48 49 by Cem DOĞUT bomber that could operate Electric J79-GE-8 engine first jet aircraft produced Phantom’s story began in any weather conditions was selected to power the by McDonnell Douglas. in 1952 when David S. (all-weather). The project aircraft. The J79 was also The F4H-1 first entered Lewis was appointed as was launched with these used on the McDonnell service in 1960 with the the preliminary design needs, but on May 29, Douglas F-101 Voodoo U.S. Navy. In the meantime, manager of McDonnell 1955, new requirements aircraft, and as in Voodoo, the United States Air Douglas (MDD). With were sent to the company the engines sat low in Force also requested a the team he established, by the Navy. Everything the fuselage to maximize new plane. Secretary of he started working on had changed suddenly. internal fuel capacity and Defense Robert McNamara the new aircraft model Now, the Navy wanted a ingested air through fixed wanted the same aircraft requested by the U.S. tandem-seat fighter jet geometry intakes. With all to be used in all aviation Navy. The aircraft would that could fly CAP (Combat these changes, the first branches (Air Force, Navy, be a supersonic fighter jet. Air Patrol) missions at 300 XF4H-1 prototype was Marines) of the military. MDD started the “Super miles for 2 hours with the finished and became ready The Navy wanted the Demon” project based on capability to detect and for new trials. On July 25, Phantom as an interceptor, the existing F3H Demon engage hostile aircraft at 1955, the Navy ordered two while the Air Force wanted model. MDD’s rivals the extended ranges. XF4H-1 test aircraft and five it for its fighter-bomber Grumman XF9F-9 and the YF4H-1 pre-production missions. The new The YAH-1 project was later Vought XF8U-1 Crusader examples. The first test Phantoms produced for revised. A second crewman were already meeting aircraft made its maiden the Navy are considered was added to operate the supersonic fighter flight on May 27, 1958, with more successful than the the radar, the internally requirements. In response, test pilot Robert C. Little at Convair F-106 aircraft used mounted cannon was they started to work on the controls. The plane was by the Air Force and was removed, the fuselage the more advanced YAH- officially named Phantom II selected by the USAF as was modified to carry 1 project in 1954. The on July 3, 1959, at the 20th well. The plane was initially four semi-active homing planned design criteria anniversary of the factory designated F4H (later missiles, and the General were a single-seat fighter/ to honor FH-1 Phantom, the F-4A) by the United States

50 AJB-3 bombing computer. inches, and the AN/APQ- over. This because the A total of 649 F-4Bs were 116 terrain-following radar USAF believed that newly produced. In the following (TFR) was installed on the introduced radars and years, this model began aircraft. For photography, air-to-air missiles would to be replaced with the the plane was equipped replace the cannons, and F-4J, and between 1966 with a KS-87 forward the hostile aircraft would and 1972, 552 F-4J aircraft oblique camera, two KS- be engaged at 10-15 miles were delivered in total. 87 side-looking cameras, without getting closer to The 288 F-4B aircraft were and a KS-56 panoramic the enemy. Phantom II upgraded to the F-4N camera pointing straight was built on this theory. standard. down. The aircraft’s sensor Unfortunately, this theory suite was also upgraded soon found to be a mistake, The F-4B Phantom II with the AN/APQ-102 and USAF learned the hard aircraft went to Vietnam on side-looking radar and way in the Vietnam War. The August 5, 1964, to conduct the AN/AAS-18A infrared relatively new heat-seeking bomber escort missions. On reconnaissance system for and radar-guided missiles April 9, 1965, the Phantom easier navigation in adverse at the time were frequently II won its first air victory. weather conditions and reported as unreliable, so During the war, U.S. Navy night missions. In 1971, the the cannon was still needed F-4 Phantom squadrons RF-4E was produced by for close engagements. participated in 84 combat combining the RF-4C nose To overcome this tours with F-4Bs, F-4Js, and and the F-4E airframe for problem, USAF F-4Cs F-4Ns. The Navy claimed the German Air Force. The began carrying external 40 air-to-air victories at RF-4E was the unarmed gun pods; however, the the cost of 73 Phantoms export version offered desired hit rate could not lost in combat (7 to enemy to allied air forces. It was be achieved as the aircraft aircraft, 13 to SAMs, and designed strictly for export was not equipped with 53 to AAA). In 1987 the last and never served with the lead-computing gunsights. Phantoms were retired USAF. The lack of a cannon was from deployable USN addressed by adding an ©©Cem DOĞUT squadrons. Phantoms The F-4D model was internally mounted 20 continued to serve as put into service in 1967. mm M61A1 Vulcan on the Although the F-4C was Navy, while the original target drones (QF-4) at the F-4E using the extended virtually identical to designation by the USAF Naval Air Warfare Center nose section of the RF-4C. the Navy/Marine Corps was the F-110A Spectre until their subsequent The combined weight of F-4B in performance, (later F-4C). The F-4 retirement in 2004. the gun and ammunition the F-4Ds were explicitly shifted the center of gravity designation came about in The Air Force F-4Cs arrived tailored for the needs of of the plane forward. To 1962 when the designation in Vietnam in December the USAF. The D models fix this, a seventh fuel cell systems for all branches 1964. On July 10, 1965, were later upgraded using was added to the rear, the of the U.S. military were F-4Cs of the 45th Tactical the experience gained radar was replaced with unified by order of U.S. Fighter Squadron scored in Vietnam. They were the new AN/APQ-120, Defense Secretary Robert the USAF’s first victories integrated with a new and the existing J79-GE-8 McNamara. The first Air against North Vietnamese optical sight and lead- engines were replaced Force F-4C Phantom flew MiG-17s using AIM-9 computing gunsight. The with the more powerful on May 27, 1963, exceeding Sidewinder air-to-air aircraft could carry 20mm J79-GE-17 engines (each Mach 2 on its maiden flight. missiles. In 1962, the U.S. SUU-16/A and SUU-23/A can generate 17900 lbs. Air Force wanted to replace The first Phantom model external gun pods. Also, of thrust) to compensate its RF-101 reconnaissance used by the Navy in real they started to use laser- the increased weight. Also, aircraft and started the terms was the F-4B. In guided munition for the F-4E Block 48 models RF-4C development 1961 both the Navy and first time with the AN/AVQ- were fitted with leading- program. The prototypes Marine Corps began to add 10 Pave Knife targeting edge slats to increase the were concerted from the F-4Bs to their inventories. pod. aircraft maneuverability. existing F-4C airframes, The aircraft is equipped The United States Air Force and the production aircraft In the late 50s and early with J79-GE-8 axial-flow retired the F-4s from active made its initial flight 60s, the U.S. Air Force turbojet engines, AN/ duty in 1996, and just like in May 1964. The nose thought that the era of APQ-72 radar, AAA-4 the Navy continued to use section was redesigned close-range dog fights infrared search & track the planes as target drones and extended by 33 with aircraft guns was (IRST) system, and AN/ until January 1, 2017.

51 International ©©Roger RICHARDS F/RF-4 Phantom II Users Germany

In the 1960s, the F-104G Starfighter became the standard aircraft of NATO and Luftwaffe (German Air Force). By the early 70s, the F-104G was struggling to meet the needs of users. Luftwaffe wanted a high performance, reliable and fast aircraft that could fly H-423 laser gyro inertial Canberra B.20 bombers a total of 92 F-4Ds in the in any weather condition. navigation system (INS), in the RAAF fleet until the following period. The Due to the high losses with the GEC Avionics CPU- F-111C was received.24 ROKAF also ordered 37 the F-104Gs, they sought 143/A digital central air data aircraft produced for USAF new-built F-4Es and started for a twin-engine plane. computer, and MFD (Multi- were leased to RAAF for receiving these aircraft in Germany first ordered 88 Function Display) screens two years at a total cost of 1978. They received 23 RF- RF-4Es in 1969 and then were added to the aircraft. $US41,554 million under 4Cs from the USAF in 1990. ordered another 175 F-4F Germany retired her F-4Fs the “Peace Reef” program The RF-4Cs are officially Phantom II on June 24, in 2013. which was signed on June retired, and a small number 1971. Under this agreement, 22, 1970. All 24 aircraft of F-4Es are still active. Messerschmitt-Bölkow- Australia were delivered to Australia Blohm (MBB) would United Kingdom In the 1960s, McDonnell between September and manufacture parts for Douglas offered a special October. In July 1964, the Royal F-4Fs, and MTU would F-4C model for the Royal Navy ordered two F-4K produce 448 J79-GE/ In 1972, the delivery of the Australian Air Force (RAAF). (FG.1) prototypes for use MTU-17A engines. Although F-111Cs started earlier than Instead of the General on aircraft carriers. They the F-4Fs produced expected. Therefore, the Electric (GE) J79 engine, decided to install Royce specifically for Luftwaffe F-4Es were sent back to F-4C would be powered Spey turbofan engines, were a version of the F-4E, the US gradually, and the by the French SNECMA which are powerful than there were some significant last RAAF F-4E returned Atar 9 turbojet engine. The the J79, on the prototypes differences between them. to the USAF on June 21, Atar 9 was also the engine developed based on the These changes include the 1973. During the three-year of the Dassault Mirage III F-4J model. These provided replacement of the internal service of the planes, only a planes used by the RAAF extra thrust for operation fuel cell number 7 with an single aircraft was lost due at the time. The Royal from smaller British aircraft APU (Auxiliary Power Unit) to an accident. Phantom Australian Air Force (RAAF) carriers. Compared to for the hydraulic pressure A69-7203 crashed on June did not accept this offer the J97 turbojets, Spey system, the non-slotted 16, 1971, during a night and instead decided to buy engines would reduce fuel version of the horizontal bombing sortie on the General Dynamics F-111C. consumption and increase stabilizer, and APQ-120 [V5] Evans Head range. Twenty- Because of the problems take-off performance. The radar which did not support one of the returned planes and delays encountered in introduction of new engines AIM-7 Sparrow missiles. were converted to F-4G and the development process used for the Suppression of into the Phantom required In the early 90s, Germany of the variable-sweep wing Enemy Air Defences (SEAD) significant structural decided to modernize 113 F-111C aircraft, in May 1970, missions. changes. The air intake F-4Fs and launched the it became evident that the area was increased by ICE (Improved Combat delivery of the first plane South Korea twenty percent, and the aft Efficiency) program. could not be completed fuselage under the engines The Republic of Korea Under the ICE program, before 1974. Therefore the had to be redesigned. Since Air Force purchased 18 Hughes AN/APG-65Y Royal Australian Air Force these changes caused more secondhand F-4Ds in 1968 digital multi-mode radar, agreed to lease F-4E from drag, they could not provide under the Peace Spectator AIM-120 AMRAAM missile the United States Air Force the expected increase in program and acquired firing capability, Honeywell (USAF) to replace the age performance. Besides the

52 Navy, the Royal Air Force (RAF) also asked for the Phantom. They initially wanted to buy the F-4C, but the government disagreed and decided to buy the F-4M (FGR.2), the Spey-powered version of the F-4C. A total of 170 (52 K and 118 M) Phantoms were acquired. The need for new aircraft emerged Oren Rozen Oren after the Falkland war, and © consequently, 15 F-4Js © IDFAF's 201st Squadron F-4E Kurnass 2000 were purchased from the US Navy in 1984. The Six-day war in 1967, the to the Israeli F-15, F-16, and Spain United Kingdom officially arms embargo imposed the other aircraft used by retired the Phantoms by France and Soviet arms the Air Forces of the Arab The Spanish Air Force in October 1992 and sales to Arab countries states, were upgraded in acquired 36 ex-USAF replaced them with changed the opinion of 1987 under the Kurnass F-4C Phantoms between Panavia Tornadoes. the U.S. government. 2000 modernization October 1971 and Iran Under the “Peace Echo I” project. Phantoms refitted September 1972 under program, Israel purchased to Kurnass 2000 standard the “Peace Alfa” program. Iran received 32 F-4D, 44 F-4E and 6 RF-4E underwent many changes, Later, Spain purchased 4 177 F-4E, and 16 RF-4E aircraft in September including new radar, HUD F-4C and 4 RF-4C under between 1968 and 1979. 1969. In the War of Attrition (Head-Up Display), mission the “Peace Alfa II” program On February 28, 1979, the that took place between computer, MFD (Multi- in 1978 and an additional United States imposed Egypt and Israel between Function Display), HOTAS 8 RF-4C in 1989. In 1995, sanctions on Iran after 1969 and 1971, the Israeli (hands-on-throttle-and- Spain received another 6 the Islamic revolution Air Force (IAF) used the stick), radio, avionics, and RF-4Cs to replace the first and the exile of Reza Shah Phantoms for the first structural strengthening. RF-4Cs. The last Spanish Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran. time during its attack on Israeli Phantoms saw Phantoms were retired in As a result of the arms the Egyptian air defence extensive combat during 2002. embargo, the Imperial units located west of the Arab–Israeli conflicts. Iranian Air Force (IIAF) Suez Canal on October Between 1969-1982, Japan could not receive 31 F-4E 22, 1969. The Israeli F-4Es Israeli F-4Es shot down From 1968, the Japan and 11 RF-4E. Phantoms scored their first air victory 116 hostile aircraft in Air Self-Defence Force played an active role in on November 11, 1969, by these battles, whereas 55 (JASDF) imported 14 the Iran - Iraq war that downing an Egyptian Mig- Phantoms were lost to the unarmed reconnaissance started on September 22, 21. The F-4E Phantoms, enemy fire. The last Israeli RF-4E and purchased 1980. Although few, the which are relatively F-4s were retired in 2004. a total of 140 F-4EJ Islamic Republic of Iran Air weaker when compared Force continues to use the F/RF-4s actively despite the embargo. Israel

Israel is the largest foreign operator of Phantom with the 240 F-4E and RF-4E it bought between 1969 and 1976. Israel declared its intention to buy Phantom for the first time in 1965, but the United States did Alan Wilson © not accept this request. © However, as a result of RF-4EJ's that had been modernized by KAI project, were the part of the 501st Israel’s losses after the Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron in JASDF

53 Phantoms without aerial refueling, AGM-12 Bullpup missile system, Cem DOĞUT Cem ©

AN/AJB-7 bombing © system, nuclear control system or ground attack capabilities. The first two F-4EJs were produced by McDonnell Douglas, while the remaining 138 aircraft were manufactured under license in Japan by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. These are the only Phantoms built outside the United States. One of the planes (17- RF-4E was the part of 348th Tactical Reconnaissance Squadron in the Hellenic Air Force 8440) was the very last of the 5,195 F-4 Phantoms Japan will retire its Egypt to give a chance Phantoms in total with manufactured in the world. Phantoms this year and to examine these planes deliveries starting in Mitsubishi delivered it on replaced them with F-35A firsthand. Egypt began March 1974. In 1997, Greece May 20, 1981. In the late Lightning II. receiving the aircraft in upgraded a total of 39 80s, 110 out of 125 aircraft September 1979; however, F-4E aircraft under the in service were planned Egypt as the Egyptian Air Force “Peace Icarus 2000” (29 to be modernized, but Egypt started to receive used to fly Russian planes, Peace Icarus I and 10 Peace this number was later economic aid from the they had a hard time Icarus II) modernization reduced to 96 because of US after the Camp David keeping the Phantoms program. As part of the budget constraints. Under agreement signed with ready for combat missions. modernization, AN APG- the “Kai” modernization Israel in 1978. Before the Egypt even thought to sell 65 radar, GEC-Marconi program AN-APG-66J agreement, the Egyptian these planes to Turkey in HUD, GPS/INS, and pulse-doppler radar, Air Force (EAF) was using 1982. Later, with the new MFDs were installed new mission computer, Russian aircraft. In 1979, training programs and on the aircraft. The Kaiser Heads-Up Display, the Egyptian Air Force the support of the US, the modernized planes were AN/APZ-79 IFF, LN-39 purchased 35 former number of active aircraft later designated as F-4E INS and J/APR-6 RWR USAF F-4Es from the increased in 1985. By 2020, AUP (Avionics Upgrade systems were installed on United States as part all the EAF Phantoms are Program). The Hellenic Air the F-4EJ aircraft. 11 RF- of the “Peace Pharaoh” retired. Force officially retired the 4Es were included in this program. In exchange RF-4E Phantoms on May program and upgraded Greece for the Phantoms, the US 5, 2017, while around 20 to the RF-4E Kai standard decided to buy some Mig- The Hellenic Air Force F-4E AUPs are still active. and equipped with new 21 and Mig-23 aircraft from ordered 121 F/RF-4E AN/APQ-172 radar, J/APR- 5 RWR, and LN-39 INS. 17 F-4EJs were converted into reconnaissance Cem DOĞUT Cem aircraft and designated © © as RF-4EJ after receiving a similar upgrade. RF- 4EJs can carry LOROP (Long Range Oblique Photography - KS-146B camera), TAC (Tactical Camera Pod - KS-135A, and KS-95B cameras or D-500UR IR camera) and TACER (Tactical Electronic Reconnaissance - ELINT) under-fuselage pods for reconnaissance missions.

54

56 The needs of the Turkish Air Force Command (TurAF) were mostly met by the United States Military Assistance Program (MAP) under the Marshall Plan, which started in 1948. When Turkey became a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) in 1952, large amounts of aircraft were acquired with Cem DOĞUT Cem © the help of other NATO © countries, primarily the 111th Squadron United States (USA). By the 1960s, the striking power parts, and facility support readiness training of the II planes, which were of the Turkish Air Force needs of the Eskişehir F-4E Phantom II weapon delivered under the Peace was formed by the F-84 and Erhaç/Malatya Jet system officers. 8 F-4E Diamon II between 1978- Thunderstreak and F-100 Air Bases, as well as the Phantoms, delivered in 79, were assigned to the Super Saber aircraft, which personnel selection and 1974, were assigned to “new” 113th Squadron. The were acquired through training programs, were the 113th Squadron. Of the “Tayfun” call sign, which the assistance program. also planned. 32 planes that delivered was used when flying In addition to these, in 1975, 12 were assigned with the F-4E in 1974, was TurAF was also operating With the arrival of two to the 113th Squadron, changed to “Işık” (“Light”) a small number of F-5 F-4E Phantom II (73- and the remaining 20 with the introduction of Freedom Fighter and 1016 and 73-1017) aircraft were assigned to the RF-4E aircraft to the F-104 Starfighter aircraft. to the 1st Main Jet Base 112th “Şeytan” (“Devil”) Turkish Air Force. Due to the problems Command with US pilots Squadron. As part of the that started in Cyprus in on August 30, 1974, the Peace Diamond II Project, With the delivery of 1960 and the crisis that Phantom page was 32 F-4E Phantom II and 8 F-4E Phantom II aircraft, escalated with Greece officially opened in the RF-4E Phantom II aircraft modern munitions such after the intervention on history of Turkish aviation, were ordered in total. as TV-guided AGM-65A/B the island in 1964, the and the incoming An interesting feature Maverick air-to-ground need for a new multi-role Phantoms entered service of the Peace Diamond II missiles (AGM), AN/ fighter plane emerged in with the 113th “Tayfun” Project is that the 5000th AVQ-23 Pave Spike laser the early 1970s. (“Typhoon”) Squadron, serial production F-4E targeting pods, laser- established the same year was delivered to the guided 500 and 2000 The acquisition of 36 F-4E at Eskişehir. F-4Es were Turkish Air Force with lb GBU-10/12 Paveway Phantom II by Greece taken to the Turkish skies the tail number 77-0290 I/II and electro-optical under the Peace Icarus for the first time by Tayfun within the scope of this guided 2000-pound Project in 1971, highlighted Squadron Commander project. The 172nd “Şahin” GBU-8 HOBOS bombs the necessity of meeting Major Ergin Celasin and (“Falcon”) Squadron were also entered to the the modern and powerful Captain Ziya Alemdar and the 111th “Panter” TurAF inventory. In this aircraft need of the with the Phantom 73- (“Panther”) Squadron way, the Turkish Air Force Turkish Air Force. Contract 1016 on September 2, were modernized with gained the precision negotiations with the USA 1974. Squadron personnel the aircraft that had been strike capability against started in February 1972 became combat-ready purchased since April air-ground targets for the and were completed in a in mid-1975. With the 1978 under the Peace first time in its history. In short time, and the Peace introduction of F-4E Diamond II Project. The addition to these modern Diamond project was Phantom IIs, the Weapon 113th Squadron, the first munitions, medium- launched within the same Systems Officer (WSO) F-4 Squadron established range semi-active radar year. A total of 40 F-4E class, which was not exist in 1974, disbanded on July homing AIM-7E Sparrow Phantom II aircraft were in the Turkish Air Force, was 3, 1979. Instead, the 114th and short-range infrared ordered, and the project introduced and “Şimşek” Squadron, which was heat-seeking AIM-9B/P was financed from the (“Lightning”) Air Wing, established for the second Sidewinder missiles national budget. Within which was established time in 1977, was named as were started to be used the scope of the order, the under the Squadron in the 113th Squadron in 1979, for air-to-air missions. necessary supply, spare 1976, began the combat and 8 RF-4E Phantom Furthermore, one of the

57 F-4E/2020 preparing for flight as part of a counterterrorism operation with four Mk-83 GP bombs

most effective electronic As part of the Peace Within the scope of the Operation Desert Storm, countermeasures (ECM) Diamond III Project, 15 Peace Diamond IV Project, launched by the US- system, ALQ-119 pods F-4E Phantom II aircraft 15 ex-USAF F-4E aircraft led coalition to remove were also introduced to were supplied from the were purchased between Iraq from Kuwait. In this increase the electronic Aircraft Maintenance 1984 and 1985 to replace context, as part of the warfare capability and and Regeneration Center the losses of the four Peace Diamond VI Project, protect the aircraft against (AMARC) in the USA from Phantom squadrons. These 40 ex-U.S. Air National radar-guided surface-to- July 1981 to April 1984. planes were followed by Guard Aircraft F-4E aircraft air (SAM) missiles. Thanks These planes, which were 40 ex-USAF Aircraft F-4E were received between to the APQ-120 radar, purchased under the Phantom II aircraft with 1991-1992. which is considered to be Peace Diamond III project, Peace Diamond V Project the advanced technology were assigned to the 173rd in 1987. These aircraft were Under the Kaan project, system of its time, the Squadron after painted first modernized in the Turkey purchased a F4E Phantom II can carry in Southeast Asia (SEA) 131st “Ejder” (“Dragon”) total of 46 ex-Luftwaffe out interceptions day camouflage. Squadron and later in the RF-4E aircraft, which and night, in all weather 132nd “Hançer” (“Dagger”) became surplus after the conditions. Thus, the 112th Within the scope of the Squadron at 3rd Main Jet unification of East and and 172nd Squadrons were Peace Diamond IV Project, Base Command in Konya. West Germany in 1990 and assigned as an all-weather 15 ex-USAF F-4E aircraft the end of the Cold War. fighter-interceptor were purchased between In 1991, military aid was While 12 of the planes were squadron with Sparrow 1984 and 1985 to replace received from the USA purchased as spare parts, and Sidewinder missiles. the losses of the four and its allies as a result 34 RF-4Es were undergone Phantom squadrons. of the support given to an extensive upgrade by

58 and could not respond structural and avionics to current needs and modernization of F-4E threats. Turkey had two aircraft. The German offer alternatives to maintain its included the replacement strong military position in of the AN/APQ-120 fire the region and to increase control radar of the F-4E its deterrence. In line with with the AN/APG-65 this need, Turkey would radar used in the F/A-18 either replace the old Hornet, next-generation Phantom aircraft with a avionic displays, mission new twin-engine fighter- computer, flight control bomber or upgrade system, a new navigation some of the existing system, and the capability F-4E Phantom II aircraft to launch AIM-120 with a comprehensive Advanced Medium- modernization project Range Air-to-Air Missiles to increase their service (AMRAAM) with the MIL- life for at least 20 more STD-1553B data bus. On years. Turkey favored the the other hand, the IAI modernization option solution based on the for economic reasons. Kurnass 2000 developed Turkey’s 30 years of for the Israeli Air Force experience in training, included the replacement equipment, materials, of the existing radar with repair, maintenance, and ELTA product EL/M-2032 logistic support capability and the integration of AN/ were also played a ALQ-178[V]3 electronic significant role in this countermeasure system, decision. MXF-484 VHF/UHF radio, HOTAS flight control German DASA and system, heads-up display Israeli IAI companies (HUD), integrated INS/ submitted their proposals GPS navigation system, to the project, which airborne videotape was launched for the ©©Cem DOĞUT

Messerschmitt-Bölkow- F-4E/2020 Blohm (MBB) before Cem DOĞUT Cem © delivery. Within the scope “Terminator” © of modernization, the Modernization aircraft’s AN/APQ-99 radars were replaced with Making its maiden flight the AN/APG-172 radar in 1958, the Phantoms system, which was also represents the technology used in the USAF RF-4Cs of the 1960s. Thanks that recently modernized to their standard APQ- by the US Air Force. The 120 radar system, the deliveries began in 1992 Phantoms successfully and were completed in carried out air-to-air 1994, and the planes were missions until the mid- assigned to the 113th and 80s. However, by the 173rd Squadrons. In 1994, 90s, the existing F-4E the Bora Air Wing was Phantom II aircraft in the established in Eskişehir, Turkish Air Force inventory and RF-4E training was reached high values in started to transform the terms of both airframe 173rd Squadron in Malatya life and flight hour into a reconnaissance role. rates. Eventually, they have become outdated

59 to the agreement, Israel 2035 is an X band Pulse- would provide the Doppler multi-mode radar necessary structural and with SAR/GMTI (Synthetic avionic modernization Aperture Radar/Ground kits for the 28 planes to Target Moving Indicator) be modernized in Turkey, capability. Thanks to the train Turkish engineers SAR/GMTI function, the for avionic integration, EL/M-2035 radar can establish a System display tanks, armored Integration Laboratory vehicles, howitzers, (SIL), and transfer this missile batteries, aircraft laboratory to Eskişehir. (on the ground), land- Thanks to this technology based radars, and other transfer provided by Israel mobile-stationary or within the scope of the land-surface targets project, the 1st Air Supply with a resolution close to and Maintenance Center photographic quality. The was planned to acquire range and coordinates of the capability to carry the ground targets can out the desired structural be determined from the and avionic changes on pictures collected with the the aircraft by improving SAR/GMTI mode. the technological infrastructure of the It is possible to summarize center. The first two the Mil-STD 1553 system as F-4E/2020 (73-1032 and a computer program that 68-0498) were delivered enables the avionics and to the Turkish Air Force weapons systems on the with a ceremony held on aircraft to communicate January 27, 2000. The with each other. Thanks Cem DOĞUT Cem © to the system, which

© two aircraft received were transferred to the consists of both software and hardware, all modern recorder (AVTR), full- offer and chose the ELTA 111th Squadron. The first weapons can be easily color multi-function product EL/M-2032 radar F-4E/2020 was delivered certified and integrated displays (MFD), a new for the modernization of to the 171st Squadron on into the aircraft. mission computer and the Turkish Phantoms. December 21, 2001. MIL-STD-1553B data bus. The Heads-up Display After evaluating the If we look at the post- Furthermore, the aircraft (HUD) is a system that offers, Turkey reached an modernization capabilities would gain the ability to shows the critical flight agreement with IAI and of the F-4E/2020 aircraft; ability to fire Popeye-I air- and tactical data of signed a contract worth to-surface guided missiles Produced by the Israeli the aircraft at eye level US$632,5 million with the (ASM) and carry ELTA EL/L- ELTA company, the EL/M- by projecting it onto a 8225 electronic warfare company in 1997. Within pod. the scope of the project called Terminator, all The EL/M-2032 radar wiring equipment of the provided a cost advantage planes to be modernized Cem DOĞUT Cem ©

as well as a political would be changed, and © advantage in technology their airframes would be transfer as there is no need strengthened. According to obtain permission from to the agreement, 26 of the the USA. Turkey examined 54 F-4E Phantom aircraft the technological and were to be modernized in operational capabilities Israel, and the remaining of the radar and stated 28 were to be upgraded that it is at least as in the 1st Air Supply and successful as AN/APG-76 Maintenance Center of the in terms of performance. Turkish Air Force located Turkey accepted the IAI’s in Eskişehir. According

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transparent glass behind the front canopy. Thus, pilots can access this Cem DOĞUT Cem ©

vital information without © requiring looking away from their usual viewpoints and concentrate on flying the aircraft.

The hands-on throttle- and-stick (HOTAS) is the concept of placing buttons and switches on the throttle lever and flight control stick in an aircraft’s cockpit, allowing pilots to access vital cockpit RF-4E/TM Reconnaissance Aircraft, 173rd Squadron functions and fly the plane without having to (MFD) were added added to the aircraft, the off. Therefore, pilots can remove their hands from to the cockpit of the Terminators can navigate locate their targets easily the controls. The system F-4E/2020 Terminators, from one point to another and engage with high gives the pilots the ability one in the front seat and point precisely, and the precision. to manipulate all the two in the rear seat. All absolute position of the essential radar functions the radar, navigation, plane can be determined. Thanks to these Have- without moving their equipment, and other The system, in principle, Quick compatible MXF- hands away from the stick flight information can be calculates the latitude and 484 VHF/UHF band or throttle. Other features checked and, if necessary, longitude information very radios integrated into the include weapon release, changed from these accurately and transmits aircraft, air-to-air and air- radio communications displays. Sitting in the its navigation coordinates to-ground communication switch, chaff & flare back, the Weapon Systems to the flight control can be done without being countermeasure Officer (WSO) can control computer. Position data jammed and intercepted. activation, speed brake different systems such as of the flight zone or the These radios use the NATO controls, nose wheel radar and weapons from designated targets can radio communication steering, and aerial two displays on the rear be uploaded to the INS/ standard Have-Quick refueling disconnect. seat instrument panel. GPS, which is calibrated protocol to minimize jamming and interception A total of three Multi- and programmed on Thanks to the INS/ risk. The antenna of these function Displays the ground before take- GPS navigation system new radios is a large black

©©Cem DOĞUT

62 antenna placed on the system. Passive protection “Işık (Light) With the project, 7 RF- aircraft fuselage. This systems integrated into 4E purchased from antenna creates the most F-4E/2020 aircraft include Project” the US, and 11 RF-4E significant visual difference chaff and flare dispensers Turkey’s first aircraft transferred that distinguishes for deceiving hostile radar from the German Air F-4E/2020 aircraft from and infrared missiles. National Force (Luftwaffe) were other F-4Es. Aircraft modernized. The RF-4E The most significant aircraft from the US and Mikes ALQ-178[V]3 improvement that Modernization Germany had notable modules were selected increases the strike equipment and structural for F-4E/2020 aircraft capability of the F-4E/2020 modernization differences. The US origin as the radar warning Terminators is that the was followed by the “Işık RF-4Es had leading-edge receiver (RWR), which is F-4E/2020 aircraft can (Light) Project.” In line with slats like other F-4Es in the standard equipment fire Popeye missiles. The the operational needs of TurAF inventory, while of every modern fighter Popeye is a solid-rocket the Turkish Air Force, the the Luftwaffe RF-4Es had jet. The same system was powered stand-off missile Işık (Light) Project, which leading-edge flaps and also chosen for the first weighing 1,360 kg (3,000 was the first national Boundary Layer Control package of the Turkish F-16 lb) with a 340 kg (750 lb) aircraft modernization (BLC). Other structural (Block 30/40) aircraft under blast fragmentation or project of Turkey, was differences were that the the Peace Onyx I project. 360 kg (800 lb) I-800 initiated to provide 18 RF- US planes had rounded The EL/L-8225 jamming penetrating warhead 4E Phantom II aircraft with camera bays, while the pods produced by Israeli and imaging infrared the ability and capability German ones had angled ELTA were purchased or TV guidance. It has a to navigate accurately camera bays. With the as part of the project to reported range of 100 km, in all weather conditions Prototype Phase that provide active electronic depending on its launch and to successfully started on January 29, countermeasure (ECM) altitude. The missile can conduct day and night 2004, one US and one solutions. Together with also be controlled directly reconnaissance missions German RF-4E aircraft ELTA, Havelsan provides through the data link. under electronic warfare were modernized. The software control of the protection. 111th and 112th Squadrons

first aircraft, which out various studies a digital data bus were The aircraft is also was upgraded under including design and carried out by Aselsan equipped with a system the Prototype Phase, final modernization while MİKES performed capable of effective, made its first flight on configuration selection, the modernization of the uninterrupted, and secure December 19, 2008, and installing and operating Electronic Warfare system. communication thanks to the second aircraft on the system in a laboratory the new generation digital January 19, 2009, and the environment, prototype With the Işık (Light) remote communication test flights completed on application on two aircraft, Project, which was carried systems that are resistant April 16, 2009. The serial structural modernization, out entirely by Turkish to electronic warfare. Production Phase, which installation and analysis engineers, technicians, started on August 31, 2007, of the avionics, ground and pilots, both flight and To ensure that RF-4Es can and covered 16 aircraft, and flight tests, and mission planning systems operate safely without any was completed in 2010. serial modernization. were made autonomous in structural failures until the The production of RF-4E aircraft, and it was 2020s, 16 critical parts on Turkey’s first national navigation, flight control, ensured that the planes the aircraft were replaced/ fighter aircraft and communication could find their positions reinforced to extend the modernization project, equipment of aircraft and with high precision in service life of the jets Işık (Light) Project, was their integration using all weather conditions. without disrupting the accomplished by the structural integrity of the main contractor 1st Air planes. Supply and Maintenance Center (HİBM) Command As part of the avionics

Cem DOĞUT Cem modernization process, with its technical/ © © technological knowledge the cockpits of the and infrastructure gained aircraft were redesigned, from the F-4E/2020 and including the newly F-5 2000 Modernization installed instruments and Projects which were control panels. Moreover, also realized with the the Avionic Relay Panel participation of the was redesigned and manufactured, front 1st HİBM Command. Phantom preparing flight with SUU-20 practice bomb and rear seat instrument The command carried dispenser panels, pedestal panel,

64 The Pilot and the Weapon aircraft also received an Systems Officer (WSO), extensive upgrade. The receive and control the existing RT-793A/ASQ UHF navigation information and RT-792/ARC-105 HF from the LN-100GT EGI radio sets were replaced system via the CDU- with two encrypted and 900Z Control Display Unit. Link 11 compatible MXF- Communication between 484 UHF/VHF Have Quick the upgraded avionics radio sets delivered by with digital interfaces such Aselsan. Additionally, 1 as the LN-100GT system ARC-190 HF radio, Avionic and the and the original Activation Panel, and analog display systems Throttle Lever PTT (push maintained on the aircraft to talk) Switch were is provided through the integrated into aircraft. SBU-100 Synchro-to- Within the scope of the EW digital Converter Unit system modernization, the which specially designed AN/ALR-46 RWR system by Aselsan for this project. was replaced with the The AN/APN-159 radar AN/ALQ-178[V]3R Passive altimeter system on the Electronic Warfare System. plane was replaced with While the E/J Band the AN/APN-232 CARA antennas of the EW system (Combined Altitude Radar on Luftwaffe aircraft Altimeter) system. The are located on the right ©©Cem DOĞUT communication system and left side of the front of RF-4E reconnaissance KS-87B camera bay, the and left and right consoles Panel were installed by were also redesigned. In redesigning the right this way, the cockpits of and left consoles in the German and US origin front cockpit. Located on Cem DOĞUT Cem aircraft were standardized. the rear seat instrument © © New wirings were also panel, the RWR interface produced and installed control unit its display for the updated avionic instantaneously provides system. Within the scope threat environment of modernization, the information in full CDU-900Z Control Display color. CDU-900, AAP, Unit, which is the primary and MILSEC-III crypto interface between the units were installed by pilot and Flight Control redesigning the rear seat System and the Radar right and left consoles, Warning Receiver (RWR) and some modifications display of the AN/ALQ- were made on existing 173[V]3R passive electronic panels. The LN-12 Inertial warfare system were Navigation System (INS) installed to the front on the RF-4E aircraft was seat instrument panel. replaced with the LN- The CDU-900Z Control 100GT Embedded INS/ Display Unit acts as the GPS (EGI) system which center of the flight control reduces the nautical system and the primary miles per hour position interface between pilots error-rate from 3.6nm to and the main avionics. 0.8nm when INS is active, RWR Interface Control and to 10 meters when Unit (ICU), Weapon INS/GPS is used together Control Panel, Avionic providing the aircraft Activation Panel (AAP), with a highly accurate and Reconnaissance navigation capability.

65 Laboratory (SEL), which was established under the 1st HİBM Command as a functional example of aircraft avionics architecture in a laboratory environment. Within the scope of the project, to measure more than 120 parameters on the F-4E/TM aircraft, Flight Test Measurement ©©Cem DOĞUT studies on the plane were carried out at the antennas on the US origin “Şimşek the LN-100G Embedded Flight Test Measurement RF-4E planes are located INS/GPS produced under Center under the 1st HİBM at the wingtips. Also, 5 (Lightning)” license by Aselsan. Plus, Command. This center Luftwaffe RF-4E aircraft Modernization the Flight Controls of the formes the core of the were upgraded to utilize aircraft was improved 401st Test Squadron. the KS-146B Long Range Program with the CDU-900 Oblique Photography Control Display Unit and Conclusion Modernization activities (LOROP) reconnaissance the Operational Flight continued with the During its 46-year pods with the Işık (Light) Software developed by “Lightning (Şimşek) adventure in Turkey, Project, raising the total Aselsan engineers. With Project.” The Second which started on August number of RF-4E/TM the encrypted and Link- Package of the F-4E 30, 1974, Phantoms reconnaissance aircraft 11 compatible MXF-484 Lightning Modernization served in nine different to 12. As part of the KS- radio system that enables Project was started in squadrons (111,112,113,131,1 146B reconnaissance pod communication in UHF 2006 to strengthen the 32,171,172,173, and 401) and system, the Reconnaissance and VHF bands, F-4E/TM airframe structure and introduced the Turkish Air Pod, Control Panel, aircraft were provided improve the avionics of Force to modern radar, Power Distribution Unit, with an efficient and the 16 F-4E Phantom II ECM and ammunition. and Two-position Side secure communication Fighter-Bomber planes In addition to working Oblique Optics were capability. Similar to in the Turkish Air Force with advanced weapon installed on the aircraft. the Işık (Light) Project, inventory. In this context, systems, Phantoms The SBU-100 Converter communication between the F-4E/TM (classified as had another significant act as a data interface the upgraded avionics such after modernization) contribution; thanks to for the INS information with digital interfaces aircraft 68-0403, which the Terminator, Işık (Light) provided by the LN-100GT such as the LN-100GT performed its first and Şimşek (Lightning) navigation system to the system and the and the official test flight on modernization projects, KS-146B reconnaissance original analog display December 24, 2009, the Turkish Air Force and pod system. LOROP was systems maintained on after its modernization, Turkish Defence Industry designed to take high- the aircraft is provided was delivered to the 1st gained unprecedented resolution photographs through the SBU-100 Main Jet Base Command experience in system at high altitudes and long Synchro-to-digital with a ceremony held at integration, product distances. The system Converter Unit designed the 1st Air Supply and development, and their includes the KS-146 by Aselsan. Therefore, Maintenance Center testing procedures. cameras featuring a seven- analog systems were (HİBM) on March 2, 2010, When the project first element, 1676-mm (66-inch) guaranteed to work and the project was started, Phantoms were focal length f/5.6 lens, a together with modern completed in 2010.F- planned to be retired in two-axis gyro-stabilized digital systems without 4E /TM planes were 2020 with the arrival of scan head, a passive making any changes to undergone a similar the first F-35 to Turkey isolation system, and a self- the existing displays that avionic modernization to and the reactivation of the contained thermal system. the pilots are accustomed RF-4E/M reconnaissance 172nd Squadron. However, Depending on the altitude to. Before the flight test, aircraft (except the MIKES it’s all water under the of the aircraft, the system the new avionic systems product AN/ALQ-178[V]3R bridge now; the F-35s can provide maximum to be integrated into passive EW suite). Within did not arrive, and the resolution at a distance the aircraft were first this framework, the F-4E/2020s will continue of 65 to 100 km from the ground tested in the navigation system of the to protect Anatolian skies target. System Integration plane was upgraded with in the future...

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