Volume 18, Issue 1

History of Anthropology Newsletter

Volume 18 Issue 1 June 1991 Article 1

January 1991

Volume 18, Issue 1

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XVIII: 1 1991 History of Anthropology Newsletter

VOLUME XVIII, NUMBER 1 JUNE 1991

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CLIO'S FANCY

"Included in this Classification" 3

RESEARCH IN PROGRESS ...... 11

BIBLIOGRAPHICA ARCANA

I. Recent Journal Numbers 12 II. Recent Dissertations 13 III. Work by Subscribers 14 IV. Suggested by Our Readers 15

GLEANINGS FROM ACADEMIC GATHERINGS ...... 20 The Editorial Committee

Robert Bieder Regna Darnell Indiana University University of Alberta

Curtis Hinsley Dell Hymes Colgate University University of Pennsylvania George W. Stocking William Sturtevant University of Chicago Smithsonian Institution

Subscription rates (Each volume contains two numbers: June and December)

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Subscribers and contributors should understand that HAN is carried on with a small budget as a spare-time activity. Correspondence and documentation relating to institutional or subscription service billing must therefore be kept to a minimum.

We depend very much on our readers to send along bibliographic notes, research reports, and items for our other departments. It will not always be possible, however, to acknowledge contributions, or to explain the exclusion of those few items not clearly related to the history of anthropology or for other reasons inappropriate. CLIO'S FANCY: DOCUMENTS TO PIQUE THE HISTORICAL IMAGINATION

"Included in the present classification'': Notes toward an Archeology of Ethnographic Categorization

In the 1930s, during the later phases of Boasian diffusionism, when the mainline of American anthropology had moved toward cultural holism, culture and personality, and acculturation, students and colleagues of Alfred Kroeber went into the field armed with the "laundry lists" of the California Culture Element Distribution project ( cf. Driver 1962). The results of such studies produced tables in which traits were marked by their presence (x) or their absence (- ), from which the following is a less than random selection:

1085. Swimming, breast stroke 1086. Swimming, dog fashion 1087. Swimming, on back 1088. Swimming, crawl (overhead reaching) 1089. Males urinate squatting 1090. First marital intercourse anal 1091. "Toilet chips" [for wiping] 1092. Women sit cross-legged (Turkish) 1093. Women kneel on knees and toes, buttocks on heels 1094. Women sit with 1 foot under, other at side

Reading for the first time the culminating entries from E. W. Gifford's trait list for the various bands of the Porno (Kroeber et al. 1939), I recalled the category-shattering laughter of Michel Foucault, in the opening lines of The Order of Things, upon his first reading of Borges' immaginary Chinese encyclopedia, which divided animals into: a) belonging to the Emperor b) embalmed c) tame d) sucking pigs e) sirens f) fabulous g) stray dogs h) included in the present classification i) frenzied j) innumerable k) drawn with a very fine camelhair brush 1) et cetera m) having just broken the water pitcher n) that from a long way off look like flies

What implicit system of cultural or ethnographic categorization could possibly acccount for this strange juxtaposition of behaviors: swimming, pissing, fucking, shitting, sitting? At the most immediate level, the heading gave a ready answer: "Postures and Actions." But why in a list of over a thousand

3 i terns should these ten come last? Were the same or similar items included in all the Kroeberian "laundry lists"? Were there perhaps underlying principles to be found in the ethnographic categories of other anthropologists or schools? Would these be the same at different moments in the history of anthropology? Was there, in effect, a kind of deep categorical structure to the European ethnographic experience generally? My wonderment encouraged a research foray (carried on, I should say, in large part by my research assistant Andrea Lee-Harshbarger, and fortuitiously supplemented by the bachelor's thesis of Daniel Turner on the ethnographic categories used by James Cook and Joseph Banks on the voyage of the Endeavour in the years 1768-1771).

A comparison of the other trait listings in volume thirty-seven of the University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology ( 1939) quickly revealed that the "laundry lists" were not all the same--that for the Yana containing only half as many i terns. And, as Kroe ber suggested, the discrepancy was motivated: "Our element lists are not a 'Notes and Queries, 1 that is, an unlocalized universal-pattern collection of memoranda and instructions for government officials, missionaries, and ethnographic amateurs or novices. They are derived from a thirty-year accumula- tion, by many participants, of ethnographic knowledge of one area, obtained by ethnographic f ie1dwork of orthodox type." Kroeber went on to suggest that "each region studied requires a list of its own based on previously acquired knowledge of its cultures." (72) Discussing the methodology of Stanislaw Klimek's statistical analysis of the distribution material (cf Golbeck 1980), Kroeber specified three criteria that must be met in deciding whether the "elements operated with are justifiable units": "First, the elments must be sharply definable. Second, they must be derived empirically, not logically. And third, they must be accepted for use without bias or selection" (1).

Elsewhere in the volume, Kroeber indicated how the lists evolved. They began with "a .list of eight hundred culture traits or elements occuring in native California" which he himself compiled in 1928 (but apparently never published as such) for the study that eventually appeared as Cultural and Natural Areas of Native North America {1939). In preparing a "more accurate list" sui table for statistical study, Klimek "shrank" Kroeber's "rough" list by half--after which "Gifford and others" expanded the list "as a basis for new systematic field inquiry" (123; cf. 72).

Although quite disparate in length, the lists were not, of course, totally lacking in structure. As the "Postures and Actions" heading suggests, specific traits were grouped under headings, which may be compared as follows (and in several instances have been abbreviated):

4 Klimek Yana Porno ------Pottery Dress & Adornment Clothing Basketry . Cradles Hair Food & Agriculture Burdens Adornment Dress & Ornament Basketry (twined) Ceremonial Dress Smoking Basketry (coiled) Cradles & Burdens Musical Instruments Basketry (various) Basketry Games Cordage Cordage Money Fishing Fishing Tools & Implements Hunting Hunting Hunting & Fishing Skin Dressing Food Boats Food Habits Utensils Structures Var. Food Utensils Tools War & Fighting Utensils, Implems. Weapons Social Insts. Weapons Assembly House Death & Mourning Assembly House Dwelling House Shamanism Dwelling House Sweat House Puberty Rites, etc. Sweat House Navigation Kuksu & Hesi Cmplx. Navigation Ceremonial Stones Tolache Cult Musical Instrms. Musical Instrms. Cerems. & Dances Money Money & Beads [Misc.] Beliefs & Pipes & Tobacco Pipes & Tobacco Artifacts Games Games Calendar, etc. Calendar, etc. Marriage Marriage Birth Birth Puberty Puberty Death Death Social Status Soc. & Polit. Status Polit. Org. Chiefs Property Land Ownership Warfare War Shamans Shamans Cures, Magic Souls & Ghosts Ritual Mythology Mythology Ritual Miscellaneous Ghost Society Kuksu Society Varia Postures and Actions

One striking aspect of these lists is the clear relationship to a museum-based, object-oriented anthropology--in which clothing and basketry have pride of place, and bulk much larger quantitatively (in terms of the number of distinct elements under each heading) than many sociological or ritual aspects of culture. Kroeber, of course, had strang connections to museological anthropology, and was inclined to minimize the more sociological aspects of the discipline. One notes also that, despite Kroeber' s appeal to induction, there is an order in the sequence of categories: from subsistence to life cycle to social organization to religious belief--in general, that is, from the material to the ideal.

5 Since by implication Kroeber himself referred to other systems of ethnographic classification, one is inclined to make a few brief comparisons, to see what if any commonali- ties there may be among them. "Notes and Queries," of course, referred to the ethnographic manuals prepared by commmittees of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. The first edition (1874), in which E. B. Tylor played the major role, was divided into three major sections: The Constitution of Man; Culture; Miscellaneous. The seven- ty-five headings devoted to "Culture" began with "history," and moved from there to archaeology, etymology, astronomy, arithmetic, medicine, food, cannibalism, narcotics, crimes, morals, covenants, religion, superstitions, magic and witch- craft, mythology, government, laws, customs, taboo, property, trade, money, measures, war, hunting, nomadism, pastoralism, agriculture, domestication of animals, slavery, social relations, marital relations, relationships, widows, infanticide, limitation of population, education, initiatory ceremonies, games, communications, tattooing, clothing, personal ornaments, burials, deformations, tribal marks, circumcision, totems, dyeing, music, language, poetry, writing, drawing, ornamentation, machinery, navigation, habitations, fire, string, weaving, pottery, leatherwork, basketwork, stone implements, metallurgy, arts and manufacturers, memorial structures, engineering, topography, swimming, natural forms, conservatism, variation, invention.

While there is no apparent systematic logic to this listing, the contrast between its sequence and that of Kroeber' s "laundry lists" is striking. Already author of a work on Primitive Culture (1871) in its more ideal manifestations--but not yet the Keeper of the University Museum at Oxford--Tyler started with modes of knowledge and belief, moved then to social and economic organization, and relegated the clearly "collectible" manifestations of material culture to the very end. Interestingly enough, however, this reversal of the material to ideal sequence was not to persist in Notes and Queries. In later editions, the order was changed, and by 1912, the movement was from "physical anthropology" to "technology" to "sociology" to "arts and sciences" ( including language, fine art, stories, music, dancing, drama, games and amusements, reckoning and measurement, money and other measurements of value, natural science, religion, and "adopted elements in culture: importation, imitation, teaching") . The sequence was from mankind as physical being to technology to social organization to belief systems--i.e., once again, from the physical and the material to the ideal.

The second system of classification to which Kroeber indirectly referred was that of Clark Wissler, who in 1923 had devoted the fifth chapter of his influential book on Man and Culture to "The Universal Pattern." There Wissler

6 suggested that "students of cultures find that the same general outline will fit them all: thus, we may say the facts of culture may be comprehended under nine heads as in the accompanying table": The Culture Scheme

1. Speech Languages, writing systems, etc. 2. Material Traits a. Food Habits b. Shelter c. Transportation and Travel d. Dress e. Utensils, tools, etc. f. Weapons g. Occupations and industries 3. Art. Carving, painting, drawing, music, etc. 4. Mythology and Scientific Knowledge 5. Religious Practices a. Rjtualistic forms b. Treatment of the Sick c. Treatment of the dead 6. Family and Social Systems a. The forms of marriage b. Methods of reckoning relationship c. Inheritance d. Social control e. Sports and games 7. Property a. Real and personal b. Standards of value and exchange c. Trade 8. Government a. Political forms b.Judicial and legal procedures 9. War (Wissler 1923:74) In the aftermath of the Great War, "War" was by implication given a terminal categorical prominence. Insofar .as Wissler offered explicit justification for the sequence, however, it would seem to have been in implicitly evolutionary terms, in which the movement was from the animal to the individual to the social: the priority of speech was argued on the grounds that "one can scarcely conceive of an animal community without some degree of communication" (81); tools--conceived as "material constructs both to supplment and protect the indi v idual"--were "so universal that man has been defined as the tool-using animal" (89); from there Wissler turned to "relations of individuals within the group and around these functions, what is spoken of as social organization"--leaving the rest of the categories unremarked.

Wissler's "universal pattern" was one of three "most

7 promising" prior classificatory schemes consul ted in estab- lishing the one developed by George Murdock and his colleagues at the Yale Institute of Human Relations in the late 1930s to serve as the organizing principle of the "Cross-Cultural Survey" (which in 1949 eventuated in the Human Relations Area Files). In the event, however, Wissler's (along with that of Yale's William Graham Sumner and A. G. Keller, as well as their prior source in Herbert Spencer's Descriptive Sociology) "did not seem adequate or comprehensive enough," and a new "Outline of Cultural Materials" was created (Ford 1971:177-78). Its goal was "to provide a consistent system of classification that would permit the ordering of information on man's various environments--including climate, geography and topography, flora, and fauna as well as the physical, social, and behavioral characteristics of a people, their beliefs, value systems, religion and philosophy" (176). Although that retrospective comment itself suggests that there were in fact implicit prior assumptions about the proper ordering of ethnographic data, it is worth noting certain moments in the development of the HRAF schema. According to its historian, elaborating "the reproductive cycle" was relatively easy, since "the biological aspects of reproduction provided convenient categories" around which "ethnographers tend to organize their information'' (Ford 1971:178). But an attempt to develop a "logical system" for material culture broke down when , confronted by the actual content of existing ethnographies. The lesson "that was learned was that for technology and material cul ture"--and for "nearly every part of the outline that was eventually produced"--the "mode of its construction had to be an induc- tive process." Rather than developing a priori "a logical . scheme," it became necessary to examine comprehensively the way in which "ethnographers and other observers [actually] tended to group descriptive information." Categories "based on contemporary theory had to be abandoned in favor of induc- tively perceived methods of existing classification." It was only in relation to "social and kin groupings and organization"--the privileged theoretical categories of the Murdock- ian project--that "a series of analytic distinctions had to made and defined," due to the "lack of consistent usage on the part of ethnographers and other observers in the field. . " (181-82). The resulting schema included 88 major headings: 10 Orientation 16 Demography 11 Bibliography 17 History & Culture Change 12 Methodology 18 Total Culture 13 Geography 19 Language 14 Human Biology 20 Communication 15 Behavior Processes 21 Records & Personality 22 Food Quest

8 23 Animal Husbandry 55 Individuation & Mobility 24 Agriculture 56 Social Stratification 25 Food Processing 57 Interpersonal Relations 26 Food Consumption 58 Marriage 27 Drink, Drugs, Indulgence 59 Family 28 Leather, Textiles, Fabric 60 Kinship 29 Clothing 61 Kin Groups 30 Adornment 62 Community 31 Exploitative Activities 63 Territorial Organization 32 Processing Basic Materials 64 State 33 Building & Construction 65 Government Activities 34 Structures 66 Political Behavior 35 Equipment & Maintence of 67 Law Buildings 68 Offenses & Sanctions 36 Settlements 69 Justice 37 Energy and Power 70 Armed Forces. 38 Chemical Industries 71 Military Technology 39 Capital Goods Industries 72 War 40 Machines 73 Social Problems 41 Tools and Appliances 74 Health & Welfare 42 Property 75 Sickness 43 Exchange 76 Death 44 Marketing 77 Religious Beliefs 45 Finance 78 Religious Practices 46 Labor 79 Ecclesiastical Organization 47 Business & Industrial 80 Numbers & Measures Organization 81 Exact Knowledge 48 Travel & Transportation 82 Ideas about Nature & Man 49 Land Transport 83 Sex 50 Water & Air Transport 84 Reproduction 51 Living Standards & 85 Infancy & Childhood Routines 86 Socialization 52 Recreation 87 Education 53 Fine Arts 88 Adolescence, Adulthood 54 Entertainment & Old Age

(Murdock et al 1950:3-9)

Again, one notes certain categorical priorities specific to this particular system of classification. In a somewhat different and more pervasive way than with Wissler's "universal pattern," warfare seems to have been privileged--inasmuch as the whole effort (which was in fact supported by the Department of the Navy) was geared, as the category labels suggest, to the analysis of economically and technologically advanced societies. One notes also the special placement of life cycle phenomena at the end, where by implication they suggest a reiterative circularity to the whole cultural scheme. However, there is enough similarity between this scheme and several others treated so far to suggest an underlying framework of assumption. Insofar as one takes the first as foremost, it would seem that at the level of ethnographic classification, if not that of anthropological theorizing, there is a certain materialist, one might even

9 say "technoenvironmental determinist," bias built into western anthropological thought.

But if this would seem, at the level of ethnographic classification, to qualify Marvin Harris 1 critique of The Rise of Anthropological Theory (1968), it seems quite unlike- ly that there has been a pervasive but unacknowledged debt to Karl Marx. The roots of the priority of the material go back long before Marx--and are linked, one suspects, to a teleological privileging of the ideal (as Marx himself might have argued). A recent look at the categories employed by Joseph Banks and Captain Cook on the first of the latter 1 s three expeditions to Southern Seas between 1768 and 1771 suggests that the bias was already then manifest. Thus, Banks 1 account of New Zealand moved through the following topics: terrain, soil, timber, minerals, quadrupeds, birds, insects, fish, plants, population, appearance, hygiene, tattoos, clothing, ornaments, shelter, food, drink, health, boats, tools, textiles, fishing, cultivation of land, arms, war song and dance, cannibalism, forts, civil government, women, religion, burial customs, and language. While there is variation between the schemas adopted at Tierra del Fuego, Tahiti, New Zealand and Australia, as well as between the two observers, the general movement would seem to be from the external to the internal, from the material to the ideal, from the physical to the spiritual, from that which is closer to nature to that which is closer to God, from the individual to· the social, from the concrete to the abstract--or, one might suggest, from the actually collectible to the merely recountable.

Whether, as Daniel Turner (1991) suggests, the basis for this schema is to be found in "the Great Chain of Being" seems perhaps moot--since the sequence "quadrupeds, birds, insects, fish, plants" does not correlate with that of the chain (cf. Lovejoy 1936). But it does seem likely that there is a kind of deep patterning (if not structuring) of ethnographic classification in the anthropological tradition, a patterning derivative perhaps from traditions of natural historical inquiry, and of cosmological and religious assumption. More systematic investigation of questionnaires and other such instruments, as well as comparative study of travel accounts and ethnographies (from the point of view of their actual structuring, as opposed to their exemplification of a generalized notion of "ethnographic authority" [ cf. Clifford 1983]), might prove a fruitful project. [GWS]

References Cited

British Association for the Advancement of Science. 1874. Notes and gueries on anthropology, for the use of tra- vellers and residents in uncivilized lands. London.

1 0 1912. Notes and queries on anthropology. 4th ed. London.

Clifford, James. 1983. On ethnographic authority. Reprinted in The predicament of culture. 21-54. Cambridge {1988).

Driver, Harold. 1962. The contribution of A. L. Kroeber to culture area theory and practice. International Journal of American Linguistics, Memoir #18. Ford, C. S. 1971. The development of the Outline of Cultural Materials. Behavior Science Notes 6:173-86.

Foucault, Michel. 1970. The order of things. New York.

Golbeck, A. L. 1980 Quantification in ethnology and its appearance in regional culture trait distribution studies ( 1888-1939). Journal of the History of the Behav- ioral Sciences 16:228-40.

Harris, Marvin. 1968. The rise of anthropological theory. New York.

Kroeber, A. L. 1939. Cultural and natural areas of native North America. Berkeley.

Kroeber et al. 1939. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology, Vol. 37 (1935-1937).

Lovejoy, A. 0. 1936. The great chain of being. Cambridge.

Murdock, G. F. et al. 1950. Outline of cultural materials. New Haven.

Turner, Daniel. 1991. Tahiti and the Endeavour expedition: A voyage into myth. B.A. Thesis in History, University of Chicago.

Wissler, Clark. 1923. Man and culture. New York.

RESEARCH IN PROGRESS

Steve Alter (Department of History, University of Michi- gan) is starting research for a dissertation on the nineteenth century Yale University linguist William Dwight Whit- ney.

Penny Lee (Department of Education, University of West- ern Australia) is doing research on the linguistic work of Benjamin Lee Wharf.

Mary Anne Levine (Department of Anthropology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst) is working on a manuscript

1 1 entitled "Uncovering a Buried Past: The History of Women in Americanist Archaeology to World War II." Kit Malagoda (Sociology, University of Auckland) has for some time been carrying on research for a book focussing on the anthropological and archeological work of A. M. Hocart in South Asia. Ruth Mandel (Department of Anthropology, University College, London) is planning research which will seek to compare the discourses surrounding immigration issues in Germany, Britain, and the United States

Michael Richardson (Department of Anthropology and Sociology, School of Oriental and African Studies) plans to undertake research for a dissertation on "The Crisis of Objectivity in Anthropology: A Consideration through Roman- ticism and Surrealism." Benoit Massin (History of Science, EHESS, Paris) is doing doctoral research on the "History of Racial Theories and their Main Critics in Germany, 1860-1945." Patrick Wolfe (Department of History, University of Melbourne) is conducting doctoral research on the paradigm shift in British anthropology from evolutionism to structural functionalism in the context of major world events (the decline ·of European in favor of American power, the rise of international communism, etc.), major industrial and techno- logical developments, and institutional and other factors.

BIBLIOGRAPHICA ARCANA I. Recent Journal Numbers Bulletin of the History of Archaeology--the first number of this new subdisciplinary publication appeared in May, and includes a number of the categories of HAN: current research, dissertations, rece.nt work by subscribers, reports of academic gatherings, sources and announcements. In addition, BHA includes death notices, and plans in future numbers to include book and journal article reviews, as well as a short substantive articles under the heading "Discourse on the History of Archaeology." Although HAN will occasionally draw on the bibliographic listings of BHA (as they will doubtless draw on ours), we will not attempt to reproduce all the bibliographic material included therein. Readers who wish to subscribe to BHA ( $5 .US; $8 overseas) should communicate with the General Editor, Douglas R. Givens, Department of Behavioral Sciences, St. Louis Community College-Meremec, 11333 Big Bend Boulevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63122.

1 2 Bulletins et Memoires de la Societe de Anthropologie de Paris, N.S. 1 (#3-4), a special number entitled "Histoire de l'anthropologie: Hommes, idees, moments," prepared under the editorial direction of Claude Blanckaertl A. Ducrosl and J.- J. Hublin, contains the proceedings of a colloquium organized by the Societe in June of 1989. Articles include two by Blanckaert ("L'Anthropologie en France, le mot et l'histoire, xvie-xixe siecle 1 " and "L' indice cephalique et 1' ethnogenie europeenne, 1840-1870), Jean Jamin's essay on Paul Rivet, as well as a number of other essays on topics in biological anthropology: the anthropology of Taliamed (C. Cohen), Buffon and Jefferson (J. Roger) I the orang-outan downgraded (G. Barsanti), French thought on human origins from Lamarck to

Darwin (G. Laurant) 1 antidiluvian man (J. Pautrat), genuine and fake fossil men (J. Hublin), cranial and skeletal series

(N. Dias) 1 Mortillet's review L'Homme (N. Richard), the Berber paradigm (G. Boetsche and J. Ferrie), Marcellin Boule (J. Piveteau) and the history of paleoethology (A. & J. Ducros). GradHiva--Volume 8 (1990) includes, among others, essays by Noel Barbe on " 1 Ethnographie' et revolution: Lequinio de Kerblay (Sarzeau 1755-Newport 1813) et le Jura," by Michel Izard on "L 1 Indien de Volney," by Francois Sigaut, "De la technologie a 1 1 evolution: L 1 oeuvre de Pitt Rivers," and by Claude Blanckaert on Boucher de Perthes. Volume 9 ( 1991) includes material on Michel Leiris, as well as essays by Francine Markovits and Andre Pessel, "Elements pour une histoire de l'anthropologiel de la Renaissance au XVIIIe siecle," by Sandra Puccini on the "Institutionalisation de 1 1 anthropologie i talienne au XIXe siecle," and by Nathalie Richard on the practice of prehistoric archeology in the nineteenth century, as revealed in museum correspondence. Journal of the History of Collections--among "recent articles" in this publication of the Oxford University Press (now in its third volume) is Ezio Bassani and Letizia Tedeschi, "The Image of the Hottentot in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries."

II. Recent Dissertations (Ph.D. except where otherwise indicated) Barnhart, Terry A. "Of mounds and men: The early anthropological career of Ephraim George Squier" (Miami University, Department of History, 1989).

Clay, Catherine B. I "Ethos and empire: The ethnographic expedition of the Imperial Russian Naval Ministry, 1855-1862" (University of Oregon, 1989).

1 3 III. Recent Work by Subscribers [Except in the case of new subscribers, for whom we will include one or two orienting items, "recent" is taken to mean within the last two years. Please note that we do not list "forthcoming" i terns. To be certain of dates and page numbers, please wait until your works have actually appeared before sending offprints (preferably}, or citations in the style used in History of Anthropology and most anthropological journals]

Chapman, William. 1989. The organizational context in the history of archaeology: Pitt Rivers and other British archaeologists in the 1860s. The Antiquaries Journal 69: 23-42.

Cole, Douglas & Ira Chaikin. 1990. An iron hand upon the people: The law against the Potlatch on the Northwest Coast. Seattle: University of Washington Press. Dias, N. 1989. SAries de crAnes et armAes de squelettes: Les collections anthropologiques en France dans 1a seconde moi tie du xixe siecle. Bulletins et Memo ires de la Societe d'Anthropologie de Paris, n.s. 1 (#3-4) :203-30. ______1990. L'anthropologie comme science pure. Preface, rep. ed. Paul Topinard, L' Homme·dans la nature. Paris: Editions Jean-Michel Place. ______1991. Le Musee d'Ethnographie du Trocadero (1878- 1908): Anthropologie et museologie en France. Paris: Editions du CNRS. Hildebrandt, Hans-Jtirgen. 1990. Rekonstruktionen: Zur Ges- chichte un Theorie de Ethnologie. Gottingen: Edition Re. 1990. Aufruf zur Grtindung einer Georg-Forster- Forschungsstelle fur Geschichte der Ethnolgie under der Europaisch-tiseeischen Beziehungen. Mainz 10(#4) :40-43.

------1990. Zur En ts tehung s taa t 1 i cher Organisationsformen: Ein Vergleich zwischen Morgan und Engels. In K.-H. Kohl, H. Muszinski & I. Strecker, eds., Die Vielfalt der Kultur, 639-53. Berlin: Reimer.

Kehoe, Alice. 1990. The monumental midwestern taxonomic method. In G. Gibbon, ed., the western Great Lakes, pp. 31-36. University of Minne- sota Publications in Anthropology# 4. Kennedy, K. A. R. 1990. Skeletons in the Closet: Recent recovery of lost human remains from iron age Raigir, Anhdra Pradesh. South Asian Studies 6:201-26.

14 Krotz, Esteban. 1991. A panoramic view of recent Mexican anthropology. Current Anthropology 32:183-88.

Pinsky, Valerie & Alison Wylie, eds. 1990. Critical traditions in contemporary archaeology: Essays in the philosophy, history and socio-poli tics of archaeology. Cam- bridge University Press.

Schavelzon, Daniel. 1991. Las ciudades Mayas: Historia de las teories sabre su estructura urbana. Buenos Aires: Editorial Rescate.

1991. La conservacion del patrimonio cultural en America Latina: Restauraci6n de edificios prehispani- cos en Mesoamerica, 1750-1980. Buenos Aires: Universi- dad de Buenos Aires and the Getty Grant Program.

Schwerin, Karl. H. 1990. The American collectionism of Alcide d'Orbigny. Museological Science 6:205-15.

Stagl, Justin. 1990. The methodising of travel in the sixteenth century: A tale of three cities. History and Anthropology 4:303-38.

Woodbury, Richard B. 1990. John Otis Brew, 1906-1988. American Antiquity 55:452-59.

IV. Suggested by our Readers

[Although the subtitle does not indicate it, the assumption here is the same as in the preceding section: we list "recent" work--i.e., items appearing in the last several years.]

Barnes, Gina L. 1990. The 'idea of prehistory' in Japan. Antiquity 64:97-102 [A.L.C.]

Bendick, Christoph. 1989. Emil Kraepelin's Forschungsreise nach Java im Jahre 1904. University of Cologne [R.D.F.]

Blue, Gregory. 1990. The Chinese presence in Europe. Comparative Criticism 12:283-98 [B.N.K.]

Bonte, P., M. Izard, et al., eds. 1991. Dictionnaire de 1 'ethnoloqie et de 1 'anthropologie. Paris: Presse Uni- versitaires de France [includes 7 articles on history & institutionalization of anthropology, 20 articles on national anthropologies, 83 biographical sketches, and many other entries relevant to the history of anthropology--W.C.S.]

Boulay, Roger. 1990. Les collections oceaniennes du musee de Boulogne-sur-Mer. Journal de la Societe des Oceanistes 90:29-34 [B.N.K.]

1 5 Bremer, Richard. Indian agent and wilderness scholar: The life of Henry Rowe Schoolcraft. Mount Pleasant, Mich.: Clarke Historical Library [G.W.S.]

Carlson, Lew. 1989. Giant Patagonians and hairy Ainu: Anthro- pology days at the 1904 St, Louis Olympics. Journal of American Culture 12 (3) :19-26 [G.W.S.]

Cannon, Garland. 1990. The life and mind of Oriental Jones: Sir William JOnes, the father of modern linguistics. Cambridge University Presss [B.N.K.]

Clermont, N. & P. E. L. Smith. 1990. Prehistoric, prehistory, prehistorian . Who invented the terms? Antiquity 64:97-102 [A.L.C.]

De Vita, Philip R., ed. 1990. The humbled anthropologist: Tales from the Pacific. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing [another contribution to the reflections on fieldwork genre--I.B.]

Dikotter, Frank. 1990. Group definition and the idea of •race• in modern China (1793-1949). Ethnic and Racial Studies 13: 420-23 [B.N.K.]

Dippie, Brian. 1990. Catlin and his contemporaries: The politics of patronage. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press [G.W.S.]

Drake, St. Clair. 1991. Black folk here and there. Vol. 2. Los Angeles: U.C.L.A. Center for Afro-American Studies Publications [combs history for evidence of challenges to the denigration of Black people, as documented in Volume 1 --R.D.F.]

Drescher, Seymour. 1990. The ending of the slave trade and the evolution of European scientific racism. Social Science History 14:415-450 [B.N.K.]

Fenton, William N. 1990. Frank G. Speck's anthropology (881- 1950). Man in the Northeast, No. 40:95-101 [R.D.F.]

Firth, Raymond. 1990. Encounters with Tikopia over sixty years. Oceania 60:241-49 [W.C.S.]

Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn, ed. 1991. Ethics and the profession of anthropology: Dialogue for a new era. Philadelphia: Unversity of Pennsylvania [contains historical material, including reports, guidelines, etc.--G.W.S.]

Freed, Stanley A• 1991. Everyone is breathing on our vit- rines: Problems and prospects of museum anthropology. Curator 34:58-79 [review of earlier critiques--G.W.S.]

1 6 Gerigk, Horst-Jtirgen. 1989. Der Mensch als Affe in der deutschen, franzosischen, russischen, engl is chen un amerikanschen Literatur des 19. un 29. Jahrhunderts. Htitgenwald: Pressler (G.W.S.] Gneuss, Helmut. 1990. The study of Language in Anglo-Saxon England. Bulletin of the John Rylands Library, University of Manchester 72:3-23 [B.N.K.] Graham, Richard, ed. 1990. The idea of race in Latin America, 1870-1940. Austin: University of Texas [includes Alan Knight on 11 Racism, revolution and Indigenismo: Mexico, 1910-1940 11 --G.W.S.]

Hanson, A. & L. 1990. The eye of the beholder: A short history of the study of Maori art. In Hanson & Hanson, eds. Art and identity in Oceania, pp. 184-95. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press [W.C.S.] Homiak, John P. 1990. Melville J. Herskovits: Motor behavior and the imaging of Afr6-American culture. Visual Anthro- pology 3:11-29 [G.W.S.] Hullen, Werner. 1990. Reality, the museum, and the cata- logue: A semiotic interpretation of early German texts of museology. Semiotica 80:265-75 [1550-1700--B.N.K.]

Hutnyk, John. 1989. Castaway anthropology: Malinowski's tropical writings. Antithesis 2 {#1) :43-54 [B.N.K.]

______1990. Comparative anthropology and Evans- Pritchard's Nuer photographs. Critique of Anthropology 10 (#1) [M. Z.] Jacquemin, Sylviane. 1990. Origin des collections oceaniennes dans les musees parisiennes. Le Musee du Louvre. Journal de la Societe des 90:47-52 [B.K.] Kagarlitskii, Yuli I. 1990. Alexsandr Chaianov: Utopographer and romantic. Slavic Review 49: 634-42 [ Chayanov of 11 domestic economy"--B.N.K.] Laurencich-Minelli, Laura. 1990. Antonio Spagni and his collection in Reggio Emilia. Plains Anthropoloqist 35:191-204 [1830's plains material--B.N.K.] Littlejohn, James. 1987. The Scottish enlightenment: Progeni- tor of social anthropology? Edinburgh Anthropology 1:6- 19 [G.W.S.]

Louis, Pierre. 1989. Note sur anthropologue et anthropolo- gos. Documents pour 1' Histoire du Vocabulaire Scienti- figue. {CNRS, Paris) 9:9-11 [G.W.S.]

1 7 Mann, Gunter & F. Dumont. 1988. Gehirn-nerven-seele: Anatomie und physiologie im umfeld S. Th. Soemmerrings. Stutt- gart: Fischer [G.W.S.]

Mass in , Ben o i t . 1 9 9 0 . L e Na z i s me e t 1 a science: De 1 'eugenisme a 1 'Operation euthanasie' , 1890-1945. La Recherche 21 (#227) :1562-68 [G.W.S.]

Miller, J. H. 1991. The life of Harold Sellers Colton: A Philadelphia brahmin in Flagstaff Tsaile, Arizona: Navajo Community College Press [A.L.C.]

Mitchem, J. M. 1990. The contributions of Nels C. Nelson to Florida archaeology. Florida Anthropologist 43:156-63 [introduced stratigraphic excavation in 1917--W.C.S.]

Murray, S. 0. 1989. Recent studies of American linguistics. Historiographia Linguistica 16:149-71 (G.W.S.]

Nettl, Bruno & P. V. Bohlman, eds. 1991. Comparative musicol- ogy and anthropology of music: Essays on the history of ethnomusicology. Chicago: University of Chicago Press [I.J.]

Orosz, Joel J. 1990. Curators and culture: The museum move- Birmingham: University of Alabama [R.D.F.]

Peace, W. J. 1988. Vere Gordon Childe and American ant hropo 1 ogy . 44:417-33 (G.W.S.]

Peirano, Mariza. 1990. Towards anthropological reciprocity. Serie Antropologica 103. Universidade de Brasilia [three papers comparing Brazilian with Indian academic experience, with special reference to the work of Dumont and Srinivas--G.W.S.]

Pinney, Christopher. 1990. Colonial anthropology and the 'laboratory. of mankind.' In c. A. Bayly, ed. The raj: India and the British, 1600-1947, pp. 252-63. London: National Portrait Gallery Publication [with "Anthropology and the colonial image--notes by C. P. on items in the exhibit--pp. 278-305--G.W.S.]

Rice, Edward. 1990. Captain Sir Richard Burton: The secret agent who made the pilgrimage to Mecca, discovered the Kama Sutra, and brought the Arabian Niqhts to the West. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons [R.D.F.]

Richards, Evellen. 1989, The 'moral anatomy' of Robert Knox: The interplay between biological and social thought in Victorian scientific naturalism. Journal of the History of Biology 22:373-436 (G.W.S.]

1 8 Richling, Barnett. 1990. Diamond Jenness and the National Museum of Canada: 1930-1947. Curator 33:245-60 [also T. F. Mcilwraith--W.C.S.] Roscoe, Will. 1988. We'Wha and Klah: The American Indian berdache as artist and priest. American Indian Quarterly 12:127-50 [numerous references to anthropologists who worked among the Zuni and the Navaho--D.M.S.] 1991. The Zuni Man-Woman. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press [contains rich archival material on Zuni and southwest, including much on Washington's relations to Indians--D.M.S.]

Rousseau, G.S. & R. Porter, eds. 1990. Exoticism in the enlightenment. Manchester University Press [G.W.S.]

Rubenstein, R. A. 1991. A conversation with Sol Tax. Current Anthropology 32:175-83 [G.W.S.] Sanchez Gomez, L. A. 1990. La Sociedad Espanola de anthropo- 1ogia, ethnografia y prehistoria (1921-1951). Revista de Dialectologia y Tradiciones Populares 45:61-87 [G.W.S.] Schieffelin, E. L., R. Crittenden et al. 1991. Like people vou see in a dream: First contact in six Papuan societies. Palo Alto: Stanford University Press [various essays organized around a narrative of the Strick1and- Purrari patrol of 1935--G. W. S.] Stewart, T. D. 1990. A story of archeology in letter form. Quarterly Bulletin, Archeological Society of Virginia 45(2):75-83 [reminiscences of Karl Schmitt (1915-52)--W.C.S.] Stoczkowski, Wiktor. 1990. La prehistoire dans les manuels scolaires ou notre mythe des origines. L 1 Homme 116 : 111- 35 [G.W.S.] Tennant, Paul. 1990. Aboriginal peoples and politics: The Indian land question in British Columbia, 1840-1989. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press [B.N.K.] VanBeek, Walter. 1991. Dogan restuded: A field evaluation of the work of Marcel Griaule. Current Anthropology 32:139-67 [G.W.S.]

Wetherell, D. & C. Carr-Gregg. 1990. Camilla: C. H. Wedgwood, 1901-1955, a life. Kensington, N.S.W.: New South Wales University Press [I.B.]

1 9 White, Bruce. 1990. The American army and the Indian. In N. F. Dreisziger, ed., Ethnic Armies. Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press [B.N.K.] Winkler, John. 1990 The constraints of desire: The anthropology of sex and gender in ancient Greece. New York: Routledge (G. W. S.] Wood, W. R. 1990. The role of the romantic west in the shaping of the third reich. Plains Anthropologist 35:313-19 [I.B.]

B.N.K.= Bruce N. Koplin I.J. = Ira Jacknis D.M.S.= David M. Schneider M.Z. = Marko Zivkovic G.W.S.= George W. Stocking R.D.F.= Raymond D. Fogelson I. B. = Ira Bashkow W.C.S.= William C. Sturtevant

GLEANINGS FROM ACADEMIC GATHERINGS. The Society for American Archaeology's Committee on the History of Archaeology met as an Advanced Seminar on Documenting the History of Archaeology at the School of American Research in Santa Fe, New Mexico, from 14-18 July 1990. The primary purpose of the_ meeting was to discuss the Committee's scope, responsibilities, and objectives, and to formulate a detailed and manageable plan of its activities over the next seven years.

The Committee on the History of Archaeology explicitly recognizes the vital importance of the historiography of archaeology for contemporary research practice, viewing it as a means of promoting a critical understanding of its processes, products, and consequences, both within and beyond the profession. The Committee thus seeks to encourage and facilitate all aspects of research into the history of archaeology in the Americas (in accordance with the scope of the SAA), by identifying, preserving, and making accessible all relevant source materials. Because many of these source materials are widely dispersed, difficult to access, and in many cases, as yet unidentified, priority will be given to the ultimate creation of a machine-readable database to be managed by a central coordinating office. The feasibility of extending this project to other anthropological subfields is also being considered.

For further information contact the Committee's Chairperson, Dr. Douglas Givens, c/o Department of Behavioral Science, St. Louis Community College at Meramec, 11333 Big Bend Bouylevard, St. Louis, Missouri 63122, USA. (edited from an announcement by Valerie Pinsky)