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Heloisa Berti Gabriel HELOISA BERTI GABRIEL Caracterização funcional de farnesil difosfato sintase/geranilgeranil difosfato sintase (FPPS/GGPPS) e 1,4-dihidroxi-2-naftoato preniltransferase (MenA) envolvidas respectivamente na via de isoprenóides e da vitamina K em Plasmodium falciparum Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia da Relação Patógeno-Hospedeiro do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da Universidade de São Paulo, para obtenção do Título de Doutor em Ciências. São Paulo 2015 HELOISA BERTI GABRIEL Caracterização funcional de farnesil difosfato sintase/geranilgeranil difosfato sintase (FPPS/GGPPS) e 1,4-dihidroxi-2-naftoato preniltransferase (MenA) envolvidas respectivamente na via de isoprenóides e da vitamina K em Plasmodium falciparum Tese apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia da Relação Patógeno-Hospedeiro do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da Universidade de São Paulo, para obtenção do Título de Doutor em Ciências. Área de concentração: Biologia da Relação Patógeno- Hospedeiro Orientador: Prof. Dr. Alejandro Miguel Katzin Coorientador: Dr. Mauro Ferreira de Azevedo Versão Original São Paulo 2015 DADOS DE CATALOGAÇÃO NA PUBLICAÇÃO (CIP) Serviço de Biblioteca e Informação Biomédica do Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas da Universidade de São Paulo © reprodução total Gabriel, Heloisa Berti. Caracterização funcional de farnesil difosfato sintase/geranilgeranil difosfato sintase (FPPS/GGPPS) e 1,4-dihidroxi-2-naftoato preniltransferase (MenA) envolvidas respectivamente na via de isoprenóides e da vitamina K em Plasmodium falciparum / Heloisa Berti Gabriel. -- São Paulo, 2015. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Alejandro Miguel Katzin. Tese (Doutorado) – Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas. Departamento de Parasitologia. Área de concentração: Biologia da Relação Patógeno-Hospedeiro. Linha de pesquisa: Protozoologia de parasitas. Versão do título para o inglês: Functional characterization of farnesyl dyphosphate synthase/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (FPPS/GGPPS) and 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoate prenyltransferase (MenA) respectively involved in the isoprenoid pathway and vitamin K in Plasmodium falciparum. 1. Plasmodium 2. Malaria 3. Isoprenóides 4. Enzimas I. Katzin, Prof. Dr. Alejandro Miguel II. Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia da Relação Patógeno-Hospedeiro III. Título. ICB/SBIB0128/2015 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO INSTITUTO DE CIÊNCIAS BIOMÉDICAS ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Candidato(a): Heloisa Berti Gabriel. Título da Tese: Caracterização funcional de farnesil difosfato sintase/geranilgeranil difosfato sintase (FPPS/GGPPS) e 1,4-dihidroxi-2-naftoato preniltransferase (MenA) envolvidas respectivamente na via de isoprenóides e da vitamina K em Plasmodium falciparum. Orientador(a): Prof. Dr. Alejandro Miguel Katzin. A Comissão Julgadora dos trabalhos de Defesa da Tese de Doutorado, em sessão pública realizada a ................./................./................., considerou ( ) Aprovado(a) ( ) Reprovado(a) Examinador(a): Assinatura: ............................................................................................... Nome: ....................................................................................................... Instituição: ................................................................................................ Examinador(a): Assinatura: ................................................................................................ Nome: ....................................................................................................... Instituição: ................................................................................................ Examinador(a): Assinatura: ................................................................................................ Nome: ....................................................................................................... Instituição: ................................................................................................ Examinador(a): Assinatura: ................................................................................................ Nome: ....................................................................................................... Instituição: ................................................................................................ Presidente: Assinatura: ................................................................................................ Nome: ....................................................................................................... Instituição: ................................................................................................ Aos meus pais Antônio e Maria Jandira, por todo apoio e carinho... AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço a todas as pessoas que direta ou indiretamente colaboraram comigo ao longo desse trabalho, em especial: A Alejandro, pela oportunidade, ensinamentos, apoio, paciência e confiança depositada todos esses anos. Ao Mauro, Emília e Gerhard por todos os ensinamentos, discussões, idéias e imensa colaboração durante todo o desenvolvimento do projeto. Aos meus colegas de laboratório por toda a colaboração, em especial ao Rodrigo, Fabiana e Alexandre pela sua imensa amizade, incentivo e apoio sempre que necessário, e a Márcia pelo auxílio em partes do projeto. Ao grupo do Professor Gerhard e Tânia por todo apoio, colaboração e paciência em ceder o espaço, sempre que necessário, em especial o Wolfgang, Fernanda, Rose, André e Alexandre. Ao Professor Dean Crick da Universidade do Estado do Colorado e seu grupo, pela confiança, ensinamentos e apoio durante um período de desenvolvimento de parte do projeto. Aos Professores João M. P. Alves e Giuseppe Palmisano pelos ensinamentos e auxílio em partes do desenvolvimento do projeto. Ao laboratório do Professor Claúdio Marinho e Cefap pelos auxílios com os experimentos de fluorescência. A todo o pessoal do Departamento de Parasitologia: alunos, técnicos e professores, pela convivência, amizade e muitas vezes pelos auxílios e discussões. Aos meus grandes amigos do departamento e os de fora do departamento, pelo apoio, carinho, paciência e incentivo. Ao meu amigo, colega e companheiro Wesley, por todas as discussões, auxílios e apoio sempre que necessário. Aos meus pais e familiares, pelo amor e apoio que nunca me faltaram. “A ciência ainda não nos provou se a loucura é ou não o mais sublime da inteligência.” Edgar Allan Poe Este trabalho contou com o apoio financeiro do Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento (CNPq), Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) e Fundo de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP). PREFÁCIO “Esta tese foi elaborada de acordo com as normas da GPG/ICB, relativas a outras formas de elaboração de tese de doutoramento, que permitem a inclusão dos anexos cujos resultados já foram publicados ou submetidos em periódicos internacionais indexados em língua inglesa. Permitem ainda, que detalhes metodológicos e resultados sejam aqueles contidos nos artigos anexados no corpo da tese.” Anexos que compõem o corpo desta tese: Anexo I - Single-target high-throughput transcription analysis reveal high levels of alternative splicing present in the FPPS/GGPPS from Plasmodium falciparum. (submitted) Anexo II - Squalestatin is an inhibitor of carotenoid biosynthesis in P. falciparum. Anexo III - Cloning and characterization of bifunctional enzyme farnesyl diphosphate/geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase from Plasmodium falciparum. Anexo IV - Systematic analysis of FKBP inducible degradation domain tagging strategies for the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. RESUMO Gabriel, HB. Caracterização funcional de farnesil difosfato sintase/geranilgeranil difosfato sintase (FPPS/GGPPS) e 1,4-dihidroxi-2-naftoato preniltransferase (MenA) envolvidas respectivamente na via de isoprenóides e da vitamina K em Plasmodium falciparum. [Tese (Doutorado em Parasitologia)]. São Paulo. – Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. A malária é uma das principais e a mais disseminada das parasitoses humanas, se constituindo em um grave problema de saúde mundial, especialmente nos países africanos. Muitos esforços têm sido mobilizados nos últimos anos com o intuito de se desenvolver novas formas de tratamento e novos quimioterápicos contra a doença. A falta de uma vacina eficaz e o problema da resistência aos fármacos tem contribuído para o adiamento da solução do controle desta infecção. A busca de novos alvos biológicos tem se concentrado, em parte, na pesquisa e compreensão de vias metabólicas, sendo uma das abordagens a caracterização e localização de enzimas dessas vias, bem como a demonstração de terem uma função essencial no ciclo do parasita. Em P. falciparum, identificamos a biossíntese das duas formas da vitamina K (filoquinona e menaquinona), provenientes das vias do chiquimato e da via MEP, assim como a biossíntese de ubiquinona (Ub7-8), que também é produto da biossíntese de isoprenóides no parasita. Seguindo os estudos na via MEP, foram caracterizadas duas importantes enzimas bifuncionais, a farnesil difosfato sintase/geranilgeranil difosfato sintase (FPPS/GGPPS) capaz de formar farnesil difosfato e geranilgeranil difosfato, essenciais para a biossíntese de diversos produtos secundários, e octaprenil pirofosfato sintase/fitoeno sintase (OPP/PSY) responsável pela biossíntese
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