschichte (in German) 1. Freiburg: Sweden. Retrieved 2014-10-24. Rombach. p. 32. [43] Steve Wilson. “The genius of Sweden’s 'Lion of the [15] Larsson & Bäck: pp. 66-67. North'". Military History Online. Retrieved 20 February 2014. [16] Larsson & Bäck: pp. 67-68. [44] “In Memory of a Great Man”. Spokane Daily Chronicle [17] Larsson & Bäck: pp. 68-69. (scanned by Google). 4 November 1901. Retrieved 20 February 2014. [18] Larsson & Bäck: pp. 66-69. [45] “Swedish Festival Calendar”. Training [19] Lewin: pp. 112-115. . Retrieved 20 February 2014.

[20] Larsson & Bäck: p. 72. [46] “Förordning (1982:270) om allmänna flaggdagar”. Swedish Code of Statutes. Retrieved 2014-10-21. [21] Torbjörn Bergman (1999). “Trade-offs in Swedish Con- stitutional design: The Monarchy Under Challenge”. In [47] Levinovitz, pp. 21–23 Wolfgang C. Müller and Kaare Strøm, eds., Policy? Of- fice?, or Votes? How Political Parties Make Hard Choices. [48] See the preamble to the Act of Succession. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-63723-6. [49] “History, The Treasury”. Royal Court of Sweden. Re- [22] “Monarken utan formell makt efter Torekovskompromis- trieved 2014-02-23. sen”. Sveriges Radio (in Swedish). 23 February 2012. Re- trieved 22 October 2014. [50] “Regal symbols”. Royal Court of Sweden. Retrieved 2014-02-23. [23] Nergelius: pp. 15-16. [51] “The Treasury”. Royal Court of Sweden. Retrieved 2014- [24] Nergelius: pp. 33-34. 02-23. 13

[52] Orders, Swedish Royal Court, date accessed 2014-10-22. • Nergelius, Joakim (2011). Constitutional Law in Sweden. Alphen aan den Rijn: Kluwer Law Inter- [53] “Svenska folkets slott” (PDF) (in Swedish). Statens national BV. ISBN 9789041134356. fastighetsverk. Retrieved 2014-10-23. • Petersson, Olof (2010). Den offentliga makten (in [54] “State administration in Sweden”. Government of Sweden accessdate = 2014-11-13. Swedish). Stockholm: SNS Förlag. ISBN 978-91- 86203-66-5. [55] “Interests”. Royal Court of Sweden accessdate = 2014- 11-13. • Roberts, Michael (1992). Gustavus Adolphus. Pro- files in Power (2nd ed.). London: Longman. ISBN [56] “About the Royal Guards”. . Re- 0582090008. trieved 2014-02-26. • Truedson Demitz, Jacob (1996). Throne of a Thou- [57] “Drottningholm Palace Park”. Royal Court of Sweden. sand Years. Ludvika & Los Angeles: Ristesson Ent. Retrieved 2014-02-26. ISBN 91-630-5030-7. [58] “The World Heritage”. Royal Court of Sweden. Retrieved • 2014-02-26. Åse, Cecilia (2009). Monarkins makt. Nationell gemenskap i svensk demokrati (in Swedish). Stock- [59] “Buildings in Haga Park”. Royal Court of Sweden. Re- holm: Ordfront. ISBN 978-91-7037-416-6. trieved 2014-02-26.

[60] “Regeringen återlämnar Haga slott” (in Swedish). Government of Sweden. Retrieved 2014-11-13. 8 External links

[61] “Haga Palace”. Royal Court of Sweden. Retrieved 2014- • 11-13. The Royal Court of Sweden - official website • [62] “Möt Kungafamiljen” (in Swedish). Royal Court of Swe- Kungahuset on YouTube - official video channel on den. Retrieved 2014-11-23. YouTube

[63] “The Act of Succession”. The Riksdag. Retrieved 2014- • Kungahuset on Vimeo - official video channel on 10-24. Vimeo

[64] Nergelius: pp. 42-44. • Skattkammaren - the Royal Treasury [65] See Act of Succession, Article 1. • - the Royal Armoury (Swedish museum of royal history) English translations of Swedish fundamental laws and the Riksdag Act

• The Instrument of Government (PDF). Stockholm: The Riksdag. 2012. • The Act of Succession (PDF). Stockholm: The Riksdag. 2012. • The Riksdag Act (PDF). Stockholm: The Riksdag. 2014.

Bibliography

• Larsson, Torbjörn; Bäck, Henry (2008). Governing and Governance in Sweden. Lund: Studentlitteratur AB. ISBN 978-91-44-03682-3. • Levinovitz, Agneta Wallin (2001). Nils Ringertz, ed. The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years. Imperial College Press and World Scientific Publishing. ISBN 981-02-4664-1. • Lewin, Leif (1988). Ideology and Strategy: A Cen- tury of Swedish Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521343305. 14 9 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

9 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

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• Monarchy of Sweden Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden?oldid=676000844 Contributors: Manning Bartlett, Mic, Dod1, John K, Ruhrjung, Wik, Eliashedberg, Jao, Wiglaf, HangingCurve, Orpheus, Everyking, Gugganij, Gadfium, Quadell, Domino theory, Djonn~enwiki, Lacrimosus, Buffyg, Mad Greg, Summer Song, Bill Thayer, Pedro Aguiar, Wtmitchell, TaintedMustard, Siafu, Woohookitty, Pol098, RicJac, Jebur~enwiki, Wachholder0, Rjwilmsi, CalJW, JDM1991, RexNL, Gaius Cornelius, Gadget850, FF2010, Silverhorse, Barryob, SmackBot, Slarre, Cubs Fan, Rrius, Flamarande, Srnec, Peter Isotalo, Pzavon, Hmains, Bluebot, GoodDay, Savidan, HADRIANVS, A. Parrot, Odengatan, Kencf0618, ES Vic, DangerousPanda, CmdrObot, Oden, Gogo Dodo, PKT, 0lorenzo0, Ludde23, Nick Number, Mkallgren, Mackan79, Camptown, Catgut, Animum, Berig, MartinBot, STBot, Rettetast, R'n'B, CommonsDelinker, Ssol- bergj, DrKiernan, Davidm617617, Limetolime, Bonadea, Signalhead, G2bambino, FrinkMan, Gotipe, Retireduser1111, Joshejuansueco, Danog-76, ClueBot, Dashenti, Versus22, Kreb, Surtsicna, Nayiuotreekutf, Addbot, Download, Favonian, TaBOT-zerem, Dennislarsson93, AnomieBOT, Wiz113, Jim1138, Galoubet, 9258fahsflkh917fas, LilHelpa, Xqbot, DSisyphBot, Koyos, Miesianiacal, SD5, FrescoBot, Carlstaffanholmer, James7709, Σ, VenomousConcept, SergeWoodzing, Yunshui, Fry1989, Mackay 86, EmausBot, Chelos, GoingBatty, Elzo 90, Lungboy87, Sundostund, Bollyjeff, Wieralee, PinkPhantom, Donner60, Petrb, ClueBot NG, Zkia, Frietjes, Widr, Tudosobreatv, Tholme, TheSwedishBeast, BG19bot, Keivan.f, Titanic1000, Klilidiplomus, Justincheng12345-bot, Hipposcrashed, ChrisGualtieri, Arcan- dam, Qexigator, Cmills924, Hmainsbot1, Mogism, TrulyVIKING, Icensnow42, Johnsully107, The Last Arietta, TompaDompa, Pakeha and Anonymous: 83

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• File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg License: Cc-by- sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Charles_XI_of_Sweden.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/Charles_XI_of_Sweden.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: www..se Original artist: Attributed to David Klöcker Ehrenstrahl • File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Sweden.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Greater_coat_of_arms_ of_Sweden.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This vector image includes elements that have been taken or adapted from this: Coat of Arms of Juliana of the <a href="/tags/Netherlands/" rel="tag">Netherlands</a>.svg Coat of Arms of Juliana of the Netherlands.svg (by Sodacan). Original artist: Ssolbergj

• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Drottningholm_castle_viewed_from_east_2005-08-14.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/ Drottningholm_castle_viewed_from_east_2005-08-14.jpg License: CC BY-SA 2.0 Contributors: Own work (Photo taken by me) Original artist: Tage Olsin • File:Flag_of_Sweden.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ? • File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Sweden_(without_ermine_mantling).svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/ 5/55/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Sweden_%28without_ermine_mantling%29.svg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: This file was derived from: Greater coat of arms of Sweden.svg: Greater coat of arms of Sweden.svg Original artist:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg: Ssolbergj • File:Gustav_Vasa.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/Gustav_Vasa.jpg License: Public domain Con- tributors: Unknown Original artist: Jakob Binck • File:Gustavus_Adolphus_at_the_Battle_at_Breitenfeld.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c2/ Gustavus_Adolphus_at_the_Battle_at_Breitenfeld.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Uploaded by: sv:User:Den fjättrade ankan Original artist: Unknown • File:Haga_slott_2008b.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Haga_slott_2008b.jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Holger.Ellgaard • File:Karl_XIV_Johan,_king_of_Sweden_and_Norway,_painted_by_Fredric_Westin.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/ wikipedia/commons/1/19/Karl_XIV_Johan%2C_king_of_Sweden_and_Norway%2C_painted_by_Fredric_Westin.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Skoklosters slott Original artist: Fredric Westin • File:King_Carl_XVI_Gustaf_at_National_Day_2009_Cropped.png Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/ King_Carl_XVI_Gustaf_at_National_Day_2009_Cropped.png License: CC BY 3.0 Contributors: Original artist:King Carl XVI Gustaf at National Day 2009.jpg: Bengt Nyman • File:Konungr.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b9/Konungr.jpg License: CC BY 2.5 Contributors: Own work Original artist: Berig 9.3 Content license 15

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