Karolina Kawiaka: Restoring the Role of the Tiber Creek, Flood

Restoring the Role of Tiber Creek: Flood Adapta?on for the Federal Triangle

Silver Jackets Flood Workshop #2 September 5, 2018

Karolina Kawiaka, AIA Dartmouth College Karolina Kawiaka, AIA

Karolina Kawiaka AIA Senior Lecturer, Dartmouth College Tiber Creek: The Bathers John Quincy Adams takes a deadly chance, 1825

hLp://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_exhibits/waddell_white-house-past/president-adams-essay.html

Karolina Kawiaka, AIA

Latrobe’s 1804 Engineering Drawing of Goose Creek showing the Washington City Canal Juxtaposed on current DC Map

Karolina Kawiaka AIA Senior Lecturer, Dartmouth College L'Enfant's 1791 Plan for Washington DC

Karolina Kawiaka AIA Senior Lecturer, Dartmouth College Washington City Canal at the foot of the Capitol (under construc?on), 1860

hLp://www.civilwaralbum.com/misc17/06dc1.htm Detail of “Panoramic View of Washington City, from the new dome of the Capitol, looking west” by Edward Sachse, 1856 hLp://www.southernspaces.org/2012/enslaved-labor-and-building-smithsonian-reading-stones Historic Map of DC Stormwater and Sewage Pipes Late 1800’s, handles only a 15 year storm

Karolina Kawiaka AIA Senior Lecturer, Dartmouth College Current Ponding Area for Storm Water Drainage

-Cons?tu?on Avenue is the lowest area in the Federal Triangle and was the site of Goose Creek, later renamed Tiber Creek. -Later ﬁll made Cons?tu?on Avenue the lowest area in the Federal Triangle, trapping runoﬀ from rain events.

Karolina Kawiaka AIA Senior Lecturer, Dartmouth College Flood Adapta?on: Storm Water Flow & Reten?on Diagram

Green Infrastructure:- ”Makes Way for the Water” by restoring the natural hydrologic paLern in the landscape -Buys ?me -Lessens load on combined sewer system -Allows filtra?on and infiltra?on -Provides natural habitat -Improves air quality -Provides security -Mi?gates urban heat island effect -Provides greener urban spaces and natural irriga?on -Provides recrea?on and ameni?es for visitors during all seasons

-Always working and ready -Much Cheaper- $110 M vs. $400-500 M hLp://www.dcwater.com/educa?on/lowimpact.cfm hLp://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/home.cfm?program_id=6 Karolina Kawiaka AIA hLp://www.dec.ny.gov/lands/58930.html Senior Lecturer, Dartmouth College Precedents: Cheonggyecheon Stream Restora?on Project Seoul, South Korea

Before Aner

hLp://www.lafounda?on.org/research/landscape-performance-series/case-studies/case-study/382/ -Provides Flood Protec?on -Increases Biodiversity -Lessens Urban Heat Island Eﬀect -Provides Recrea?on- is a major focal point -Huge success by every metric Karolina Kawiaka AIA Senior Lecturer, Dartmouth College

Precedents- RoLerdam

When it rains, the Benthemplein, in the city center of RoLerdam in the Netherlands, collects runoﬀ and releases it back into groundwater. Image credit: de Urbanisten

hLp://nextcity.org/daily/entry/a-storm-water-drainage-system-cleverly-disguised-as-a-park hLp://nextcity.org/daily/entry/a-storm-water-drainage-system-cleverly-disguised-as-a-park Precedents- US: Tulsa, Houston and Rock Creek There are many innova?ve stormwater management examples of parks used as deten?on areas and of restoring natural drainage in the US and in DC

hLp://classes.geology.illinois.edu/14FallClass/geo118/Lectures/36a-Floods-III.html hLps://www.chron.com/local/gray-maLers/ar?cle/Houston-s-parks-ﬂood-That-s-a-good- thing-6344871.php#photo-1201020

Karolina Kawiaka AIA Senior Lecturer, Dartmouth College hLp://ecosystemrestora?on.com/broad-branch/ Flood Adapta?on: Restoring the Role of the Tiber Creek Bioswale and Reten?on Area Diagram

Reten?on area Bioswale along Cons?tu?on Avenue

17th St Bioswale- outlet for Swale sizing along Cons?tu?on Avenue and for gravity the Washington Monument Reten?on Area drainage and is based on the ﬂow calcula?ons for the pumping Federal Triangle Flood Event in 2006 as necessary = Historic Canal footprint.

Karolina Kawiaka,Karolina Kawiaka, AIA AIA Dartmouth College

Karolina Kawiaka AIA Senior Lecturer, Dartmouth College Flood Adapta?on: Capacity Diagram

Karolina Kawiaka, AIA

-The es?mated storage volume required for a Karolina Kawiaka AIA 200 year storm is about ~ 24 million gallons. Senior Lecturer, Dartmouth College Possible Sec?on Through Cons?tu?on Avenue: Open Bioswale collects and cleans water and provides drainage from Cons?tu?on Avenue

NATIONAL DAYLIGHTED CANAL CONSTITUTION AVE NW MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY

BIOSWALE AND RAINGARDEN FILTRATION TERRACES: PERMEABLE PAVING: DRAINAGE SWALE: FOR SURFACE WATER COLLECTION: - NATIVE VEGITATION - BEDDING SAND - CONTROL STRUCTURE - NATIVE PLANTS AND GRASSES FOR FILTRATION - BIOMATTER - BASE COURSE - OUTLET CHANNEL - BIOSWALE PLANTING MIX - AGGREGATE LAYER - COMPACTED AGGREGATE - GRAVEL BED WITH PERFORATED PIPE FOR CONNECTION TO - UNDERDRAIN RETENTION AREA AND OUTLET TO TIDAL BASIN Karolina Kawiaka, AIA

0 5 15 30 50

Karolina Kawiaka AIA Senior Lecturer, Dartmouth College Possible Sec?on Through Cons?tu?on Avenue: Swale Under Exis?ng Sidewalks and Roadways Preserves Access

+10.00 + 8.00 + 6.00 + 4.00 + 2.00 APPROX. 5’ DEPTH 2% SLOPE TOWARD + 0.00 CULVERT - 2.00 - 4.00

NATIONAL EXISTING SLOPE CULVERT BELOW SIDEWALK CONSTITUTION AVE NW MUSEUM OF 25’ WIDE APPROX. 80’ WIDE NATURAL HISTORY Karolina Kawiaka, AIA

Karolina Kawiaka AIA Senior Lecturer, Dartmouth College -Water Feature in front of new Museum of African American History and Culture was proposed -70,000 gallons per day of ground water is pumped from its basement even aner repair

(Davis Brody Bond Rendering) Visualiza?on of possible Bioswale along Cons?tu?on Avenue: Dry and Draining

Oc Karolina Kawiaka AIA Karolina Kawiaka, AIA -Keep exis?ng double sidewalk

-Eliminate curb along Cons?tu?on Ave

-Make sidewalks permeable and slope toward bioswale

-Landscaped areas can provide sea?ng and recrea?on

-Access to Museums preserved Karolina Kawiaka AIA and enhanced Senior Lecturer, Dartmouth College Flooding Design Numbers

Interior Flooding 200 year rain= 6” rain in 6 hrs. 500 year rain= 7” rain in 6 hrs.

Potomac River Flooding (17 Street Levee addresses) Karolina Kawiaka, AIA 200 year ﬂood = El. 12.2 feet 500 year ﬂood = El. 16.3 feet (19.9MG of water)

Interior + River Flooding 500 year rain + 10 year river ﬂood = 23.8MG of water

The 24 million gallon capacity of a Washington Monument Deten8on Area could handle the 500 year ﬂood. Karolina Kawiaka, AIA

-Exis?ng 15 year Storm Sewer will stay in place.

-FEMA 100 year ﬂood plain should move to swales + detenFon area away from buildings (needs to be modeled) Karolina Kawiaka, AIA -Provides a backup for 17th Street Levee

-Upstream deten?on could greatly increase the capacity of this system. Karolina Kawiaka, AIA

www.ncpc.gov/DocumentDepot/Publications/federal_triangle_stormwater_drainage_study_full.pdf Karolina Kawiaka AIA Senior Lecturer, Dartmouth College There are Many Ques?ons to be addressed: -Hydraulic modeling -Subsurface and u?lity informa?on -Issues of storm water quality need to be acknowledged and evaluated -Conceptual design and cost analysis (prelim es?mate of $110 M) -There are many agencies involved, no funding -Big Ques?on: How to leverage avoided damage cost projected to be up to $7.5 BILLION??? PPP?

Copyright Karolina Kawiaka, AIA Karolina Kawiaka AIA Senior Lecturer, Dartmouth College Water is an Asset- Flood Adapta?on could be Part of a Comprehensive Water System -Saves millions of $ per year in wastewater costs –could pay for itself -Could divert clean water pumped from basements along Cons?tu?on and the Metro from Blue Plains into the Cons?tu?on Avenue Swale -Could ﬁlter grey water from adjacent buildings -Decreases load on Blue Plains -Swale could provide Mall irriga?on and charge the water feature at Cons?tu?on Garden

The 2002 DC Combined Sewer Karolina Kawiaka AIA Overﬂow Control Plan Senior Lecturer, Dartmouth College Cost of 2006 ﬂood- IRS alone= $54 M Projected cost of Bioswales and Reten?on Area= $110 Million

• TREASURY INSPECTOR GENERAL FOR TAX ADMINISTRATION • • The Internal Revenue Service Building Flood Caused No Measurable Impact on Tax AdministraFon • • February 7, 2007 • • Reference Number: 2007-30-028

• Damage es?mates as of September 2006 show the GSA will spend approximately $36.8 million to respond to the ﬂood and repair the IRS Headquarters building. The IRS is expec?ng to spend an addi?onal $17.2 million to move personnel to and from temporary rented work space, assist with cleanup eﬀorts, and replace damaged equipment. View of Proposed Reten?on Area at the Washington Monument

Karolina Kawiaka, AIA

Karolina Kawiaka AIA Senior Lecturer, Dartmouth College View of Proposed Reten?on Area at the Washington Monument Flooded (Exact Canal Footprint)

Karolina Kawiaka, AIA

Contact: [email protected] Karolina Kawiaka AIA Project Website: www.Dartmouth.edu/~kkawiaka Senior Lecturer, Dartmouth College Thanks to The William H. Neukom Ins?tute for Computa?onal Science at Dartmouth College for making this project possible.