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Computer Citation: Assistance: . MP Sur Management Chauhan, esh Deshmukh, ForestDepartmentDocument JS Practices, & Rakesh Kanha Kanha Shukla T iger Reserve T iger (2016). Reserve, Innovations (Second Edition). Madhya and Pradesh, Best

Innovations and Best Management Practices Kanha T iger Reserve,MadhyaPradesh,India Kanha Reserve Innovations and Best Management Practices

Recognition for Kanha

1977-78: Indian Board for Wildlife, Chairman's Challenge Trophy for the Best Managed National Park/ Sanctuary Innovations and 1999-2000: National Tourism Award “Best Maintained Tourism Friendly National Park/ Best Management Practices Wildlife Sanctuary 2006: First among nine “very good” tiger reserves of the country in the “Management Effectiveness Evaluation of Tiger Reserves in India” 2011: State TourismAward “Tourist Friendly National Park Director” 2012: National Tiger Conservation Authority Award for Excellence “Habitat Management” for 2010-11 2014: India-UNDPBiodiversity ConservationAward 2015: TripAdvisor Certificate of ExcellenceAward Winner

Kanha Tiger Reserve, Madhya Pradesh, India

22 Innovations and Best Management Practices Contents

water bodies in the area. This water conservation awareness programme involving sharing of local knowledge and expertise, with locally available material, will go a long way in the buffer zone. This initiative is very satisfying and will inspire more such endeavors in public participation. Habitat Management Special Conservation Inputs for Village Relocation from the Core Improvement of Reclaimed Village Sites Corridor Connectivity Planning Reintroduction of Translocation of Translocation of Hard Ground Barasingha Translocation School for Rewilding Tiger Cubs Translocation of Skill Development Training In Hospitality In Security In Masonry and Electrical Maintenance Home-Stay Scheme through Community Kanha Workers Society Health Insurance Scheme for the Staff We never know the worth of water till the well is dry Health Care of Staff & Villagers Bamhni Nature Walk Facilitating Education for Staff Kids Phen Wildlife Sanctuary Creation of Kanha Development Fund (Kanha Vikas Nidhi) Water Regime Improvement Recognition for Kanha

21 Innovations and Best Management Practices Innovations and Best Management Practices

Kanha Tiger Reserve Creation of Kanha Development Fund (Kanha Vikas Nidhi) Amongst the first nine tiger reserves launched The fund, known as the “Kanha Vikas Nidhi”, is used for the development of tourism infrastructure in the during 1973-74 in India, the Kanha tiger reserve tiger reserve. Besides, every year a certain percentage of this fund is also used for the development of forms part of an eco-region once renowned villages in the tiger reserve. The main beneficiaries, in order of preference, are those forest internationally for its rich floral and faunal villages which have been relocated outside the tiger reserve. After these forest villages come other forest attributes. Nestled essentially on the northern villages of the national park and buffer zone followed by select revenue villages. This fund is used for the slopes of the of the Satpuras in central development of these villages, which include a host of rural upliftment activities. Besides, needy Indian highlands, and falling administratively in villagers are also given soft-loans from this fund to set up their own small businesses. The Kanha the and districts of Madhya management has deposited, as credibility fund, Rs. 5,56,64,400.00 with ecodevelopment committees. Pradesh, the present tiger reserve and its surrounds were proud witnesses to an amazing era of conservation history. The Kanha landscape of sal Water Regime Improvement () and mixed woodland interspersed with grassy expanses chronicles a glorious history The Kanha management involved of wildlife conservation, and is potentially rich in ecodevelopment committees to natural heritage. Besides a viable population of ensure water conservation for tigers and the only world population of the hard communities and wildlife in the buffer ground barasingha, a wide spectrum of and zone, and to spread awareness about animal species considerably add to the significance this initiative. The highlight of this of this landscape. The tiger reserve consists of a crucial initiative was voluntary labour core (Critical Tiger Habitat) of 917.43 sq. km. and a (shram dan) and resources from local buffer zone (Multiple Use Area) of 1134 sq. km., community, with, of course, support and is being managed under a core-buffer strategy. from the Kanha management. Presently, there is no village inside the core, and 161 villages in the buffer. So far, we have created around 55 such conservation structures, and done extensive work for creating water awareness and maintenance of

Before After

20 1 Innovations and Best Management Practices Innovations and Best Management Practices

Habitat Management Phen Wildlife Sanctuary The 110.740 sq. km. wildlife sanctuary Regular improvement/ restoration of under the unified control of the tiger wildlife habitats in the Kanha national reserve management commands park is a very important conservation immense ecological importance as far as practice. Different wildlife habitats in the philosophy of corridor connectivity the protected area sustain thousands is concerned. Over the recent years, the of wild ungulates, which in turn protection of this protected area has been support species of carnivores, strengthened considerably, with an including several endangered species. effective network of patrolling camps, Past history of forest management, forest roads, and intensive patrols by the anthropogenity of grasslands, total frontline staff and ex-army personnel. rainfall and its pattern, ecological Eight illegal but permanent cattle camps succession and natural intricacies were amicably evicted in 1996 and later have a strong bearing on the vegetal in 2014, the only forest village Sajalagan status of these wildlife habitats. The has also been relocated outside to stated objectives of conservation and reclaim a large chunk of forest land, management of the national park which is being developed as an excellent include increasing population growth grassland for herbivore in general and of the endangered hard ground the hard ground barasingha in particular. The Kanha management also plans to reintroduce the barasingha that depends exclusively barasingha into this wildlife sanctuary. The management is also augmenting the spotted on grasslands and to manage the over- population in the sanctuary to expedite all diversity of wildlife habitats, the recovery process. The construction including grasslands/ meadows, and of a small field training center with a ensuring equitable distribution of hostel is also underway to train the water for supporting a good prey base frontline staff in field-craft and to for carnivores, specially tigers. In this generate conservation awareness way, managerial interventions amongst students/ villagers. A detailed become all the more important to ecotourism plan for the wildlife reverse or stabilize degradation/ sanctuary has also been prepared, and regression of wildlife habitats. The regular tourism has also started to ease management practices incorporate tourist pressure off the core zone of annual and perennial weed Kanha tiger reserve. The Kanha eradication, brushwood/phoenix management eventually wishes to eradication, restocking of grassland and water development. The National Tiger Conservation include the entire Phen wildlife Authority, New , Govt. of India has recognized this management practice and awarded the tiger sanctuary into the Critical Tiger Habitat reserve the NTCAaward for excellence (Habitat Management) for 2010-11. of the Kanha tiger reserve.

2 19 Innovations and Best Management Practices Innovations and Best Management Practices Bamhni Nature Walk

To create a sense of ownership among the local communities and to provide livelihood opportunities, a nature walk was initiated along Special Conservation Inputs for Barasingha the bank of the Banjar river in the buffer zone in March, 2015. This The central Indian barasingha is a majestic endangered deer species whose population had steadily nature walk is fully managed by been declining since the 1930s. The population declined to an all time low of 66 animals in 1971. the Bamhni EDC and all the The resurrection of this cervid from 66 animals to now around 650 is regarded as an amazing tourist-fee earned through this conservation success. The conservation of this deer initiative goes into the EDC species requires a long-term strategy based on the account. Here boys from Bamhni past and present experiences and observations village work as porter-cum- recorded by the management. The following nature guide. This not only special initiatives are underway for the provides them with a source of conservation of endangered deer: income, their continuous presence also insures better Habitat improvement: protection in the area. Needless to Weed eradication add, this 5 km. long nature walk Eradication of woody species also ensures a tremendous Maintenance of tall grasses wilderness experience for Grass exclosures for relieving pressure tourists. Shallow water points Swamp/ marsh creation Facilitating Education for Staff Kids Wallows Daily monitoring This is a tremendous initiative to help the Kanha staff provide its children better academic Mortality survey opportunities through the Kanha Workers' Society with donation from the Adit Jain Foundation. The Surveillance of epidemics Foundation is striving to Translocation of barasingha to its facilitate and motivate the historical range school going children of the Special enclosure for multiplication Kanha staff. Every year the Translocation for reintroduction KWS distributes school bags, water bottle, lunch box to kids studying between 1st and 5th standards. Depending upon the p e r f o r m a n c e i n a n n u a l examinations, scholarships from Rs. 1000.00 to Rs. 6000.00 are also given to theses kids of 6th to 12th standards. For the collage-goers the KWS also operates a book bank from which book are issued to the needy students.

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Village Relocation from the Core Health Care of Staff & Villagers

As many as 35 forest villages have been relocated from the core area as per the guidelines issued by Considering the conditions/ eventualities for the Govt. of Madhya Pradesh and the NTCA, New Delhi, with due compensation package. During remotely located personnel in the protected the past four years seven forest villages have been relocated under option-1 of the National Tiger area, a forest dispensary has also been set up at Conservation Authority. Presently the core is completely free from biotic pressure. Village Mukki. The forest dispensary is modestly relocation has helped in reclaiming a substantial chunk of plain land for improvement as grassland equipped, with a fulltime physician to examine for ungulates. the staff and dispense medicines. The physician also tours the protected area and visit patrolling Improvement of Reclaimed Village Sites camps on fixed days for health check-ups. The tiger reserve has three ambulances, and if Special effort has been launched to convert these required, these vehicles carry the sick and abandoned village sites into quality grasslands. indisposed to hospitals at Mandla, Balaghat, Initial site restoration works such as land leveling or for specialized treatment. and disposal of non-biodegradable material etc. The physician also treats the villagers of the was taken up by the Kanha management to facilitate buffer zone free as and when required. Besides, rapid reintegration of these abandoned lands into in collaboration with several NGOs, the tiger the typical wildlife habitats of the core zone. These reserve also organizes health camps for the staff abandoned village sites are gradually getting as well as villagers of the buffer zone. At these morphed into excellent grasslands. The response of health camps, physicians examine all the wild ungulates is on the expected lines, and these registered patients and dispense them medicines areas are now being used. These additional free of cost. Serious patients are asked to visit grassland habitats are also very crucial for dispersal them again in district places for follow-ups and of the endangered hard ground barasingha whose survival solely depends on grasslands. sustained treatment. The ambulance services are also extended to the sick and indisposed villagers of the buffer zone.

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Kanha Workers Society Corridor Connectivity Planning One of its own kind, the Kanha Workers Sahkari Kanha tiger reserve is one of the most Sakh evam Kamgar important tiger habitats in for Samiti Maryadit, Kisli the long-term conservation of the “flagship” was formed under the species – tiger. It also harbours the last Society Act, 1960 for the world population of the highly endangered welfare of the Kanha central Indian swamp deer (Rucervus staff. Every serving duvaucelii branderi). The tiger reserve individual of the tiger encompasses diverse vegetation, and has reserve, including daily natural linkages with several other protected wagers, are the members areas in the region, viz. of this Society. The in Madhya Pradesh, Achankmar tiger members have to pay reserve in and Nawegaon- annual membership fees Nagzira tiger reserve in Maharastra. Though of the Society.As service the connectivity between Kanha tiger conditions, specially in reserve and these protected areas may be weak, there is ample scope for ensuring gene flow from the the core zone, are very Kanha core conservation unit by resorting to appropriate site-specific restorative management. Thus, difficult, and most are Kanha tiger reserve has considerable significance as a conservation nucleus. Besides, it affords non-family postings at scope for fostering eco-regional development to complement the conservation initiatives. The Kanha r e m o t e l y l o c a t e d management has prepared these corridor conservation plans which are under submission to the patrolling camps, the staff sometimes has to go 15–20 km. for weekly market to buy household goods. National Tiger ConservationAuthority, New Delhi. In this way, the Society provides the remotely placed wildlife personnel with the essentials of the household at concessional prices. The Society also gives almost interest free soft-loans to the frontline Reintroduction of Blackbucks staff and daily wagers on easy installments. Besides, scholarships for topper students have also been arranged. Moreover, the Society also caters to the needs of tourists at Khatia and Mukki entry points of One of the common antelopes, blackbucks (Antelope cervicapra) were once distributed on plateaus the core zone. It makes arrangements for breakfast, meals and basic daily needs on payment basis at to the east of the Banjar river passing through both the entry points. Through its sale counters, the Society also deals in mementos and other the Baihar tehsil, and in several valley reminiscences of the tiger reserve, which include: t-shirts, caps, key rings, winter jackets, scarves, silver villages in the Kanha landscape. Till a few jewelry, badges, stickers, cards, posters, the Kanha literature etc. Presently, the total asset with the years back, even the core zone also Society is Rs. 22004629.00 lakh as fixed deposits and loans to the staff. supported a small population of the antelope. The population, however, had declined Health Insurance Scheme for the Staff steadily since 1975, and the last animal was seen in 2004. The local extinction of the Kanha Workers' Society is carrying out several staff welfare activities, and health insurance for its from Kanha was regarded as a members is one of the most important measures. Under this scheme all members of the KWS are blow to , and the Kanha insured for Rs. 1.00 lakh medical claim benefits. This measure is a novel effort in the field of wildlife management decided to give it a try and conservation in India as most of field staff is very low-salaried and working in adverse field conditions. reintroduce some animals into extensive So whenever any one falls sick, treatment and medicine become a big burden on his pocket. After the areas of short grass with low density of shrub implementation of this health insurance scheme, the treatment of staff upto the cost of Rs. 1.00 lakh is and woody species, which would serve as borne by the insurance company.

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good rehabilitation sites for the blackbuck in the core. Some of these sites are: Matigahan, Yusufdadar, Home-Stay Scheme through Community Silpura, Mundidadar, Deoridadar,Adwardadar and Dulhadadar. The protected area is also regarded as one of the finest tourism destinations in the country, and receives an The Kanha management planned the entire capture operation with a retired forest officer, credited with average of around 1,30,000 visitors every tourism year. While Kanha offers a wide range of tourism successful translocations of about 7000 blackbucks inAndhra Pradesh. The select field staff of the tiger attractions, many visitors also want to reserve was also trained for the entire operation of capture and translocation. Special wooden crates stay with local communities in natural were made to safely shut individual animals for transportation. In November 2011, the entire operation surroundings. Such visitors interact with was carried out in agricultural fields close to Seoni town. villagers and are interested in knowing about their customs and culture. Instead of releasing the blackbucks Considering the potential of such straight into the wild, they were kept in an tourism activity for the benefit of the enclosure at Kanha. The idea was to keep local community in the buffer zone, the them under observation/ monitoring for Kanha management has also helped any health eventuality and also to let them locals to set up a home-stay facility. The get acclimatized to the new environs. In management has acquired financial this case the basic objective of this support from the State Rural Livelihood translocation exercise was to build up a Mission, Mandla and started a two-room population in Kanha and not just to home-stay facility at Sarhi village of the translocate the crop raiding animals. To Sijhora forest range of the buffer zone achieve this objective, the released division. This ecotourism activity is animals needed to be monitored on daily being conducted under the Damini basis and this was possible only in an Livelihood Women's Self-Help Group. enclosure. The in-situ enclosure was This women self-help group is being benefited directly by this scheme under the technical supervision of specially erected and developed for the the Kanha management. Currently, the project is very successful and the Kanha management hopes that multiplication of barasingha. The release site was also prepared for the blackbucks well before the more such voluntary groups will be encouraged in other villages to come forward for such joint ventures. actual release. In the past also, this enclosure had already supported a small population of blackbuck for The idea was to boost the confidence of locals that they can also do it and become an important some years. The area of the enclosure is around 50 ha. and it harbours typical grassland habitats of the stakeholder in tourism. core with a range of grass species. Most of the enclosure area supports short to medium height grass species. Some animals, however, also died due to capture myopathy. The population is now thriving and will be released into the wild shortly.

Translocation of Gaur

The Bandhavgarh tiger reserve is one of the most beautiful protected areas in the state, and harbours lush of sal, and miscellaneous species. Till around 15 years back, the protected area also supported a small population of the Indian gaur (Bos gaurus gaurus), regarded as the largest species of wild cattle. This small population rose to 38 animals in 1990 and later a steady decline was recorded coming down to 30 animals in 1995. And after this, no herd was seen either in the national park or in the surrounding areas. The local extinction of this species was a blow to conservation and caused serious concerns.

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Education Foundation to select such youths and train them all in a number of batches for the next three It had already been decided that in future the gaur population in the protected area would be restocked. years for developing hospitality skills. This training is being imparted at the Khatia hospitality centre. In South Africa, the translocation of large mammals is very common, and such undertakings need The district administration has also supported this project financially. After the completion of this multi-disciplinary involvement.Accordingly, many experts of different disciplines in India and South training, these youths are expected to get good opportunities for employment. The Kanha management Africa were contacted. Ideas and modalities were discussed, mutually agreed terms and conditions of is also making efforts to start training for the jobs of mechanic, electrician, and mason etc. for these actual field operations finalized, and all concerned were encouraged to discuss the same among boys and girls. It is also looking for support from other resource-institutions for such trainings. So far, themselves for preparations. Nothing was left to chance. 165 youths (boys and girls) have been trained in hospitality skills and all have been employed in star hotels at various locations in the country. This effort will continue and the next batch of about 40 youths will undergo training at Khatia training center.

In Security: The management has also collaborated with a renowned private security agency of New Delhi to train young men of surrounding villages for employment. This agency is also a service provider to several sectors, including big industrial houses. Kanha management has provided the basic infrastructure/ facilities for the one-month security training at Khatia. These young men are currently under training imparted by retired army officers. As soon as the training is over, all these trainees will be employed as security guards at different places through this agency.

In Masonry and Electrical Maintenance: Considering the demand for employment of skilled personnel in these sectors, the Kanha management has also taken initiative to have select youths trained as mason and electrician. Through PRATHAM, an NGO, the first batch of these youths has finished its module and now working at various construction sites in , Madhya Pradesh and Chhatisgarh. These actual field operations involved a wide range of preparations, including finalizing a detailed The second batch of 14 youths is undergoing a training course in masonry at Kurud (district Dhamtari) protocol, procurement of all sorts of veterinary drugs and equipment, the making of specially in Chhatisgarh. designed large recovery and transportation vehicles and holding boma (large steel cages used in South Africa) and training of field personnel for discharging assigned duties and ensuring mutual understanding/ coordination etc.As the tiger reserve had a sizeable population of the Indian gaur, and the management had modest exposure to such teamwork in the past, it was naturally the first choice for these operations. Eventually, in January, 2011 and March, 2012, field operations were carried out to capture, restrain, load and translocate a total of 51 gaur to the Bandhavgarh tiger reserve. This was remarkable reintroduction undertaking and received profuse accolades from all quarters. These animals are currently doing well.

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Translocation of Hard Ground Barasingha Skill Development Training

Amid national and international There is a vast number of villages in the tiger applause, the successful reserve. The majority of villagers belongs to the conservation of the hard ground Gond and Baiga tribes. The Baiga, specially, barasingha had slowly but are regarded as one of the most primitive tribes steadily increased its population in the country. Though strongly built, in Kanha. It was, however, also hardworking, and courageous, these tribals are keenly discussed that this small basically simple, gentle, reserved and mostly population was still faced with keep to themselves. These populations have several threats, including local also contributed to the success of the Kanha extinction due to some tiger reserve as one of the finest protected area epidemic. Besides, more in the country. populations at geographically different places were always Though these people are coming to terms with considered better and safer than gradual departure from their hunter-and-gatherer lifestyle, a lack of higher education facilities and one population restricted to only opportunities for vocational trainings have hindered their way to a better life. While most villages one place. Reintroducing some have middle schools, there are only a few villages with higher secondary schools. Boys and girls of barasingha into some other this region try their best to avail of the existing education facilities and finish their respective protected areas to enhance their certificate courses only to be hampered by their economic status to continue their education at tehsil or biodiversity status was another consideration. In the backdrop of these opinions and considerations, it district places. Expanding families with limited marginal agricultural scope also present other was decided that a few barasingha should first be introduced into the by non- dimensions of economic constraints. Once out of school, such youths have to face unemployment, and resource crunch of his family, and a very depressing and miserable future. After some time, these limitations trend to cause sheer frustration and hopelessness and manifest in many types of waywardness, including drunkenness and propensity for easy money, which is very harmful to society in general and the family in particular. These disoriented and unemployed youths are vulnerable to insurgent ideologies, or they involve themselves in illegal activities. The reserve management, therefore, deliberated over this problem and also roped in several hoteliers and NGOs to start skill development training for such eligible youths.

In Hospitality: The Kanha management has made a novel effort to help select youths from within the tiger reserve procure employment opportunities commensurate with their education/ skill. The management has entered into a tripartite agreement with the Indian Hotel Company Ltd. and the PRATHAM

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Translocation of Tigers invasive capture without using drugs/ chemicals, and The Kanha management has successfully undertaken the following translocations to different protected after refining and improving areas: upon the entire operation, s o m e a n i m a l s b e reintroduced into the Satpuda tiger reserve. This tiger reserve had, till several d e c a d e s b a c k , a l s o supported a small population of this sub-species, and still had good habitat. There was, however, some anxiety about the success of this venture due to past failures of reintroduction resulting in several mortalities of these animals. It was already an 15 May, 2008 : Tiger to the Van Vihar national park, endemic and Schedule I animal, and its being the state animal of Madhya Pradesh only added to the 09 March, 2009 : Tigress to the Panna tiger reserve by helicopter unease and concern. 26 March, 2011 : Tigress to the Panna tiger reserve When the majority of decision makers was agreed to take this calculated risk, a comprehensive 12 November, 2011 : Tigress to the Panna tiger reserve capture, transportation and release protocol was prepared to the minutest details and nothing was left 17 March, 2014 : Tiger to the Van Vihar national park to chance. Specially designed in-situ enclosures with improved barasingha specific habitat were 23 March, 2015 : Tigress to the Satpuda tiger reserve erected at Van Vihar and Satpuda. Rigorous mock drills were conducted in the field and long sessions were held to discuss every eventuality and assign specific duties to the staff.

Inspired by the South African capture and translocation technique, already used successfully for the translocation of several Indian gaur, the boma method was employed to capture barasingha in the barasingha enclosure itself at Kanha. A large transportation truck was also customized to carry around 15-20 captured barasingha comfortably. The truck container was also fitted with CCTV cameras to monitor the animals in the driver cabin during transportation.

The transportation truck was closely fitted to a ramp camouflaged with plastered soil and grass to make it look natural to the animals. In this way, the transportation truck, the ramp and the chute of boma became one composite structure at the capture site. This structure had been installed several days before the actual capture operation in the field so that the animals might get habituated to its presence and could freely enter and exit it. Four non-invasive capture operations were carried out in January, March, 2015 and January, 2016, and several animals were successfully transported to the Van Vihar national park and . It was remarkable that no mortality took place in these operations.

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Chital Translocation School for Rewilding Tiger Cubs

The chital is the most numerous of ungulate species In the backdrop of the discovery of orphaned tiger cubs due to infighting or death of mother-tigresses in and forms the main prey base of tigers in the Kanha the tiger reserve, the idea of rearing, training and rewilding such cubs took shape several years back. tiger reserve. Ever since the village relocation Accordingly, a specially designed large in-situ enclosure was constructed in the Mukki range. The programme was started in the late Sixties of the last enclosure supported a good chunk of typical tiger habitat with a permanent water body. Initially, when century, these abandoned village sites have been the these cubs were small, they were fed on main focal points for habitat/ wildlife management. milk, egg and meshed meat and live As a result of priority based intervention and small-sized goats. Later, when they excellent management, the Banjar valley gradually became large and were released into registered a steady increase of chital. Village this enclosure, they gradually started relocation was also started in the Halon valley in the killing chital and pigs, specially driven mid Seventies of the last century. The abandoned into the enclosure. Their hunting village sites in this valley, however, did not show technique gradually refined to such remarkable increase in chital population. Tall grasses, absence of mega herbivores and lack of perfection, and were considered fit for similar intensive grassland management practices in this valley could be the cause of this relatively release into the wild. The first batch of small increase in the ungulate population. Consequently, the low prey base population has also two such trained tigresses were affected the number of carnivores, including tigers, in the valley. The management decided that as reintroduced successfully into the several villages had been relocated over the recent past, and the abandoned sites were gradually Panna tiger reserve, and in the recent getting integrated into natural grassland ecosystem, the release of several hundred chital at these sites past, two animals (male and female) would accelerate an early build-up of ungulate population. Several select sites for the release of chital were rewilded into Kanha itself, and a in a phased manner are: Bithli, Benda, Rol, Ajanpur, Jholar, Linga, Sukdi, Jami and Sajalagan. The tigress was released into the Satpuda Kanha management has obtained permission from the competent authority to translocate 500 chital tiger reserve. In this way, all these animals were spared the confines of a zoo, so dreary a life for such from the Banjar valley to the above evacuated village sites. This proactive management practice will magnificent animals. not only allow the evacuated sites to recover faster but will also provide enough prey to carnivore population. So far, around 325 chital have been shifted to the Phen/ Halon valley sites.

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