Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Glossary Acronyms and Abbreviations—

AFNAVSAT — Air Force Navigation Satellite FLTSATCOM — Fleet Satellite Communication AM — amplitude modulation System (Naval) ARFA — Allied Radio Frequency FM — frequency modulation Agency (NATO) FMAC — Frequency Management AWACS — Airborne Warning and Advisory Committee to the Control System National Telecommunications BSS — broadcasting-satellite service and Information C-E — communications-electronics Administration (DOD parlance) FSS — fixed satellite service CCIR — International Radio FX — Consultative Committee of GHz — gigahertz (1 billion cycles per the International second) Telecommunication Union GPS — global positioning satellite CCIs — reference to both the CCIR (sometimes NAVSTAR/GPS) and CCITT (DOD) CCITT — International Telegraph and HF — high frequency (3 to 30 MHZ) Telephone Consultative Hz — hertz (one cycle per second) Committee of the IBI — International Bureau of International Informatics Telecommunication Union ICA — International CITEL — Inter-American Communications Agency Telecommunication ICAO — International Civil Conference of the Aeronautical Organization Organization of American IFL — International Frequency List States IFRB — International Frequency COMSAT — Communications Satellite Registration Board Corp. IMCO — Intergovernmental Maritime COPUOS — The United Nations Consultive Organization Committee on the Peaceful INMARSAT — International Maritime Uses of Outer Space Satellite Organization C 3 I — command, control, INTELSAT — International communications, and Telecommunications Satellite intelligence (DOD parlance) System DNS — The Department of Defense IRAC — Interdepartment Satellite system Advisory Committee DOD — Department of Defense ITU — International DSCS — Defense Satellite Telecommunication Union Communication System kHz — kilohertz (1000 cycles per ECAC — Electromagnetic second) Compatibility Analysis LF — low frequency (30 to 300 kHz) Center (DOD), Annapolis, Md. LR — service (fixed) EHF — extremely high frequency (30 MF — medium frequency (300 to to 300 GHz) 3000 kHz) EIRP — effective isotropically radiated MHz — megahertz (1 million cycles power (measured in watts) per second) EMC — electromagnetic compatibility MO — FAS — Frequency Assignment MR — radiolocation service (mobile) Subcommittee of the NASA — National Aeronautics and Interdepartment Radio Space Administration Advisory Committee NATO — North Atlantic Treaty FCC — Federal Communications Organization Commission NTIA — National Telecommunications

147 ——.

148 . Radio frequency Use and Management Impacts From the World Administrative Radio Conference of 1979

and Information UNESCO – United Nations Educational, Administration Scientific, and Cultural RARC — Regional Administrative Organization Radio Conference UPU – Universal Postal Union RL — radionavigation service (fixed) VHF — very high frequency (30 to RO — radionavigation service 300 MHz) (mobile) VLF — very low frequency (3 to 30 SHF — super high frequency (3 to 30 kHz) GHz) WARC – World Administrative Radio UHF — ultrahigh frequency (300 to Conference 3000 MHz) WIPO – World Intellectual Property U.N. — United Nations Organization UNDP — United Nations Development Program . Glossary

A priori planning—procedure by which frequen- Assigned frequency–the center of the frequency cies and orbital locations are allotted to indi- band assigned to a station. vidual countries according to a plan negoti- Assigned frequency band–the frequency band ated by member-nations and implemented by within which the emission of a station is au- ITU, thorized; the width of the band equals the nec- Aeronautical mobile service-a mobile service be- essary bandwidth plus twice the absolute val- tween aeronautical stations and aircraft sta- ue of the frequency tolerance. Where space tions, or between aircraft stations, in which stations are concerned, the assigned fre- survival craft stations may participate; emer- quency band includes twice the maximum gency position-indicating radiobeacon sta- Doppler shift that may occur in relation to tions may also participate in this service on any point of the Earth’s surface. designated distress and emergency frequen- Assignment (of a radiofrequency or radiofre- cies. quency channel) —authorization given by an Aeronautical mobile-satellite service-a mobile- administration for a radio station to use a satellite service in which mobile Earth sta- radiofrequency or radiofrequency channel tions are located onboard aircraft; survival under specified conditions. craft stations and emergency position-indi- Band–in radio, frequencies that are within two cating radiobeacon stations may also par- definite limits and are allocated for a definite ticipate in this service. purpose or service, e.g., the standard AM Aeronautical radionavigation-satellite service-a broadcast band. radionavigation-satellite service in which Broadcasting-satellite service–a radio-communi- Earth stations are located onboard aircraft. cation service in which signals transmitted or Aeronautical radioavigation service—a radionav- retransmitted by space stations are intended igation service intended for the benefit and for direct reception by the general public. for the safe operation of aircraft. Broadcasting service–a radio-communication Allocation (of frequency band) –entry in the table service in which the transmissions are in- of frequency allocations of a given frequency tended for direct reception by the general band for the purpose of its use by one or more public. This service may include sound trans- terrestrial or space radiocommunication serv- missions, television transmissions, or other ices or the radio astronomy service under types of transmission. specified conditions. This term shall also be CCIR–International Radio Consultative Com- applied to the frequency band concerned. mittee, a permanent organ of ITU where Allotment (of a radio frequency or radio fre- member-nations and recognized private oper- quency channel) —entry of a designated fre- ating agents formulate recommendations quency channel in an agreed plan, adopted by concerning technical and operational radio a competent conference, for use by one or matters. more administrations for a terrestrial or CCITT–International Telegraph and Telephone space radiocommunciation service in one or Consultative Committee, a permanent organ more identified countries or geographical of ITU where member-nations and recognized areas and under specified conditions. private operating agents formulate recom- Amateur service-a radiocommunication service mendations concerning technical, opera- for the purpose of self-training, intercom- tional, and tariff aspects of telecommunica- munication, and technical investigations car- tion. ried out by amateurs, i.e., by duly authorized CCIR SPM–special preparatory meeting of persons interested in radio technique solely CCIR convened in 1978 by the Secretary Gen- with a personal aim and without pecuniary in- eral of ITU to provide technical support to terest. WARC-79. Analog transmission—a technique that trans- dBW–a measure of power, decibels referened to mits the signal in a continuous electrical 1 watt, waveform. The information context of the sig- Digital transmission— a technique that transits nal is conveyed by the value or magnitude of the signal in the form of one of a diswe some characteristics of the signal such as the number of codes. The information content amplitude, phase, or frequency of a voltage. the signal is concerned with discrete state

84-591 f) - 82 - 11 150 “ Radiofrequency Use and Management Impacts From the World Administrative Radio Conference of 1979

the signal, such as the presence or absence of for frequencies, in the usable portion of the a voltage, a contact in the open or closed posi- radio spectrum, to radio-communication serv- tion, or a hole or no hole in certain positions ices. on a card. Frequency allocation table (national)–a table in Earth exploration-satellite service–a radio-com- the FCC Rules and Regulations allocating munication service between Earth stations bands of frequencies, in the usable portion of and one or more space stations, which may in- the radio spectrum, to radio-communication clude links between space stations, in which: services. 1) information relating to the characteristics Geostationary satellite–a geosynchronous satel- of the Earth and its natural phenomena is ob- lite whose circular and direct orbit lies in the tained from active sensors or passive sensors plane of the Earth’s Equator and which thus on Earth satellites; 2) similar information is remains fixed relative to the Earth; by exten- collected from airborne or Earth-based plat- sion, a satellite that remains approximately forms; 3) such information maybe distributed fixed relative to the Earth. to Earth stations within the system con- Geostationary satellite orbit–the oribit in which cerned; and 4) platform interrogation may be a satellite must be placed to be a geostation- included. This service may also include feeder ary satellite. links necessary for its operation. Geosynchronous satellite–an Earth satellite Emission–radiation produced, or the production whose period of revolution is equal to the of radiation, by a radio transmitting station. period of rotation of the Earth about its axis. Evolutionary planning approach–procedure by Harmful interference–interference that en- which frequency assignments and orbital lo- dangers the functioning of a radionavigation cations are notified by member-nations and service or of other safety services or seriously recorded by ITU on a more or less first-come, degrades, obstructs, or repeatedly interrupts first-served basis without any rigid a priori a radio-communication service operating in plan. accordance with these regulations. Facsimile–a form of telegraphy for the transmis- HF broadcasting—high frequency, or shortwave sion of fixed images, with or without half- broadcasting, used primarily for government- tones, with a view to their reproduction in a sponsored information services (e.g., Radio permanent form. Moscow, Voice of America), and for domestic Feeder link-a radio link from an Earth station at broadcasting in many developing countries. a specified fixed point to a space station, or IFRB–International Frequency Registration vice versa, conveying information for a space Board, a permanent organ of ITU with five radio-communication service other than for officials elected by the plenipotentiary confer- the fixed-satellite service. ence, examines notifications of frequency as- Fixed-satellite service-a radio-communication signments from member-nations for conform- service between Earth stations at specified ity with the radio regulations. fixed points when one or more satellites are INTELSAT– International Telecommunication used; in some cases this service includes sat- Satellite Organization with 106 member- ellite-to-satellite links, which may also be ef- nations that own and operate the satellites in fected in the intersatellite service; the fixed- the Global Communication Satellite System. satellite service may also include feeder links Interference–the effect of unwanted energy due for other space radio-communication services. to one or a combination of emissions, radia- Fixed service–a radio-communication service be- tions, or inductions upon reception in a radio- tween specified fixed points. communication system, manifested by any Footnote– in the international table of frequency performance degration, misinterpretation, or allocations a “footnote” conveys special loss of information that could be extracted in information and often is a means by which an the absence of such unwanted energy. ITU member-nation may claim frequency International frequency list-a listing of all the band usage for a service that is in addition to frequencies in use in the world, as notified by or alternative to the service stated in the administrations to the International Tele- cable of allocations. communication Union. Frequency allocation table (international)–a IRAC–Interdepartment Radio Advisory Com- table in the radio regulations allocating bands mittee; a body of 20 Federal agencies and de- Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Glossary ● 151

partments that assists NTIA in the develop- mobile Earth stations by means of one or ment of the National Table of Frequency Al- more space stations. locations, the assignment of frequencies to Mobile service—a radio-communication service stations operated by the Federal Government between mobile and land stations, or between and other spectrum management functions. mobile stations. IRAC Ad Hoc 144–the ad hoc group established Orbit–the path, relative to a specified frame of within IRAC to develop recommended U.S. reference, described by the center of mass of a proposals for WARC-79 pertaining to the satellite or other object in space subjected Federal Government use of the spectrum and primarily to natural forces, mainly the force to comment on U.S. position papers. of gravity. ITU—International Telecommunication Union; Permissible interference–interference at a higher the U.N. related organization with responsi- level than that defined as permissible inter- bilities in the field of international telecom- ference and which has been agreed upon be- munications including spectrum manage- tween two or more administrations without ment; present membership of 155 nations. prejudice to other administrations. ITU Convention–the governing instrument of Permitted service-a class of allocation. Per- ITU that sets forth the structure and activi- mitted and primary services have equal ties of the Union; only the plenipotentiary rights, except that in the preparations fre- conference of ITU can amend or revise the quency plans, the primary service should Convention; it last met in Malaga-Tor- have prior choice of frequencies (printed in remolinos in 1973. “grotesque light” type in the ITU table of Land mobile-satellite service-a mobile-satellite allocations. ) service in which mobile Earth stations are lo- Plenipotentiary conference–the supreme body of cated on land. ITU that has the power to amend or revise —a mobile service between the ITU convention. base stations and land mobile stations, or be- Power flux density—a measure of the power tween land mobile stations. radiated by a transmitter, used as a con- Maritime mobile-satellite service–a mobile- straint on certain services to protect other satellite service in which mobile Earth sta- services in a shared band. tions are located onboard ships; survival craft Primary service–a class of allocation. Stations in stations and emergency position-indicating a primary service may not cause harmful in- radiobeacon stations may also participate in terference to stations in the same, or another this service. primary service, and can claim protection -a mobile service be- from interference from stations in primary, tween coast stations and ship stations, or be- permitted, and secondary services. Printed in tween ship stations, or between associated solid capitals in the ITU table of allocations. onboard communication stations; survival Private operating agency–any individual or com- craft stations and emergency position-indi- pany or corporation, other than a governmen- cating radiobeacon stations may also partici- tal establishment or agency, which operates a pate in this service. telecommunication installation intended for Maritime radio-navigation-satellite service—a an international communications service or radio-navigation-satellite service in which capable of causing harmful interference with Earth stations are located onboard ships. such a service. Maritime radionavigation service-a radionav- Radar-a radiodetermination system based on igation service intended for the benefit and the comparison of reference signals with radio for the safe operation of ships. signals reflected, or retransmitted, from the Meteorological aids service—a radio-communica- position to be determined. tion service used for meteorological, includ- Radiation–the outward flow of energy from any ing hydrological, observations and explora- source in the form of radio waves. tion. Radio–a general term applied to the use of radio Mobile-satellite service—a radio-communication waves. service: 1 ) between mobile Earth stations and Radio astronomy service–a service involving the one or more space stations, or between space use of radio astronomy. stations used by this service; or 2) between Radio Regulations, Geneva, 1979–the Final Acts —

152 . Radio frequency Use and Management Impacts From the World Administrative Radio Conference of 1979

of WARC-79 will constitute the Radio Regu- the U. S. S. R., Turkey, the Territory of the lations, Geneva, 1979 and enter into force on Mongolian People’s Republic, and areas to January 1, 1982, for those countries that have the north of the U. S. S. R.; region 2–North, formally adopted the Final Acts. Central, and South Americas, the Caribbean, Radio waves or hertzian waves–electromagnetic and Greenland; and region 3—Asia, Oceania, waves of frequencies arbitrarily lower than Australia, and New Zealand. 3000 GHz, propagated in space without arti- —a radio-communication service ficial guide. used permanently or temporarily for the safe- Radio communication–telecommunication by guarding of human life and property. means of radio waves. Satellite-a body that revolves around another Radiocommunication service-a service involv- body of preponderant mass and that has a ing the transmission, emission, and/or recep- motion primarily and permanently deter- tion of radio waves for specific telecommuni- mined by the force of attraction of that other cation purposes. body. Radiodetermination–the determination of the Satellite link-a radio link between a transmit- position, velocity, and/or other characteris- ting Earth station and a receiving Earth sta- tics of an object, or the obtaining of informa- tion through one satellite. tion relating to these parameters, by means of Satellite system—a space system using one or the propagation properties of radio waves. more artificial Earth satellites. Radiodetermination-satellite service–a radio- Secondary service—a class of allocation. Stations communication service for the purpose of ra- on a secondary service may not cause interfer- diodetermination involving the use of one or ence to stations in a primary or secondary more space stations. service, and may not claim protection against Radiodetermination service–a radio-communica- interference from stations in a primary serv- tion service for the purpose of radiodeter- ice existing or subsequently installed. Printed mination. in upper and lower case in the ITU table of al- Radiolocation—radiodetermination used for pur- locations. poses other than those of radionavigation. Services—a functional use of the radio spectrum Radiolocation service—a radiodetermination where designated frequency bands are allo- service for the purpose of radiolocation. cated for particular uses, e.g., broadcasting Radionavigation-radiodetermination used for service, radiolocation service. the purposes of navigation, including ob- Space-radio communication—any radio communi- struction warning. cation involving the use of one or more space Radionavigation-satellite service–a radio-deter- stations or the use of one or more reflecting mination-satellite service used for the pur- satellites or other objects in space. pose of radionavigation. —a radio-communication Radionavigation service—a radiodetermination service in which spacecraft or other objects in service for the purpose or radionavigation. space are used for scientific or technological Recognized private operating agency–any pri- research purposes. vate operating agency, as defined above, Space system–any group of cooperating Earth which operates a public correspondence or stations and/or space stations employing broadcasting service and upon which the obli- space-radio communication for specific pur- gations provided for in article 44 of the con- poses, vention are imposed by the member in whose Telecommunications—any transmission, emis- territory the head office of the agency is sit- sion, or reception of signs, signals, writing, uated, or by the member that has authorized images, and sounds or intelligence of any na- this operating agency to establish and oper- ture by wire, radio, optical, or other electro- ate a telecommunication service on its ter- magnetic systems. ritory. Telegram—written matter intended to be trans- Regions of ITU–for the allocation of frequencies, mitted by telegraphy for delivery to the ad- the world has been divided into three regions dressee. This term also includes radiotele- by ITU. Exact boundaries of the regions are grams unless otherwise specified. given in the radio regulations; a general de- Telegraphy–a form of telecommunication that is scription follows: region I—Europe, Africa, concerned in any process providing transmis- Acronyms, Abbreviations, and Glossary ● 153

sion and reproduction at a distance of docu- transmission of transient images of fixed or mentary matter, such as written or printed moving objects. matter or fixed images, or the reproduction at Terrestrial radio communication—any radio com- a distance of any kind of information in such munication other than space-radio communi- a form. For the purposes of the radio regula- cation or radio astronomy. tions, unless otherwise specified therein, tele- WARC-77—a specialized World Administrative graphy shall mean a form of telecommunica- Radio Conference that met in Geneva in the tion for the transmission of written matter by winter of 1977 to plan for the broadcasting- the use of a signal code. satellite service in the band 11.7 to 12.5 GHz. Telephony–a form of telecommunication set up WARC-79–a General World Administrative for the transmission of speech or, in some Radio Conference that met in Geneva in the cases, other sounds. fall of 1979 to revise the international radio Television—a form of telecommunication for the regulations of ITU.