Sundran Naicker Presidential Address SAICE 2017 President Numbers and Needs Update Sivili Enjiniereng = Sepedi P28

SSiviliivili EnjinierengEnjiniereng January/February 2017 Vol 25 No 1

SSundranundran NNaickeraicker PPresidentialresidential AddressAddress SSAICEAICE 22017017 PPresidentresident NNumbersumbers aandnd NeedsNeeds uupdatepdate YOUR QUALITY MARK IN PRECAST CONCRETE

Obtain your mark of approval from the leading authority in the precast concrete industry.

TRUST THE INDUSTRY EXPERTS

Address: Office 0400, Standard Plaza Building, 440 Hilda Street, Hatfield, Pretoria, 0083 Tel: (011) 805 6742 • Email: [email protected] • Website: www.cma.org.za FROM THE CEO’S DESK Tick tick tick You can fool some of the people all of the Th e second symptom – ECSA is an an option. If ECSA continues down this time, and all of the people some of the administrative organisation that sets the path, my view is that ECSA will implode, time, but you cannot fool all of the people standards and outcomes for individual and its politically driven agenda will all of the time. professional registration and university render the value of professional registra- Although it’s a great time to be alive accreditation, but in recent times ECSA tion worthless. Professional registration in South Africa, the deteriorating vital wishes to do the testing as well, thus being will no longer carry the prestige of ex- signs of the health department are dis- player and referee simultaneously. Th e perience, competence and skill. A direct tressing – politicians are doing what they third symptom is that ECSA recognises outcome of what is currently happening do best, i.e. scurry from that meaningless Voluntary Associations, but themselves at ECSA is the delivery of unsafe and word “accountability”. And mind you, one wish to off er CPD training. Th e fourth insecure infrastructure in South Africa. cannot sidestep accountability over some symptom is that ECSA has forgotten its Time is a-ticking, and my advice is misdemeanours by simply resigning. Th e governing act of parliament and now that SAICE reconsiders its role in relation deaths of 94 innocent people is one such wishes to be the voice of the engineering to the process of professional registration misdemeanour. profession. Th ese are the ludicrous utter- (not registration itself – this must always Our very own beloved ECSA is also ances and procedures initiated by their reside with ECSA). We need to position showing weakening vital signs – my diag- most senior administrator and their presi- ourselves with a higher-order licensing nosis is political schizophrenia. Common dent – so it’s not quite the organisation that separates the doyens from the symptoms include false beliefs, unclear or that is busy losing its marbles. herd – very similar to the CA and PR for confused thinking and hearing voices that Th e new registration process, for accountants. Th e Chartered Accountant others do not. One notable cause is the example, is aimed at limiting industry accreditation is a much more prestigious use of cannabis. I am out of line. I apolo- peer-review involvement, thereby jeopar- off ering than the PR, even though it is not gise. ECSA is, in fact, a worthy institution. dising our international recognition in compulsory. I hope I am wrong, because I, SAICE continues to seek collaboration terms of the Washington, Sydney and too, am a professionally registered person. and sharing of responsibilities with ECSA Dublin Accords. Th e new process is But I think it’s only a matter of time in the interest of the profession and safe neither as rigorous nor as thorough as before this thing goes kaboom! We must infrastructure in South Africa. SAICE its historical version. Th e famous new be ready. believes in a functional and profi cient online system reeks of an administrative ECSA and is part of a group of Voluntary tick box system, devoid of trustworthy Associations that are currently working quality assurance. Furthermore, the same together to alleviate some of the chal- procedure is applied wholesale to all lenges at ECSA. engineering disciplines, irrespective of In the goings on at ECSA, however, the nuances and variety of practice in the I have noticed that ECSA has become a diff erent engineering disciplines. Written mechanism for individual parochial and and spoken communication is critical for political interest. Th e fi rst symptom of civil engineering, for example, but the schizophrenia is that ECSA is a govern- essay component is removed from the ment institution reporting to the Minister testing process, much to the chagrin of of Public Works via the Engineering civil engineering professionals. Profession Act (46 of 2000), but ECSA I like the shenanigans, because there’s is entirely subsidised by private sector more work for us to do in the interest individual funding. One would think an of building South Africa. Or, in total organisation would work with goodwill exasperation, we throw our hands in the towards its sponsors rather than do air and say, “Th is is it! I am going to New the bidding of its political masters, and Zealand.” I’ve just returned from there – against those that sustain its existence. it’s not as green as they say, so that’s not

Civil Engineering January/February 2017 1 Sivili Enjiniereng January/February 2017 Vol 25 No 1

Sundran Naicker Presidential Address SAICE 2017 President Numbers and Needs update Sivili Enjiniereng = Sepedi P28

Hydraulic ﬁ ll and dredger discharge point, East Sitra Reclamation Project – a major ON THE COVER and challenging project that was executed on the eastern coastline of Bahrain Sundran Naicker SAICE 2017 President FROM THE CEO’S DESK Page 5

Tick tick tick ...... 1 PROFILE OF SAICE 2017 PRESIDENT South African Institution of Civil Engineering Leading with quiet strength ...... 5

The SAICE 2017 Presidential Team ...... 8

SSiviliivili EnjinierengEnjiniereng J a n u a r y / F e b r u a r y 2 0 1 7 V o l 2 5 N o 1 PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS

PUBLISHED BY SAICE Developing a Code of Best Practice for Block 19, Thornhill Ofﬁ ce Park, Bekker Street, Vorna Valley, Midrand Private Bag X200, Halfway House, 1685 Tel 011 805 5947/8, Fax 011 805 5971 Civil Engineering Education at Tertiary Institutions ...... 9 http://www.saice.org.za | [email protected]

CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER Manglin Pillay Pr Eng [email protected] Tel 011 805 5947/8 NUMBERS AND NEEDS

EDITOR Verelene de Koker [email protected] ...... Tel 011 805 5947/8, Cell 083 378 3996 Numbers and Needs in Local Government – where are we now? 15

EDITORIAL PANEL Marco van Dijk (chairman), Irvin Luker (vice-chairman), Sundran Naicker (president), Manglin Pillay (CEO), Steven Kaplan (COO), Johan de Koker, Andile Gqaji, INTERNATIONAL Gerhard Heymann, Jeffrey Mahachi, Avi Menon, Jones Moloisane, Lorato Ntsie, Beate Scharfetter, Phuti Seopa (corresponding), Marie Ashpole, Verelene de Koker (editor), Elsabé Maree (editor’s assistant), ...... Barbara Spence (advertising) The East Sitra Reclamation Project – Bahrain 28

ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTION RATE SA R675.00 (VAT included), International US$140.00 Mapping the informal public transport network in Kampala with smartphones...... 35 ADVERTISING Barbara Spence, Avenue Advertising [email protected] Tel 011 463 7940, Fax 011 463 7939 Cell 082 881 3454 LEGAL AND MANAGEMENT DESIGN AND REPRODUCTION Marketing Support Services, Ashlea Gardens, Pretoria PRINTING Adjudicator appointments under the NEC Option W1 – Fishwicks, Pretoria

The South African Institution of Civil Engineering accepts no responsibility for any statements made or when do the time lines start to run? ...... 41 opinions expressed in this publication. Consequently nobody connected with the publication of the magazine, in particular the proprietors, the publishers and the editors, will be liable for any loss or damage sustained by any reader as a result of his or her action upon any Tendering and Administering Activity Schedule-based NEC3 Contracts...... 43 statement or opinion published in this magazine. ISSN 1021-2000 Design of a molten slag waste disposal facility to meet

NEMA and NEM:WA requirements ...... 50 P65

SAICE YMP delegates and members of a Peruvian construction team visiting a construction site in Lima, Peru, while attending the WFEO Conference in December 2016 KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER

Professional Registration Support Mentoring

and the emergence of the professional cyber-sage ...... 55

SAICE AND PROFESSIONAL NEWS SAICE Honorary Fellowship bestowed on Dr Pine Pienaar ...... 59 P35

New SAICE Fellows...... 60

SAICE past-president honoured...... 60

Obituaries

Dr Keeve Steyn ...... 62

Ronnie Immelman ...... 63 Joan von Willich ...... 64 P50 Young Members’ Pages

SAICE YMP represents South Africa internationally ...... 65

SAICE Training Calendar 2017 ...... 70

CARTOONS Civillain by Jonah Ptak...... 52 P59 Cartoon caption competition ...... 61 Civil Engineering January/February 2017 3

PROFILE OF SAICE 2017 PRESIDENT

Insightful, curious and focused, and someone who draws Leading with strength from his family – these qualities have seen Sundran Naicker become the judicious and discerning cornerstone his quiet strength friends and colleagues look to. Here he reﬂ ects on his unassuming beginnings, what education has meant for him and the importance of taking responsibility for developing yourself in your own way – all of which have led to his role as one of SAICE’s younger presidents (the 114th).

BEGINNINGS “I was born and grew up in Northdale, Pietermaritzburg, which was established under the Group Areas Act as an Indian settlement. In the pre-1994 era, living in an Indian community and going to Indian schools, you didn’t see much of a future for yourself without an education. It was an education and career in civil engineering which gave me a life which I can be proud of. And if I take an introspective look at my life, I feel that it’s right to give back; for me that means being involved and trying to make a diﬀ erence.” It was his parents who valued the power of education – education which they couldn’t have for themselves, which opened ﬁ rst doors for Sundran, his two Sundran in a relaxed mood at SAICE’s offices brothers, and sister. “My parents said

Civil Engineering January/February 2017 5 A young president, Sundran knows the value of mentoring. It was his shoe- maker dad who taught him to always be humble and respectful, as these qualities would continue to open him to learning, engaging and developing. His dad also taught him that there are no shortcuts to success. Sundran feels that engineering is very much a career that develops through experience – a process through which one not only learns what one’s strengths are, but also what one’s limitations are. “Every design and every project you work on is fundamentally diff erent from the previous one. You need to have a knowledge base to draw on, and it only comes A happy, family-centred Sundran (seated) with with hard work and experience. his dad and brothers Vishnu (left) and Pavan “Now that I’m able to give back in our company’s mentoring programme, I always say, ‘Look to the future and de- they couldn’t give us an inheritance, but In this predominantly roads company, velop yourself. Don’t look for handouts. they would give us wealth through an geometrics, traffi c engineering and roads Don’t use the past as an excuse for what education, which they knew was worth naturally became Sundran’s fi eld of exper- you’re not achieving now. If you’re not more. For them it was a priority, and they tise. In 2002, desiring a location change, achieving, it’s because of what you’re sacrifi ced a lot to give it to us. It was then he and wife Leshna moved to the then doing. Th e opportunities are out there. our driving force and priority, too.” young Nyeleti Consulting in Pretoria, You’re the master of your own destiny. In 1991, acting on career guidance, where he has worked for the past 15 years. Learn from others and share what Sundran began his studies in architecture “It may seem strange, but I’ve only ever you learn.’” at the University of the Witwatersrand had two jobs. Loyalty is a high priority In his almost 20-year career span, (Wits), thinking it would be in line with on my list. We were brought up like that: he has been involved in project manage- the civil engineering he had always do the best you can and grow within that ment, design, contract documentation wanted to do. environment. If you work hard enough at and procurement, site and head offi ce However, a year and a half in, something you will reap the rewards at supervision, and budgeting and cost Sundran unashamedly admitted that the end of it.” control. He has also been involved things weren’t going quite as envisaged. Eager to learn, take responsibility with various traffi c and transportation “I knew then that it was civil engineering and be guided by the experience base at studies, and has also worked as a resi- I wanted to do. Being away from every- Nyeleti, Sundran built his career from a dent engineer on major water, roads and thing had also been daunting. I was away junior geometric designer to director in structural projects. from the comfort of my family,” and half charge of the Road Infrastructure Design Although in a management role jesting, “my mom’s cooking.” In second and Transportation team. Attributing his now, with a focus on business develop- year he changed to civil engineering encouraging climb to Nyeleti’s forward- ment and networking, he confesses that and moved back home to study at the thinking founders and their focus on at heart he is a roads design engineer, University of Natal (now the University growing staff , Sundran pays tribute: preferring still to go back to the drawing of KwaZulu-Natal). “I accepted with no “Dr Pine Pienaar (Nyeleti’s Executive board rather than moving higher up regrets that my fi rst year of university Director), and other senior leaders, have to company boards. “My comfort is to had been a learning curve for me, as with been great mentors, not only developing design. When I get stressed out, I return everything in life. Coming from a small my technical skills, but instilling the idea to this.” Indian community, that environment that a civil engineer is very much a social was my exposure to other cultures and engineer, that your contribution is about INSTITUTIONAL INVOLVEMENT people, and it had helped me grow.” the social upliftment of people. As a student member of SAICE, “Civil engineering is a career and a Sundran’s involvement and interest A STEADY PROGRESS profession that can only grow in strength with the Institution was only kindled Sundran took the new opportunity more because of the strategic value that en- after graduating. “I felt uncomfort- measuredly, spanning the degree out over gineers have. It links people and places, able and didn’t feel like I fi tted into the fi ve years. In 1997 he graduated with a BSc and it links people to health, and to so Institution. It was then that I told myself (Civil Engineering), joining SNA Civil and many developmental goals and poverty that, instead of complaining about it, I Structural Engineers in Pietermaritzburg, relief initiatives. I see it as a great career should rather get involved, learn from working under the mentorship of Neil opportunity, and if you work hard and others, see how things work, meet Bloy who had given him a study bursary. you’re dedicated, the sky’s the limit.” people, and try and make a diff erence –

6 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering ﬁ nd my way of giving back.” He joined the SAICE Transportation Division, and his role slowly became more active, a highlight being when he became the Division’s chairman for 2008 and 2009. “Th e highlight now is being SAICE president. I recognise that it’s a great honour, because there are a lot of other deserving people for the role. Initially I had reservations about accepting it, also because I am enjoying the place where I’m at in my career.”

FAMILY AND INTERESTS Sundran is a straight-out family man who delights in an intimate social circle, and his wife Leshna, a director in the HR Sundran with his two sons Sordash (9) and Department at Nyeleti Consulting, is his Devaan (12) at his inauguration in November guiding light in all ways. Having known Sundran with his youngest, 2016 as SAICE’s 114th president; attending Kyra, who is six years old each other from a young age, it was the event was an exciting experience for the three Naicker children during his civil engineering studies that they started dating, and in 2000 were married. Th ey have two sons, Devaan (12) and Sordash (9), and a daughter, Kyra (6). With his children now playing mu- sical instruments, he confesses that this inspired him to start to learn the guitar just two years ago. “It’s something I’ve always wanted to do, but I have never had the time or the energy. I chose learning an instrument, as I thought this would enhance my quality of life. I’ve always lived that if there’s something you want to do and you can, then do it.”

THE YEAR AHEAD “Th e focus for my presidential year hits close to home, as it’s on education, and will be a stepping stone to develop a long-term relationship with SAICE. One of my focuses will be on the Code of Best Practice for Civil Engineering Education at Tertiary Institutions that we are developing (see page 9). Th is Code of Best Practice emerged out of contemplation on how industry and academics could work together. Th e ultimate goal is that the various academic institutions in our country should be equally appreciated by industry – so that there is no hierarchy of institutions. We hope that in this way more funding by industry will be channelled to improving academics. We hope, too, that this document can ultimately be a reference for various codes of good practice at tertiary institutions.” Sundran (left) with his wife Leshna at his inauguration as SAICE’s 2017 president, and outgoing presidential couple Rebekka Wellmanns Dr Chris Herold and his wife Marina [email protected]

Civil Engineering January/February 2017 7 THE SAICE 2017 PRESIDENTIAL TEAM

Sundran Naicker Errol Kerst President President-Elect Director Owner Nyeleti Consulting (Pty) Ltd EK & Associates Pretoria Ofﬁ ce [email protected] [email protected]

Danai Magugumela AndréA Frieslaar Vice-President Vice-PresidentV Managing Director CEO Bosch Stemele HHO Africa [email protected] [email protected]

Eddie Chinnappen Vishal Krishandutt Vice-President Vice-President General Manager KZN Ofﬁ ce Manager Strategic Operations Nyeleti Consulting (Pty) Ltd PRASA [email protected] [email protected]

8 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS

Developing a Code of Best Practice for Civil Engineering Education at Tertiary Institutions

During an elegant event on the evening of A FEW WORDS OF THANKS Th e American writer William Arthur Ward said: “Feeling 10 November 2016, a supportive gathering of gratitude and not expressing it is like wrapping a present and SAICE members, SAICE past-presidents and not giving it.” So, by way of introduction I would like to express my gratitude to Nyeleti Consulting, the company that I work other guests saw Sundran Naicker inaugurated for, for allowing me to practise my art as a civil engineer, and as SAICE’s 114th president, after which he for aff ording me the opportunity and time to take on the task of serving as SAICE’s president for 2017. I want to make special delivered his presidential address about a SAICE mention of our Executive Director, Dr Pine Pienaar, who has venture that could result in the various academic been my mentor for the past 15 years and who has encouraged me to volunteer my time to the industry. Th ank you! institutions being equally appreciated by industry. I have three siblings who have immeasurably infl uenced my life. Two of them, Pavan and Prithi, live in other parts of the world, but my eldest brother, Vishnu, is here to celebrate this oc- casion with me, and I am extremely grateful for that. I also thank my other family and friends who have travelled from far and wide to be here tonight. As engineers we pride ourselves in our analytical expertise and decision-making abilities – the best decision I have made in my life was marrying Leshna, my wife. We have been together for 15 years now, and I want to thank her and our three children for inspiring me to be a better person every day. I am delighted that my children are here to witness this event. I am also thankful to my mum and dad who instilled in me two fundamental principles by which I have tried to lead my life – humility and respect. I have pursued humility and respect, and I appreciate the experience of those upon whose shoulders I have been allowed to stand. My parents always said that the greatest inheritance they could give us was an education, and I thank them again for their sacrifi ces in this regard. It is this emphasis on education that has fuelled my focus on university engineering education for my presidential year – but more about that in a little while. It is a pity that my mum is no longer with us, but if she were here I am sure that she would approve of my contribution to academia, as this was one of her passions. My dad is here tonight, and I thank him for being equally supportive of this venture. A special thanks also goes to the SAICE staff for their sup- Sundran Naicker, SAICE President 2017 port and encouragement. I appreciate your assistance very much. [email protected] Th ank you!

Civil Engineering January/February 2017 9 INTRODUCTION THE SAICE INITIATIVE VERSUS THE ECSA PROCESS In preparing for tonight I asked Leshna if I should put more fi re I would like to off er some background on how SAICE’s best in my speech. Her response was: “No! You should put more of practice initiative diff ers from the ECSA (Engineering Council of your speech into the fi re!” You can be the judge, and if it is the South Africa) process. desired length – all credit goes to my wife. ECSA only has minimum requirements for universities and My involvement with SAICE at various levels spans a period universities of technology, and these are general for all disciplines of over 20 years. In this 20-year period I served in diff erent ca- of engineering. Th e accreditation is done in accordance with the pacities – I started as a student member in 1995, and in 2002 I Engineering Profession Act which makes provision for profes- joined the SAICE Transportation Division as secretary. In 2008 sional registration of candidates who acquired qualifi cations and 2009 I was chairman of that division, and in 2010 I was from accredited institutions. SAICE’s process is geared towards elected by the SAICE Council to serve on the Executive Board. fostering excellence at our tertiary institutions, as excellence is Being so intimately involved in SAICE, I started appreciating needed to ensure employment of local graduates and the lon- the fundamental need of giving more attention to the youth – gevity of our profession. students, graduate engineering practitioners and higher educa- Let me give you some statistical background, because as engi- tion – and this forms the theme for my presidential year. neers this is what we can relate to. In 2013 there were 92 000 en- SAICE is well known and has for many years been doing rolments for fi rst-year engineering at the various major academic a fi ne job of exposing the civil engineering profession to high institutions. Higher Education Management Information, school learners through the bridge building and water distribu- maintained by the Department of Higher Education, shows that tion competitions. While we will not neglect these basic educa- approximately 2 400 students graduated with a civil engineering tion initiatives, my focus will be on our contribution to tertiary qualifi cation in the same year. Of the various academic institu- civil engineering education. tions from where these students graduated, a number had a 100% One of the strategic goals in this venture is to set up codes employment rate, and some had a 60% employment rate, but a of best practice for civil engineering departments at universities substantial number of them simply did not track the employment and universities of technology. Th is goal was initiated at least of their graduates. two years ago, but the recent events around the #FeesMustFall So, the question is this: What are the successful institutions movement, and the funding of university education, have demon- doing right, and how can we replicate this to elevate the stand- strated the relevance of this initiative. ards at the various other institutions? Th e industry perception I am actually astounded at the #FeesMustFall student protest is clear – graduates from certain institutions are considered to action – when we were at university, the worst we ever did with be better qualifi ed than their counterparts from other institu- matches was to light our cigarettes! In those days petrol was a tions. Th is perception also lends itself to an analysis of which scarce resource limited to the elite few who had cars – so making institutions enjoy funding support from the private sector, which petrol bombs was defi nitely out of the question! students are preferred for bursaries, and so on. A good education

Q12 Have you employed civil engineering graduates from any of the below academic institutions in the last 5 years?

Answered:Answered: 165 165 Skpped: Skipped: 155 155

UniversityUniversity of Cape of Cape Town Town

UniversityUniversity of Pretoria of Pretoria

UniversityUniversity of ofStellenbosch Stellenbosch

UniversityUniversity of of Johannesburg Johannesburg

University of KwazuluKwaZulu-Natal Natal

UniversityUniversity of the of theWitwatersrand ...

Not ApplicableNot applicable

Other Other(Please (please Specify) specify)

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Figure 1: SAICE industry survey – employers’ preferences of the traditional universities

10 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering is not cheap. Irrespective of whether it is funded by government or the private sector, the ultimate cost is the same. So, if one considers #FeesMustFall and the fact that government can only partially cover the shortfall, something must give, and it is not SOUTHERN AFRICA hard to imagine that cost-cutting measures will result in poorer facilities, more students per lecturer, less qualiﬁ ed lecturers, shoddy laboratories, and so on. ® ® SAICE’s envisioned Code of Best Practice will oﬀ er a guideline BIM Products for Autodesk Revit : and a benchmark to all institutions dealing with engineering education. We hope that the code would assist with maintaining and elevating world-class engineering schools in South Africa. From 3D Model to

TEST RUN AT TERTIARY INSTITUTIONS 2D R/C Drawing We have tested the viability of the code with the Heads of Department of both the technical and academic universities, and have received overwhelming support for the generation of A Code of Best Practice for Civil Engineering Education at Tertiary Institutions. We are of the opinion that SAICE, being the learned society and technical leadership institution for civil engineering with its 13 technical disciplines, is best positioned to set up this standard or code.

Th e document will also assist faculties of engineering to (to SANS 282) 2D R/C Drawings & 2D R/C Drawings motivate for additional funding, and would give less experienced Bending Schedules academics a reference document from which to build their own proﬁ les and that of their departments. We are hoping that, over time, the code would also become a benchmark for the Department of Higher Education. In a spirit of active collaboration, SAICE, being the trusted partner of government in developing, constructing, operating and maintaining infrastructure necessary for a better life for all, invites government to partner with us in order to build competence at the various tertiary education levels. 3D Rebar Model 3D Rebar We are hoping that the other institutions, like the South African Institute of Electrical Engineers, the South African Institution of Mechanical Engineering and other sister institutions, would also consider developing such standards for their own engineering disciplines.

NATIONWIDE INDUSTRY SURVEY SAICE conducted a nationwide survey to establish how industry perceives and rates the various tertiary institutions, and how much industry is contributing ﬁ nancially towards tertiary institutions.

Th e survey was sent to a representative sample of companies Structural Model and public sector bodies. Th ere were 320 respondents, of whom 83% were private individuals. Th e majority of the respondents were therefore from the private sector, and some 12% from the public sector. Th e survey clearly indicated industry’s preferences when it comes to the employment of graduates. Th e private sector is concerned about the quality of graduates, hence employers are becoming more selective about which institution they employ from. One may think that employers are biased towards their alma mater, but judging from the results this is generally not the

case. What is also interesting from the survey is that almost half Model Architectural the respondents contribute fi nancially to some or other academic institution through bursaries, sponsorships of chairs, part-time lecturing, and investing in postgraduate research. Of further interest is the fact that the employment preferences are fairly T +27 (0)12 807 0476 · F +27 (0)12 807 0995 balanced as far as the traditional universities are concerned, but www.sofistik.co.za · sales@sofistik-sa.co.za

Civil Engineering January/February 2017 11 vary considerably for the various universities of technology, as engagement with independent service providers to assist with shown in Figures 1 and 2. the process, but this will need funding. We might knock on your doors to give of your time. However, we know that time is SURVEY OF ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS money, so, if you cannot give of your time, we will accept your In the next phase, which is currently under way, we are sur- money as a trade! veying the civil engineering departments at all academic Once the guideline document has been drafted, it will be institutions. Th e surveys enquire about key indicators – such circulated for comment to key stakeholders, and then fi nalised as as the number of lecturers, the number of students per lecturer a dynamic document to be issued to the various academic insti- (staff :student ratio), the number of papers published by lec- tutions. Th is initiative will be a one-step-at-a-time process. Th e turers, facilities, and so forth. monitoring procedures towards implementing these guidelines Th is information will then be compared to the industry have not been formulated yet, but we will be engaging champions survey to ascertain if there is a correlation between industry’s of industry, together with our Deans and Heads of Department, perceptions and these institutions’ success. to establish these procedures. One element that stands out from the initial assessments Th is Code of Best Practice is one of many which SAICE hopes of the data is that the traditional universities have a lower to develop in various fi elds, with the aim of continuing to help staff :student ratio than the universities of technology. Th e world shape our industry. My single commitment on a deliverable for average in engineering schools is 1:14, while in South Africa, in 2017 is the Code of Best Practice for Civil Engineering Education our universities of technology the ratio is 1:58, and in the aca- in South African Tertiary Institutions. demic universities it is 1:42 (2015 fi gures) – almost three times About this I feel like Winston Churchill who said: the desired ratio. “Sometimes doing your best is not good enough. Sometimes you must do what is required.” And we at SAICE feel that this Code GOING FORWARD of Best Practice is now required. Going forward, more in-depth engagements will be held with To conclude, I quote Martin Luther King Jr who stated: “Th e those tertiary institutions that seem to fare better, as well as function of education is to teach one to think intensively and to with other international organisations. SAICE will then form a think critically. Intelligence plus character – that is the goal of core team of leading academics, and hold workshops with the true education.” SAICE specialist technical divisions to formulate draft ideas I thank you for listening and I look forward to engaging with for the Code of Best Practice. Part of the process will require you in the year ahead.

Q21 Have you employed civil engineering graduates from any of the below academic institutions in the last 5 years? Answered:Answered: 136 136 Skpped: Skipped: 184 184

Cape PeninsulaCape Peninsula (CPUT) (CPUT)

Central (CUT) Central (CUT)

DurbanDurban (DUT) (DUT) (Durban (Durban Campus)

DurbanDurban (DUT) (DUT) (PMB (PMB Campus) Campus)

MangosuthuMangosuthu (MUT) (MUT)

Nelson MandelaNelson Mandela Metropolitan Metropolitan... (NMMU)

Tshwane (TUT) Tshwane (TUT)

JohannesburgJohannesburg – -Technology Technology (UJ)(UJ)

UNISA UNISA

Vaal (VUT) Vaal (VUT)

Walter SisuluWalter (WSU) Sisulu (WSU)

Not Applicable Not applicable

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

Figure 2: SAICE industry survey – employers’ preferences of the universities of technology

12 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering 1

DOWN 2 1. The formula p=m•v is used to calculate.

2. The SI Unit for Pascals (the derived unit to quantify internal pressure).

3. The letter S in S=d/t is used to notate 34 which scalar quantity?

4. Formula for the volume of a cube. 5

ACROSS

5. The equation stated by Émile Clapeyron in 1834 as a combination of the empirical Boyle’s law, Charles’ law and Avogadro’s Law commonly known as the ideal gas law.

You’re an engineering professional. You’ve spent years studying your chosen field. So you don’t need us to help you with the answers to this crossword. Completing it, however, will be revealing. Your rarity should be rewarding - and with PPS, it is. Bespoke financial solutions and rewards tailored for graduate professionals only. To find out more, contact your PPS-accredited financial adviser or visit pps.co.za

#RAREISREWARDING

Life Insurance Investments Financial Planning Short-Term Insurance Medical Aid

PPS offers unique financial solutions to select graduate professionals. PPS is an authorised Financial Services Provider. Are you a professional engineer? Do you receive the most out of your income?

With over 40% of our clients in the engineering industry, ǁĞƵŶĚĞƌƐƚĂŶĚƚŚĞĮŶĂŶĐŝĂůƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐ ǇŽƵĂƐĂŶĞŶŐŝŶĞĞƌŝŶŐƉƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůƌĞƋƵŝƌĞ͘

ĞĐŽŵŝŶŐƉĂƌƚŽĨ,ŝŐŚǀĞůĚŵĞĂŶƐďĞĐŽŵŝŶŐƉĂƌƚŽĨƚŚĞƉƌĞŵŝĞƌĐŽŶƚƌĂĐƟŶŐŚŽƵƐĞƉƌŽǀŝĚŝŶŐǇŽƵǁŝƚŚ ďĞŶĞĮƚƐƐƵĐŚĂƐ͗ • īĞĐƟǀĞƐĂůĂƌǇƐƚƌucturing • ĐĐĞƐƐƚŽƚŚĞ,ŝŐŚǀĞůĚWƌŽĨĞƐƐŝŽŶĂůŽƵŶĐŝůĨŽƌ • Wealth management ĐŽŶƐƵůƚĂŶƚŽƉƉŽƌƚƵŶŝƟĞƐ;ϲϬǇĞĂƌƐƉůƵƐͿ • 'ƌŽƵƉŵĞĚŝĐĂůĂŝĚ • ĐĐĞƐƐƚŽƚŚĞ,ŝŐŚǀĞůĚdƌĂǀĞůůƵďΎ • &ƌĞĞŝŶĐŽŵĞƉƌŽƚĞĐƟŽŶΎ • EŽƟĮĐĂƟŽŶƐƌĞŐĂƌĚŝŶŐĂƉƉůŝĐĂďůĞĐŽƵƌƐĞƐ • &ƌĞĞƚĂǆƌĞƚƵƌŶĐŽŵƉůĞƟŽŶĂŶĚƐƵďŵŝƐƐŝŽŶΎ • ĐĐĞƐƐƚŽĐŽŵƉĞƟƟǀĞƐŚŽƌƚͲƚĞƌŵŝŶƐƵƌĂŶce

ŽŶƚĂĐƚƚŚĞƉƌĞŵŝĞƌĐŽŶƚƌĂĐƟŶŐŚŽƵƐĞŽīĞƌŝŶŐǇŽƵƚĂŝůŽƌͲŵĂĚĞƐĞƌǀŝĐĞƐƚŚĂƚ ĂůůŽǁǇŽƵƚŽĨŽĐƵƐŽŶǁŚĂƚǇŽƵĚŽďĞƐƚ͘

SMS the word “consultant” to 078 627 4034 and we will contact you. +27 12 367 5600 | [email protected] | www.eohhighveld.co.za

ΎdĞƌŵƐĂŶĚŽŶĚŝƟŽŶƐƉƉůǇ NUMBERS AND NEEDS

Numbers and Needs in Local Government – where are we now? INTRODUCTION government over an 18-month period to Dr Allyson Lawless Pr Eng Background gain municipal engineering experience. Alex vanManaging Niekerk Director Pr Eng Research carried out in 2005 for the publi- Many were appointed by municipalities, SAICE ProfessionalPlanning, Development Toll and Traffic and Manager Projects cation Numbers and Needs (Lawless 2005) carried on to complete BTech qualifi ca- [email protected] [email protected] highlighted the fact that municipalities tions and today have become technical were short of civil engineers, technologists directors of local rural municipalities, and technicians, with some 28% of mu- or have reached middle management before joining the programme, and were nicipalities having no in-house civil engi- in larger municipalities and some even placed in well-resourced municipalities, neering capacity at all. A sequel to the pub- in metros. Sadly, this programme ter- were able to submit their applications, lication was researched and written, titled minated prematurely, as the source of and were registered the year after the Numbers and Needs in Local Government funding was withdrawn. programme ended. (Lawless 2007). Research carried out both Th e Siyenza Manje Young Professionals More recently, National Treasury has locally and internationally showed that the (YP) programme was another such made funding available to municipalities to civil engineering capacity in South African programme, in which 102 graduates were employ graduates and mentors/supervisors municipalities was too low to deliver, op- taken through a structured programme to develop the next cadre of engineering erate and maintain local government in- from 2008 to 2011 to work towards profes- professionals through the Infrastructure frastructure in a sustainable manner. Even sional registration with the Engineering Skills Development Grant (ISDG). Th e when comparing with neighbouring states, Council of South Africa (ECSA). One of structured training is proceeding well the number of civil engineering staff per the criticisms of this programme was that where adequate supervision and projects 100 000 population was less than half. Th e candidates were simply hosted, and were are in place, and candidates started to key recommendations at the time were to not guaranteed employment at the end of reach the registration stage in 2015. rebuild structures rather than embark on the period by the municipalities in which Th e Municipal Infrastructure Support further restructuring, and to profession- they worked. In some cases, candidates Agent (MISA) has also embarked on an alise rather than politicise the appointment were used as ‘free’ labour to perform intern and graduate programme aimed at of technical staff . non-engineering functions, and in other growing capacity. Th e CETA and LGSETA instances they were placed in weak and/ have also funded candidate programmes, Capacity building since 2005 or under- resourced municipalities where but these are to develop in-house staff In response to the low numbers identifi ed, there were limited budgets and projects, rather than develop additional capacity. various initiatives have been put in place and inadequate supervision or skills To determine what progress has been since 2005 to develop civil engineering transfer. Th e period of three years was made in building capacity in local govern- practitioners. Th e ENERGYS programme generally found to be too short to develop ment, SAICE Professional Development was one such programme, in which candidates to the competence required and Projects (SAICE-PDP) decided 100 interns and 43 graduates were paired for registration by ECSA. On the posi- to repeat the research carried out in with mentors/supervisors placed in local tive side, YPs who had some experience 2004/2005.

Civil Engineering January/February 2017 15 Research methodology Findings – the positives of municipalities serving a population of Every municipality was contacted and Many of the fi ndings have been gratifying. more than 200 000 having almost dou- asked to furnish the details of each civil Of signifi cance is the fact that there are bled, and those serving more than 40 000 engineering staff member, including age, now over 500 more civil engineering having increased by some 35%. Referring race, gender, engineering category (engineer, staff , and the number of women have to the formulae developed in Numbers technologist or technician) and professional increased, as have the number of black and Needs in Local Government (Lawless registration status. Of the 278 municipali- civil engineering staff . Th e number of mu- 2007) for the number of civil engineering ties, only 18 did not respond. In such cases, nicipalities without any civil engineering staff required to adequately plan, deliver, neighbouring municipalities were contacted staff has reduced from 82 in 2005 to 28, operate and maintain services, the ratio to establish whether their neighbours had the number with only one from 60 to 41, of civil engineering staff per 100 000 civil engineering staff or not. Where they and the overall ratio of civil engineering households has dropped from 15.9 to 14.8 did have staff , data was entered using staff staff per 100 000 population has increased (Stats SA 2014, 2015). profi les of similarly sized municipalities. from 3.9 in 2005 to 4.4. For more metrics In Table 1 it can be seen that the Th e bulk of responses were received in the see Table 1. number of municipalities with no civil second half of 2015 and early 2016. As staff engineers on their staff have increased turnover is inevitable, the numbers below Findings – the concerns from 126 to 202. Twenty-eight have no will not be exact, but will be very close to Although there has been an increase in civil engineering staff at all, and in the the current reality. the number of civil engineering staff , remaining 174, 81 have only technicians, there has also been a massive increase 17 technologists and 76 have a mixture of THE CHANGING PROFILE OF CIVIL in the number of households to be technicians and technologists. ENGINEERS, TECHNOLOGISTS AND serviced (37% increase in households Broadly speaking, it is considered TECHNICIANS versus 14% increase in population). Th e that engineers should be 'innovators' re- Figure 1 shows the change in demo- comparison shown in Figures 2 and 3 sponsible for complex tasks, and may use graphics from 2005 to 2015. highlight the challenge, with the number engineering principles where necessary

900900 900900 2005 2015 800800 800800

700700 700700

600600 600600

500500 500500

400400 400400

300300 300300

200200 200200

100 100100

0 0 Black Black Black Black Black Black White White White White White White White White 25-34 35-41 White 42-49 35–41 35–41 42–49 42–49 42–49 42–49 25–34 25–34 25–34 25–34 35–41 35–41 50+ Black 50+ <25 Black <25 White <25 White 50+ 50+ Black 50+ <25 Black <25 White <25 White 50+ 50+ Black 50+ Black 50+ White 50+ White < 25 Black< 25 Black< 25 < 25 White< 25 White< 25 25-34 Black 25-34 Black 35-41 Black 42-49 42-49 White 42-49 25-34 White 25-34 White 35-41 25-34 Black 25-34 Black 35-41 Black 42-49 Engineers Technologists Technicians Engineers Technologists Technicians Figure 1: Civil engineering staff in local government – 2005 compared with 2015

Table 1: Civil engineering metrics – 2005 compared with 2015

Totals 2005 2015 Number of municipalities with 2005 2015

Civil engineering staff 1 875 2 387 No civil engineering staff 82 28

Civil in metros 1 059* 1 201 No civil engineers 126 202

Civil in districts 240 260 One civil engineering staff member 60 41

Civil in locals 576 926 Only civil engineering technicians 95 81

Population 47.640 m 54.432 m Female civil engineering staff 56 153

Households 11.754 m 16.122 m Registered civil engineering staff 85 56

* The number shown for metros in 2005 is higher than published in 2007, as several metros realised, once Numbers and Needs in Local Government (Lawless 2007) was published, that they had not submitted information for all departments, and then supplied corrected information.

16 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering Households Households < 5 000 5 000–9 999 < 5 000 10 000–24 999 25 000–39 999 5 000–9 999 40 000–199 999 10 000–24 999  200 000 25 000–39 999 DMAs 40 000–199 999  200 000

Figure 2: The number of households per municipality in 2005 Figure 3: The number of households per municipality in 2015 to develop unique solutions. Engineering in large installations which require ma- the number of non-registered staff has technologists solve engineering problems chinery or power considerations, such increased from 1 420 to 2 094, and the by using proven techniques and are as in power stations, large treatment average age of civil engineering staff thus the 'doers' who implement broadly works and the like. A complete hierarchy has dropped from 46 to 38. Th is means defi ned tasks or projects. Engineering of technical staff should therefore be in that it falls to a reducing number of technicians are the backbone of in- place to plan, develop, operate and main- experienced, registered professionals to frastructure support, and carry out tain services. manage, supervise and train a growing well-defi ned tasks, such as managing Considering the metrics further, the group of inexperienced staff . Given the operations, maintenance, production, number of professionally registered staff inadequacy of the numbers overall, those etc. Certifi cated engineers are required has decreased from 455 to 294, while with experience are totally overloaded

Civil Engineering January/February 2017 17 and have little time to train. As a result, Findings per category of municipality Studying the numbers for each munici- those entering local government with Studying the split of staff per category pality individually, however, shows that, limited engineering experience can of municipality shows more trends. while some of the larger metros have rarely develop the competence required Transformation in metros has been increased their staffi ng, the smaller ones to ultimately register professionally. signifi cant, as can be seen in Figure 4. have experienced a concerning reduction

400400 400400 2005 2015 350350 350350

300300 300300

250250 250250

200200 200200 150150 150150

100100 100100 5050 5050 00 00 Black Black Black Black White White White White White White 25-34 35-49 25–34 25–34 25–34 25–34 35–49 35–49 35–49 35–49 <25 Black 50+ Black <25 White 50+ White <25 Black 50+ Black <25 White 50+ White 50+ Black 50+ Black 50+ White 50+ White < 25 Black< 25 Black< 25 < 25 White< 25 White< 25 25-34 Black 25-34 Black 35-49 25-34 White 25-34 White 35-49 25-34 Black 25-34 Black 35-49 Engineers Technologists Technicians Figure 4: A comparison of civil engineers, technologists and technicians in metros from 2005 to 2015

2005 2015 120120 120120 100100 100100 8080 8080 6060 6060 4040 4040 2020 2020 00 00 Black Black White White Black Black White White 25–34 25–34 35–49 35–49 25–34 25–34 35–49 35–49 <25 Black 50+ Black <25 White 50+ White <25 Black 50+ Black 50+ Black <25 White 50+ White 50+ White 50+ Black 50+ White < 25 Black< 25 < 25 White< 25 < 25 Black< 25 25-34 Black 25-34 Black 35-49 < 25 White< 25 25-34 White 25-34 White 35-49 25-34 Black 25-34 Black 35-49 25-34 White 25-34 White 35-49 Engineers Technologists Technicians Figure 5: A comparison of civil engineers, technologists and technicians in districts from 2005 to 2015

450 450 2005 2015 400 400

350 350

300 300

250 250

200 200

150 150

100 100

50 5050

00 00 Black Black White White Black Black 25-34 25-34 35-49 35-49 Black Black White White White White 25–34 25–34 25–34 25–34 35–49 35–49 35–49 35–49 <25 Black 50+ Black <25 White 50+ White <25 Black 50+ Black <25 White 50+ White 50+ Black 50+ Black 50+ White 50+ White < 25 Black< 25 < 25 Black< 25 < 25 White< 25 < 25 White< 25 25-34 Black 25-34 Black 35-49 25-34 White 25-34 White 35-49 Engineers Technologists Technicians Figure 6: A comparison of civil engineers, technologists and technicians in locals from 2005 to 2015

18 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering in staff . Given the increase in urbanisa- palities. Figure 5 shows that there are just Figure 6 shows the dramatic drop tion over the period, the ratio of civil 260 civil engineering staff in districts and in staff over the age of 50 in local mu- engineering staff per 100 000 population explains why this model has, in many nicipalities. Th ese would typically be the has decreased from 6.2 to 5.9. instances, not been eff ective in supporting strategic planners and leaders, who would Th e widely held view is that district the many struggling local municipalities. also act as mentors and coaches. Th e municipalities should be well-resourced Indeed, many district municipalities are number under 35 has increased from 208 structures able to support local munici- also classifi ed as struggling municipalities. in 2005 to just over 500 – a signifi cant load for the remaining seniors to direct

Oldest civil engineering staff member and develop. Of greater concern, however, is the number of municipalities in which  30 31–35 the most senior staﬀ member is under the 36–40 age of 35, and in some cases under 30, as 41–45 can be seen in Figure 7. 46–50 Th e formula developed in Numbers > 50 No civil engineering staff and Needs in Local Government (Lawless 2007) was based on the number of households and a range of parameters, including powers and functions, land use, area, urbanisation and other specialist services where applicable, such as coastal engineering. Applying the formula to all municipalities at the time suggested that at least 2 500 to 3 000 civil engineering staﬀ were required to service a total of 11 754 households. Th is had increased to 16 122 households in 2015, suggesting Figure 7: Age of the most senior civil engineering staff member per municipality in 2015 that an increase to some 3 400 to 4 100 is

Civil Engineering January/February 2017 19 required to cope with the increased load. These frameworks have been in the As was shown in Table 1, only Th us the gap is growing, rather than being process of development for many years, 56 municipalities have any registered closed. Th e clarion call of the 2007 publi- and were finally gazetted for public engineering professionals. It has been cation was to rebuild and professionalise, comment in September 2016. A team suggested that a timeframe should be set and the message has not changed. In the of municipal engineers and technolo- in which all senior engineering personnel interests of developing approaches to re- gists gave input on behalf of ECSA with must become professionally registered, building capacity, professionalisation will respect to engineering professionals. failing which their contracts would not be discussed fi rst. Three streams were defined to represent be renewed, or they may not be pro- the work of engineers, technologists and moted (depending on their conditions PROFESSIONALISATION technicians. Certificated engineers were of contract). Th is must be implemented Competency frameworks included with the technologist frame- when the competency frameworks are Th e ‘any manager can manage anything’ work. As discussed above, the roles that fi nally accepted and implemented. philosophy, which has become prevalent these groups are expected to play are since the late 1980s, has had devastating different, but complementary. Streamlining systems eff ects in many fi elds. “Without knowing A five-level scale was selected to When research was carried out for the the essential technology, a manager’s demonstrate the increase in competence 2007 publication, the overriding con- ability to make decisions is impaired” with experience and development of clusion was that local government was (Adizes 2004: 50). Th ere has been much expertise. Figure 8 broadly captures the not a satisfying environment for any publicity over many years about inap- type of work that young engineering professional to operate in. The ECSA propriately qualifi ed managers in local staff would be involved in versus the requirements of a professional are to government. It has not been unusual to strategic role that a Technical Director be able to investigate requirements or fi nd the CFO post being fi lled by an ex- would play, and captures the thinking problems, design or develop solutions, policeman with no fi nancial education, behind the five-level scale. implement them and take responsibility training or experience, or the Technical Th e question of registration needed for decision-making, using professional Director post being fi lled by a social to be considered. Clause 18(4) of the judgement. In local government, all too worker or someone from an unrelated Engineering Profession Act (46 of 2000) often supply chain, HR and budgeting occupation. Th e results have been poor states that “a person who is registered in requirements or decisions are overruled fi nancial control and management in the category of candidate must perform by those in the support departments, the case of the former, and little or no within the engineering profession only to the detriment of service delivery. planning and the breakdown of service under the supervision and control of a Support departments, although meant delivery and operations and maintenance professional”. Th is implies that there to support line departments, have in the latter. To address these chal- must at least be one registered profes- usurped the authority and undermined lenges, the Department of Cooperative sional in every organisation that per- the processes that are the domain of Governance (DCoG) has been devel- forms engineering work. Th e registration technical departments. This view was oping Local Government Frameworks process is a peer-review process and is a still held by civil engineering staff infor Occupational Streams, which will measure of competence. Applications for terviewed in 2016, whether they were become part of the Local Government registration are assessed by four asses- professional engineers soon to retire, Municipal Staff Regulations in time sors and, in the case of engineers, appli- or young candidates working towards (DCoG 2016). Th e important technical cants are also subjected to a professional professional registration. competencies highlighted under the review/interview at which they present Many recommendations were made Functional/Professional Competencies their work to a further two professional in 2007. Thankfully, some changes are in the frameworks for engineering are: reviewers. Th us employers, funders and now on the horizon: planning, design, construction, operation the public can take comfort that their ■ Supply chain: As part of the and maintenance, and project manage- engineering work is in the hands of com- Infrastructure Delivery Management ment. Th is is a welcome recognition. petent professionals. System (IDMS), the Standard for

Process Operation & Phase Level Planning Design Construction followed maintenance Forward Collect brief Land and Senior Initiate O&M Preliminary Intuitive and master and select negotiate management activities planning options contract Middle What-if ability Design Resource management – must be considerations allocation Monitor O&M Pre-implementation Feasibilities to senior able to make and detailed and project activities management decisions design planning Site Junior staff Process can Programming, Detail and

Increasing experience supervision Manage O&M Implementation to middle be largely collecting production and teams management rule-based data drawings monitoring Figure 8: Changing roles with experience

20 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering Infrastructure Procurement and selection, but it is still essential that Delivery Management has been issued experienced engineering professionals as National Treasury Instruction be part of the interview and selection No 4 of 2015/2016 (National Treasury process. HR should simply offer the 2015a). This came into effect on 1 July support of advertising, setting up in- 2016 and requires that evaluation re- terviews and finalising the contracts. ports and recommendations must be prepared by registered professionals. REBUILDING Thus the views of engineers will be In 2007 it was recommended that heard when engineering tenders are major training and professionalisation being awarded. programmes should be put in place ■ Reporting and financial control: to grow capacity. As outlined at the The number of different reports outset, many such programmes have required, and control of budgets by been put in place, but many lessons the financial department, will be have been learnt which now need to addressed when the new Municipal be factored into developing tomor- Standard Chart of Accounts row’s civil engineering capacity. Those (MSCOA) is implemented nationally graduates who are appointed on local from 1 July 2017 (National Treasury government training programmes, but 2015b). This will cover not only are not employees of a municipality, budgets, but also asset management often find themselves unemployed at The question of registration and projects, among other things. the end of the programme. On the other Engineering departments will need hand, recent graduates employed by needed to be considered. to develop capital and O&M budgets, local government are placed into fixed Clause 18(4) of the Engineering and develop more detailed asset reg- posts and do not get the range of experi- isters, including all components as ence required to develop as engineering Profession Act (46 of 2000) required for GRAP compliance. It is professionals. Senior posts are filled by states that “a person who is essential that technical departments junior staff, or remain vacant as suit- work with the MSCOA team to en- ably experienced staff do not apply for registered in the category of sure that all data in stand-alone sys- these posts. Changes in approach to candidate must perform within tems are integrated into the corporate employing and developing at all levels IT solution. need to be considered. the engineering profession ■ HR: There has always been the only under the supervision and complaint that new employees are Training posts for junior recruits generally not selected by those who When staﬀ are appointed in the public control of a professional”. This will be employing or managing them, sector, they are appointed to ﬁ xed implies that there must at least resulting in inappropriately qualified posts. Th is does not allow engineering or inexperienced staff being ap- graduates to work towards professional be one registered professional in pointed in many cases. Once in place registration. Graduates being trained as every organisation that performs the Competency Frameworks should candidates for registration are required be used as a basis for adverts and to develop 11 outcomes relating to the engineering work.

Nature of work: Level of supervisor/mentor Level Responsibility of Candidate the Candidate support Undergoes induction, Mentor explains challenges A. Being exposed observes work of competent No responsibility and forms of solution practitioners Increasing responsibility Performs specifi c processes Limited responsibility for Supervisor/mentor coaches, B. Assisting under close supervision work output offers feedback Performs specifi c processes Full responsibility for Supervisor progressively C. Participating as directed with limited supervised work reduces support supervision Performs specifi c work with Full responsibility to Candidate articulates own D. Contributing detailed approval of work supervisor for immediate reasoning and compares it outputs quality of work with those of supervisor Works in team without Responsibility to supervisor Candidate takes on problem- E. Performing supervision, recommends is appropriate to a registered solving without support, at work outputs person most limited guidance Figure 9: Increasing levels of responsibility towards professional registration

Civil Engineering January/February 2017 21 investigation of needs or problems, de- to appoint recent graduates to training signing or developing solutions, managing posts under a training cost centre that implementation and taking increasing is not allocated to any department, but responsibility over time, until they are from where they can be rotated across ready for registration. Th e ECSA compe- the organisation to get the range of ex- tence standards suggest that the range perience needed to obtain professional of activities should “include but are not registration. This approach has been limited to: design; planning; investigation adopted by eThekwini, and some private and problem resolution; improvement sector companies such as the engi- of materials, components, systems or neering, construction and project man- processes; implementation, manufacture agement consultants who require their or construction; engineering operations; personnel to be well versed in design, maintenance; closure or disposal; project costing, developing specifications and management research, development and managing consultants and contractors, commercialisation”. Planning, design, although they do not actually design or construction, operation and maintenance, perform contracting functions in-house. and project management, identifi ed in the A national policy should be considered Competency Frameworks, is a subset of in this regard. It will not be possible in this list, and is an ideal range for training all municipalities, as there will be insuf- candidates. However, since no single post ficient resources to develop such skills. will cover all these activities, it will be It is therefore incumbent on the larger, necessary to rotate candidates from one and/or better-resourced municipalities position to another, reporting to compe- to ‘over-train’ for those who cannot tent supervisors and working under the train their own, but agreements need to The development of watchful eye of a registered professional be in place initially to ensure that once candidates has been acting as a mentor. If such a system is trained, young professionals will have a not in place, candidates will either not post to enter in the sector. recognised as an important develop adequately, or will job hop several training phase for many times during the early years of their ca- DEFINING CANDIDACY reer to gain this range of experience. Th e development of candidates has been professionals. The defi nition Where candidates are placed in local recognised as an important training of candidacy was included government on such programmes, the phase for many professionals. Th e defi ni- main challenges are to get buy-in from tion of candidacy was included in the in the Department of Higher in-house supervisors, and to ensure that Department of Higher Education and candidates are not assigned routine pro- Training’s draft Learning Programme Education and Training’s cesses or projects. Figure 9 is extracted Regulations for the fi rst time in 2012 draft Learning Programme from Table 4 of the ECSA document (DHET 2012, Government Gazette 35489, R-04-P (2012), Training and Mentoring 3 July 2012). Quoting this document, Regulations for the fi rst Guide for Professional Categories. It is “candidacy means the practical and work time in 2012 (DHET 2012, clear that the development process is experience training that is an occupa- more than just being involved in a range tional qualifi cation as determined by the Government Gazette 35489, of activities. Rather, candidates need to relevant professional body and follows the 3 July 2012). Quoting this take increasing responsibility, develop completion of an academic qualifi cation solutions themselves, and make recom- required for access to the assessment for document, “candidacy mendations on the final approach to be the issue of a professional designation”. means the practical and work taken. This approach is well recognised. Th e recognition of candidacy has also Prof Stephen Billet, an international been adopted as Category C in the Skills experience training that is an expert on vocational and workplace Matrix defi ned in the Department of occupational qualifi cation as learning, suggests that experiences Trade and Industry’s Amended B-BBEE should not be routine and repetitive, but Codes of Good Practice. Companies are determined by the relevant must be structured to offer increasing awarded points if they train candidates professional body and complexity, and increasing account- towards professional registration. Th e ability on the part of the learner (Billet CIDB Standard for Developing Skills follows the completion of 1996). All too often, on structured through Infrastructure Projects (CIDB an academic qualifi cation training, candidates remain at level B, 2013, Government Gazette 36760, 23 simply assisting on many projects, but August 2013) also recognises candidate required for access to the do not become engineering problem training. Using Clause 3.1.3, municipali- assessment for the issue of a solvers, which is what is required of to- ties may call for their own candidates to morrow’s infrastructure leaders. be placed with service providers to receive professional designation”. The appropriate approach would be the required design, contracting or any

22 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering other experience required. Municipalities they are making routine decisions, and what to do, and have not yet grasped the that commit to training should sign the without adequate training are often need to solve problems independently. ECSA Commitment and Undertaking making the wrong decisions. Many There have been suggestions about agreement (ECSA 2015), which gives simply follow processes and do not have developing qualifications for municipal guidelines on what is expected when a feel for the overall needs of their de- engineering staff to bridge skills gaps training candidates towards registration. partments or municipalities – few know due to inadequate theoretical know- Developmental career paths should the population of their municipalities, ledge. From the civil engineering pro- be reintroduced, allowing junior staff to or the number of households they are files determined through this research, proceed towards seniority with the at- serving, or the significance of land-use it appears that theoretical knowledge tainment of specifi c competencies. Th is planning and requirements for the ser- is not the main problem, but rather ap- will allow them to move upward in one vices they are providing. plication and development in the work- municipality without the need to job hop, While there is a view that training place. Vygotsky, the founder of cognitive allowing the municipality to benefi t from should be structured to suit the munici- development theory, was of the firm the ever-improving skills. pality’s needs and not those of ECSA, this belief that scientific concepts cannot is extremely short-sighted. Th e method of be generalised from everyday experi- Developing in-house staff training suggested by ECSA is designed ences, but must be developed through The experiences in mentoring 133 mu- to ensure that a professional has suffi cient interaction with knowledgeable others nicipal engineering staff aged 47 and experience to develop solutions to prob- (Vygotsky 1934/1987: 167–172). Senker, below (average age 33) on the LGSETA lems that may not be frequently encoun- a prolific researcher and writer on voca- Candidacy Programme have demon- tered, but can be deduced from the range tional education and training, states strated what a devastating effect the of prior experiences. Th is is typically what that “... most of an engineer’s learning demise of graduate training and career- experienced personnel are able to do. As occurs … as an integral part of work pathing has had in local government. can be seen from the demographics, there activities” (Senker 2000). The chal- This is a generation that has come into is a diminishing number of senior civil lenge with this group is that they have specific posts and has been doing much engineering staff , and the younger group had limited guidance or have seldom the same work for many years. Although must be able to take over. At present they been challenged to apply higher-order they may be working independently, continue to rely on seniors to tell them problem-solving skills. They are thus

Civil Engineering January/February 2017 23

0861 KEMACH (536 224) www.kemachjcb.co.za reactive, rather than proactive, and need Th e major gains were exposure to the support by integrating training into Japanese problem-solving approach, and work experiences to transition to the understanding the approaches taken to leadership roles required. successfully implement effi cient systems, A number of training and develop- processes and technology. ment interventions need to be considered, Th e programme included technical including job shadowing and action lectures from research and technical learning. teams, site visits to a range of water and wastewater treatment plants, and time Job shadowing at ‘Centres of Excellence’ spent in research centres and manufac- In 2015, fi ve young municipal engineers turing plants. It was estimated that the were awarded a scholarship for two experience gained in eight weeks would months to travel to Japan and learn about have taken them ten years to gain, had Japanese technology and their approach they remained in their current positions to water and wastewater engineering without this intervention! solutions (Drummond et al 2016). It is suggested that a similar model should be developed in South Africa, 63 calling on well-resourced and func- 61 tioning municipalities, water boards 59 and roads authorities to develop similar 57 55 programmes in their areas of excellence 53 and host groups of young municipal 51 engineering staff over a similar period to 49 guide them on how to deliver services in 47 their municipalities. 45 43 41 Action learning 39 Given the numbers, small groups par- 37 ticipating in job shadowing initiatives 35 would not be adequate to accelerate 33 31 the development of the large number of 29 younger staff. In addition, a programme 27 of action learning, including training 25 courses and workshops associated with 050100150activities in the municipal calendar, White Black combined with assignments based on the actual work to be done, should be Figure 10: Population pyramid of civil engineering staff by race in 2005 rolled out. This will allow engineering staff who have not had sufficient sup- 63 port to develop as professionals, while at 61 the same time developing the key plans, 59 documents, policies, systems, checklists 57 and procedures that need to be put in 55 53 place, reinstated or enhanced. 51 An 18-month to two-year pro- 49 gramme should be developed composed 47 of formal lectures, workshops and work- 45 43 place experience. Typically, a series of 41 two- or three-day modules would cover 39 guidelines on various aspects of mu- 37 nicipal engineering, including planning, 35 budgeting, designing, procurement, 33 31 contract management, managing con- 29 sultants, construction, monitoring con- 27 tractors, operations, maintenance, run- 25 ning a depot, asset management, fleet 050100150management, legislation and bylaws, HR White Black and performance management, etc. Modules should be off ered in work- Figure 11: Population pyramid of civil engineering staff by race in 2015 shop style with lectures, site visits, group

24 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering discussions, developing documents, when Kevin Th omson cautioned that “… Although the training outlined above forms, processes, etc. After each ses- by getting rid of older people an organisa- is aimed at reversing this situation, it is sion, delegates will be asked to describe tion’s KNOWLEDGE is being lost, not not going to happen overnight. In the what they will do diff erently when they just its people …” (Th omson 1998: 153). A meantime, senior personnel who are able return to the workplace and will be set similar sentiment was voiced in the USA, to drive the re-establishment of short- and an assignment to implement what was where it was suggested that the unin- long-term planning, budgeting, develop- covered. Assignments should be assessed tended consequence of forced retirement ment managing and building control; by municipal engineering advisors, and was the loss of “hard-earned knowledge”, who can handle emergencies as well as feedback at subsequent workshops will often with dire consequences (Leonard & planned maintenance; who can manage allow participants to learn from one Swap 2005: 21–22). designs and contracts; and who can re- another’s experience. Where necessary, The bulk of those over 50 are em- develop systems and processes must be input should be off ered remotely between ployed in the metros. In half of the mu- appointed to these municipalities. sessions. It is suggested that workshops nicipalities, the oldest civil engineering In 2015, SAICE conducted a snap poll take place every six to eight weeks, using staff member is 44 or younger, in 45 of to determine whether there were engineers experienced ex-municipal engineers as them, 34 or younger, and in one munici- prepared to work in the public sector and lecturers and advisors. pality there is only a 23-year-old. This received many positive responses. Over means that many local and district mu- the past ten years, SAICE-PDP has been Harnessing experienced staff nicipalities only have junior staff, few of able to source and place over 300 retired Figures 10 and 11 show the dramatic whom have been adequately developed. engineers into the public sector to trouble- change in demographics in local gov- The result is that many do not carry out shoot, advise and/or mentor. At present ernment. While the transformation is any long-term planning, but wait for spending in the construction sector is low. impressive, the loss of knowledge has im- demands from their Councillors; do not Many companies are considering retrench- pacted on the progress of the young en- schedule work, but wait for call-outs, ments, but are loathe to let experienced gineering staff who would have benefi ted complaints, or invitations to meet- staff go. An opportunity therefore exists from the supervision, coaching and men- ings; do not carry out any meaningful to harness experienced staff who have had torship of experienced staff . Th is problem budgeting, but accept and make do with municipal experience in the past, through was identifi ed in the UK in the mid-1990s whatever budget is allocated to them. secondments.

Civil Engineering January/February 2017 25 From past experience, placements available capacity is growing. Assuming CIDB 2013. Standard for Developing should be for at least two to three years that an applicant with a tertiary engi- Skills through Infrastructure Projects. to allow time to assess the challenges, neering qualifi cation can grow into any Government Gazette 36760, develop and implement solutions, and post without working in a community of 23 August 2013. Construction Industry develop younger staff . Such placements expert practice is a fallacy. Development Board, Pretoria. may be for three or four days a week, Instead of restructuring, structures DCoG 2016. Competency Framework but should not be only for a day or two should be rebuilt. Instead of politicising for Local Government Occupational a month, as this simply does not aff ord appointments, they should be profes- Streams. DCoG, Pretoria. enough time to become familiar with sionalised. Professional judgement should DHET 2012. Draft Learning Programme the environment and eff ect meaningful be highly valued. In the medium to long Regulations. Government Gazette changes. Th ose placed should be given term, selection based on professional 35489, 3 July 2012. full authority to make decisions and registration and experience is essential. Drummond, D, Maduray, P, Dunstan, J, drive service delivery. It is also critical Where suitably qualifi ed people cannot Buthelezi, N & Mzamane, Z 2016. The that teams of secondees or deployees are currently be found, staff should be sought land of the rising young engineers. managed by engineering professionals through secondment and by tapping into IMESA, East London. who can support them technically, rather the pool of retirees to off er their expertise ECSA 2012. R-04-P, Training and Mentoring than being managed through targets until such time as in-house staff have Guide for Professional Categories. and tick boxes. A systematic approach to been adequately trained. ECSA, Bruma. transforming engineering departments ECSA 2015. R-11-P, Process for Training is urgently required, covering planning, RECOMMENDATIONS Engineering Candidates towards capital projects, operations and mainte- The Competency Frameworks under Professional Registration under a nance, and skills development. development must be finalised and im- Commitment and Undertaking. ECSA, plemented to ensure an adequate supply Bruma. Attraction and retention of skills. Hierarchies of young, mid- Lawless, A 2005. Numbers & Needs: When municipal engineering staff have career and experienced professionals Addressing Imbalances in the Civil been interviewed, their views on attrac- must work together to address all levels Engineering Profession. SAICE, Midrand. tion and retention have included the need of service delivery. Lawless, A 2007. Numbers & Needs in to pay premiums for tertiary qualifi ca- Training posts and integrated work- Local Government: Addressing Civil tions, professional registration, years place training methodologies should Engineering – The Critical Profession for of experience in local government and form the basis of training policies to Service Delivery. SAICE, Midrand. years of service within the municipality. ensure that junior and mid-career civil Leonard, D & Swap, W 2005. Deep Smarts: Furthermore, municipalities should pay engineers, technologists or technicians How to Cultivate and Transfer Enduring professional registration fees, and tech- are attracted into and developed in the Business Wisdom. Harvard Business nical staff should be aff orded the opportu- municipal sector. School Press, Boston, Massachusetts. nity of attending meaningful workshops Professional bodies should form an al- National Treasury 2015a. Standard for and courses each year to retain their reg- liance to mentor, support action learning, Infrastructure Procurement and Delivery istration through continuing professional and source and manage senior profes- Management. National Treasury, development. sionals placed in municipalities to rebuild Pretoria. Th e most important factors for at- engineering departments. National Treasury 2015b. Municipal tracting those with experience back into Regulations on Standard Chart of the system are, however, the need for ACKNOWLEGEMENTS Accounts. Government Gazette 37577. more autonomy and authority for delivery Th e author would like to thank Zan National Treasury, Pretoria. departments, and uncoupling the busi- Mlambo and Th uba Sithole for the hard Senker, P 2000. What and how do engineers ness of local government from the politics slog of collecting the data, Marthelene learn? In: H. Rainbird (Ed.). Training in of local government. Buckle and Elaine Orpen for their assis- the Workplace: Critical Perspectives to With regard to identifying and em- tance, and Peter Stevenson for collating Learning at Work. Macmillan, London, ploying those who have been developed all the data and producing the graphics. pp 169–188. through graduate programmes, it is sug- Th anks also go to ESRI for preparing the Stats SA 2014. General household survey. gested that all municipalities also adver- theme maps using ArcInfo. Stats SA, Pretoria. tise junior posts on a central website, such Stats SA 2015. General household survey. as MISA or DCoG, to allow graduates to REFERENCES Stats SA, Pretoria. fi nd opportunities to harness their devel- Adizes, I K 2004. Management/ Thomson, K 1998. Passion at Work. opment to date. Mismanagement Styles: How to Capstone, Oxford. Identify a Style and What to Do about Vygotsky, L S 1987. Thinking and speech CONCLUSIONS It. The Adizes Institute Publishing, (N. Manic, Trans.). In: R W Reefer & Th ere is a need to re-engineer local gov- Santa Barbara, California. A S Carton (Eds.). The Collected Works ernment capacitation and professional Billet, S 1996. Towards a model of work- of L. S. Vygotsky: Vol. 1. Problems development. Th e training processes of place learning: the learning curriculum. of General Psychology (pp 39–285). the past have been lost, and the gap be- Studies in Continuing Education, 18(1): Plenum Press, New York. (Original tween the demand for service delivery and 43–58. work published 1934)

26 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering

INTERNATIONAL

The East Sitra Reclamation

(Figure 1). It entailed the construction of 26 million m3 of reclamation fi ll – whilst forming seven reclamation plots – total- Project – Bahrain ling 592 ha. Th e works were subject to a relatively Mike Chemaly Pr Eng INTRODUCTION benign wave climate. However, the cur- Chief Resident Engineer Th e East Sitra Reclamation Project was a rent patterns were complex and the tidal Port and Breakwater Specialist major and challenging reclamation pro- fl uctuation varied considerably around the AECOM Bahrain (2015/2016) [email protected] ject executed on the eastern coastline of island, due to the damming eff ect the fasht Bahrain, and situated in the Arabian Gulf had on tidal levels in certain areas. For a period of fi ve months the daily summer temperature peaked at approximately 47°C. Th ereafter, the daily temperature fell to reach peaks between 16°C and 25°C. Th e plots were earmarked for housing, industrial, military and petrochemical EastE Sitra Project storage purposes. Th e 26 million m3 included a 3 million m3 dredge-to-stockpile operation, which was formed by means of direct pumping from the dredger, through a pipeline, to one of the completed plots. Dredge material was obtained from seven borrow areas ranging between 400 m and 10 km from the reclamation site. Of the 26 million m3, 25 million m3 of the reclamation was hydraulic fi ll, while the remaining 1 million m3 was mechanical fi ll. Th e peripheries of the seven plots were rock protected. Rock protection Figure 1: Location of the East Sitra Reclamation Project totalled 28.3 km (1.49 million tonnes).

28 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering Table 1: Plot details Item Volume required (m3) Area required (m2) Rock required (tonnes) Revetment length (m) Channel excavation 1 033 025 1 120 619 – n/a Plot 1 9 832 500 3 463 103 584 262 6 640 Plot 3 2 035 500 0 – 4 480 NOGA 1 2 668 000 0 157 099 5 070 NOGA 2 3 450 000 359 255 461 937 4 590 NOGA 3 914 250 0 – 1 970 Plot 1 Spile 3 000 000 0 – n/a Plot 2 (incl causeway) 2 980 174 0 282 594 5 520 Total 25 913 449 4 942 977 1 485 892 28 270

Figure 3: Plots during/ Figure 2: Pre-construction after construction

Th e contract period was 30 months the contractor to obtain environmental probably not pan out in the contractor’s and the tender value 89 million Bahraini permission to utilise the rainbow or favour as these uncertainties would Dinhars (235 million USD). bottom dumping methods of construc- create a logistical nightmare (which Figures 2 and 3 show the pre- tion. they did) with regard to selection of construction and post-construction loca- dredger type and the period individual tions of the seven plots, and Table 1 gives Contractual dredgers would remain on site. a breakdown of the land mass areas. Th e contractor was confronted with the ■ To further complicate matters, permis- Th is article will focus on the dredge following stumbling blocks: sion to construct the seven plots, as per and reclamation works only. ■ Th e EIA for the dredging and reclama- the contractor’s tender, needed to be tion works was to be performed after confi rmed with the custodian of the plot CHALLENGES FACED contract award. after contract award. In the end these Technical ■ Th e contractor was to perform his sand permissions did not take place in the Reclamation was in shallow waters at an search operation after contract award. same order as per the contractor’s plan. average depth of less than 2 m below the Irrespective of the time and eff ort low-water level, which was far below that required by the contractor to (a) obtain CONSTRUCTION PHASE of the dredge vessels’ draught. Depending EIA approval for each plot, (b) fi nd Dredging on the working area in the reclamation borrow areas that yielded 25 million m3 Borrow area locations were identifi ed as plot, dredgers could only come between of sand (1 million m3 was known) and the project progressed. On the East Sitra 400 m and 3.5 km of the reclamation (c) obtain EIA approval of these borrow Reclamation Project the main constraints site, depending on where they were re- areas, the contract’s tender data stipu- impacting the sand source location were claiming. Hence, these depth restrictions lated that penalties for late completion (a) proximity to power station sea intakes, prevented the use of typical construction would apply. (b) navigational route clashes, (c) petro- methods, such as the rainbow method or ■ Due to the large sand volume required chemical facility clashes, (d) clashes with bottom dumping from a dredger. (25 million m3) it was anticipated that fresh water aquifers situated in the shallow this volume would need to come from bedrock and (e) destruction to sensitive Environmental more than one borrow area. Th e com- marine life. Th e main technical driver dic- Th e above-baseline total suspended solids bination of (a) when the borrow area tating sand source was (f) the sand speci- (TSS) concentration margins, both at the would be discovered, (b) the size of this fi cation. Th is mainly entailed the clay/silt dredging and the reclamation sites, were borrow area, (c) when permission would percentage (which was to be less than 10%). small. Even if there had been enough be granted for a specifi c borrow area Th is percentage was adjusted on site by depth to clear the vessels’ draught, these and (d) the distance between borrow creating separate specifi cations for below narrow margins made it impossible for area and reclamation site, would most water level and above water level.

Civil Engineering January/February 2017 29 Figure 4: CSD – Kattouf

areas. Sensitive areas pertaining to this Figure 5: TSHD – Gateway project were the presence of fresh water (30 000 t capacity) aquifers and fi shing/shrimping areas. Hence, permission to use sand sources was often only granted days before the dredger ran out of sand, when the Deputy Prime Minister’s offi ce had to step in and overrule the decisions made by the relevant ministerial departments. Method of construction: Considering all major constraints (shallow waters and environmental constraints), the most suitable reclamation method was that of fi xed-line pumping. Rainbowing and bottom-dumping, which would work out cheaper, could not be used. Dredger selection: Borrow areas varied roughly between < 1 Mm3 to over 50 Mm3 in size. In the end the contractor was forced to spend most of the construction period utilising both a cutter suction dredger (CSD) (Kattouff – Figure 4) and trailing suction hopper dredgers (TSHDs) (Gateway – Figure 5 and Andromeda V – Figure 6, which were of the largest TSHDs Th e contractor performed sub-bottom in the world!) as he never knew which sand search operations in two stages. borrow area would be available to him Stage 1 was a dive survey, sub-bottom pro- next. It was soon obvious that the project fi ling and a bathymetrical survey. Stage 2 was not CSD-friendly. Th is worked against was more costly and time-consuming, and the contractor, as he only had CSDs avail- entailed vibrocoring and boreholes. able in his own fl eet, and he had based his Various sand sources were identifi ed tender price thereon. Consequently he had in parallel with construction operations. to charter the services of TSHDs. Approvals were slow, as authorities were Dredger operation: Th e CSD oper- reluctant to approve these areas due to ated by pumping directly into a pipeline Figure 6: TSHD – Andromeda V (20 000 m3 capacity) political pressure to preserve sensitive leading to land. It remained in the borrow

30 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering Figure 7: Hydraulic fill and dredger discharge point

area and was tug-assisted. Pumping dis- these external subsea pipelines was moni- areas requiring mechanical fi ll. Th ey tances varied between 400 m and 3.5 km. tored and compared against set criteria. were in a specifi c area on the periphery Th e TSHDs (working in series) collected Pumping speeds through the pipelines of Plot 1 where excavators excavated in their load up to 10 km away from the re- varied depending on the material density, the shallow waters adjacent to one of the clamation area. Th ey then sailed towards a but were generally fl uctuating around the plots, whilst forming a 100 m wide canal fi xed discharge point close (approximately 3.5 m/s reading. along the edge of one of the plots. It was 1 km) to the reclamation area, where it not possible to bring a dredger into this connected to the stationary pipeline and Reclamation area, due to shallow waters. With low pumped to the discharge point. Th ey As this project was primarily a reclama- tide the sea bed was only 300 mm deep in were also tug-assisted. Pumping distances tion project (as opposed to a dredging these excavation areas, prior to excavating varied between 1 km and 3.5 km. Two idle project), the site supervision staff were down to -2 m CD. barges comprising fl oating booster pump deployed at the reclamation plots to Th e Plot 1 periphery bund areas, stations were used for both the CSD and ensure the landmasses formed were to which were mechanically fi lled with the TSHD operations, due to the excessive specifi cation. Bearing in mind that, as excavated material, ended up being a distance between the dredgers and their reclamation projects are by-and-large geo- major challenge, due to high clay levels discharge point. Although dredge rates technically and environmentally driven, in the excavated material. Clay levels varied slightly, they yielded reclamation the contractor’s reclamation method in these areas varied between 40% and rates of approximately 598 m3/month was determined by these two specifi ca- 80%. Hence the compaction levels and for the CSD and 1 100 m3/month for the tions. Hence, due to strict environmental CPT results in these areas were prob- TSHD (Gateway, with Andromeda V guidelines pertaining to TSS levels at lematic, as they did not meet any of the slightly less). Th e volume of wasted mate- measuring points – located (a) at 200 m specifi cations. Th e rectifi cation of these rial between dredging and reclamation and 500 m distances from containment mechanically fi lled areas, from a technical was between 12% and 17%. bunds while they were being formed, and and contractual perspective, became a Th e pipelines: Pipeline sizes varied measuring points, and (b) at certain sensi- substantial project on its own. Although between 750 mm diameter to 1 200 mm tive receptor areas (i.e. sensitive marine this issue was successfully dealt with, it is diameter steel pipes. Pipes were either life areas and intake structures to desali- not discussed in this article, and may be fl oating pipes, pontoon-supported sinker nation plants) – the contractor in the end presented in a further article. pipes, or sinker pipes. Th e decision on had no choice other than to utilise the Hydraulic fi lling (Figure 7) was which pipelines to use was driven by containment bund method of construc- achieved by means of pumping the mate- factors such as allowing external vessels tion. Although silt curtains were used rial directly from the CSD or TSHD into to cross the pipeline, and allowing cur- as tertiary barriers, it should be borne various zones within the larger plot. Th e rents to maintain natural fl ow (in certain in mind that on a project of this size, silt water was allowed to escape back to the cases). Th e distance between the dredging curtains are not an option in creating ocean (Figure 8) via the weir box. Although operations and external subsea pipelines a reclamation barrier, due to their inef- the clay percentage was mostly within (mainly petrochemical) was strictly moni- fi ciency. Although most of the contained specifi cation (10%), the weir box discharge tored. In addition, sediment build-up on areas were hydraulically fi lled, there were levels often exceeded the specifi ed TSS

Civil Engineering January/February 2017 31 Figure 8: Weir overflow allowing water to return back to the ocean

1 Mm3 of unsuitable material entailed a secondary construction operation – all at the contractor’s expense – which will not be dealt with in this article, but which might be presented in a further article. With the smaller plots, a single containment bund was formed and hydraulically in-fi lled, while the silt/clay was collected in the downstream silt trap area and the return water controlled by means of a single discharge weir. In the case of larger plots, the plot was subdivided into smaller bunded Figure 9: Sampling at the weir box outlet side areas, each with its own discharge weir and silt trap area. Once the area was fi lled, the contractor moved over to the next area and concentration levels. Th is led to operations the end, as these areas could not pass geo- the silt/clay traps were cleaned out. being stopped in these areas whilst solu- technical acceptance testing. Subsequently Prior to reclamation in shallow areas, tions were sought, such as moving over the contractor was instructed to remove a walk-through clay survey by means of to an alternative sand source or length- the clay lenses, because (a) the volume of the staff -method was performed. Th is ening the settlement channel. In certain suitable material that would be required to was to determine the depth and volume instances the bunds were raised, which mix the unsuitable material with, in order of the in situ clay layer on the sea bed (if improved the situation, although there was to bring it within tolerance, would be too any). Th e shallow area was also surveyed. a reluctance to increase containment bund large and the mixing operations too big In deeper areas low-frequency and high- heights due to fear of bund wall failure. and expensive due to the large volume of frequency surveys were performed to During construction an event occurred material this project was dealing with, and establish bathymetry, as well as the thick- at Plot 1 whereby the dredgers encountered (b) ground improvement, due to overburden ness of the in-situ clay layer. large volumes of silt/clay, with no alternative techniques, would be too costly due to the With the walk-through survey of the sand source. Th e contractor had to choose size of the aff ected area and the volume of NOGA 1 Plot, an in-situ clay layer ranging to either stop dredging, until an alternative material required to overburden, as well between 100 mm and 600 mm was discov- sand source was found – which is a costly as the time it would take to rectify the ered. Various techniques were investigated exercise as this implies dredger downtime problem. High Energy Impact Compaction to remove this clay layer, as its presence – or continue pumping silt/clay until en- (Landpack) was investigated by means of would certainly cause CPT testing to fail countering suitable material (which could trials, but it was found to be only eff ective in in the bottom region of the reclamation happen any minute, as the pre-dredging areas with relatively low clay content (i.e. a prism. Some of the techniques investigated borehole testing did not show high silt/clay clay content of less than 20% for the specifi c were to use (a) the normal displacement levels in these dredge areas). Th e contractor test set-up investigated on site). Th e bulk method whereby clay was moved forward decided to continue dredging. In the end of the unsuitable material, however, had to due to the presence of heavier sands at the various lenses of clay were formed in the be excavated and removed off -site, and the discharge point of the reclamation pipe, reclamation prism – with good material in- contractor was instructed as such under the (b) to suspend the discharge pipe above between. Th is cost the contractor dearly in respective contractual clauses. Th is almost the water level and to introduce various

32 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering outlets and then to gently discharge the Th e following geotechnical in- of sediment build-up outside the plot new hydraulic fi ll on top of the in-situ clay strumentation was installed with pre/ footprint, daily land surveys (by the con- in areas where the silt/clay was 300 mm post-reclamation activities as the project tractor) and monthly (jointly) bathy and thick (the rest to be removed in another progressed: two types of seabed moni- topo reclamation progress surveys. Th e manner), (c) to use a dop-pump to suck up toring plates (one installed before and one text above refers to other surveys which the clay, and (d) to scoop it out by means of installed after hydraulic fi ll) and one type will not be repeated here. Finally, borrow a bulldozer with a specially shaped blade. of surface monitoring plate. Standpipes area surveys were performed on a regular In the end it was decided to remove all clay were furthermore installed to monitor basis, whilst dredge vessel (TSHD) sailing by means of displacement. Th e displaced water levels inside the reclamation plot. paths were monitored. clay in turn was removed by excavators Th e following post reclamation geo- and trucked away. Th is proved to be ef- technical testing was performed as the Environmental fi cient, as no time was wasted and, in ad- project progressed: density testing, bore- Environmental supervision was performed dition, initial trials yielded CPT and ZLT holing to obtain particle size distributions on both dredging and reclamation works. results well within specifi cation. (PSD), CPTs and zone load testing (ZLT) As part of the EIA process the contractor Reclamation plots were handed over for compliance testing. had to submit, amongst others, his envi- to the client to a fi nal reclamation level of Th e following ongoing reclamation- ronmental monitoring plan (EMP). Th is 4.28 mCD (where HAT = 2.80 mCD) for related survey work was performed as the was based on identifying the TSS baseline most plots. project progressed: monitoring surveys condition for each of the sensitive areas.

Civil Engineering January/February 2017 33

Powerful Interface User-defined Beam Creep and Shrinkage Reinforcement Design It should be borne in mind that ence. Hence, after identifying the reason EIAs should not be performed under the other baseline studies were performed for the higher TSS level, actions were same contract as the works, and initi- during design phase, namely numerical discussed with the contractor to reduce ated by the same contractor. Neither modelling of the desalination plants’ the TSS reading. Some of the typical should construction phase and EIA intake/outlets confi guration, to seek a problems encountered on this project phase run in parallel. In this case it was solution to potential temperature rise were: high levels of very fi ne suspended found that the ministry of housing (the problems at the desalination inlets. Th is solids generated due to the cutting action client) was opposed by the ministry of is because current patterns change after of the CSD when striking rock, low outlet environmental affairs, as the ministry forming new landmasses in the vicinity levels at the weir box, low water level due of environmental affairs was doubtful of the desalination inlets/outlets. Th is to low bunds, the sediment trap being too if they should approve the contractor’s in turn causes warmer outfl ow waters to full, etc. EIA, for obvious reasons. Hence the potentially enter the desalination plant Oil spills were taken seriously and contractor was being delayed. Both intakes. Chilling costs per degree Celsius posed a constant threat to the nearby pet- the contractor and the client had to are very high. rochemical docking facilities, as well as to approach the Deputy Prime Minister’s As part of the EMP, sediment sam- sensitive areas. An oil spill contingency office to overrule the decision made by pling frequencies were established. plan was drafted. Based hereon, an action the ministry of environmental affairs. Dredge-related sampling points were plan was formulated indicating the con- Th e same argument holds for ob- identifi ed at the dredge areas – at fi xed tractor’s level of action depending on the taining suitable borrow areas under the distances downstream (tidal current severity rating of the oil spill. works contract. On a small dredge/recla- driven) from the dredgers, as well as at Th e following ongoing environmental mation project this may be feasible, but on sensitive areas close to the dredgers. monitoring was performed as the project a project demanding a substantial volume Reclamation-related sampling points progressed: TSS, turbidity (NTU), tem- of material, the contractor is taking a were at the weir box (Figure 9), at the perature, salinity. huge risk – especially if he has to charter reclamation bund during its construc- large TSHD dredgers. Th e contractor has tion and at sensitive areas just outside Health, safety and the environment to make allowance for this risk in his rates the reclamation sites. Health, safety and environmental inspec- and, at the end of the day the client will be Sensitive areas were not only fauna- tions were performed on the reclamation paying this risk amount. Th is creates an and fl ora-related, but had to consider sites every two weeks by means of a site uphill battle during the execution phase. the nearby petrochemical facilities, walk-through with the contractor. Th e In this case the contractor based his price subsea pipelines, general specifi cations TSHD was inspected on a monthly basis. (including some risk) on using his own with regard to out-surveys in the area Monthly Health, Safety and Environment fl eet of CSDs. However, it was discovered surrounding the reclamation plots, and Management meetings took place. Th e upon performing the sand search opera- desalination intakes (this project was inspection of the entire vessel fl eet of nine tion that the project location caused the close to the intakes/outlets of desalination vessels was performed by the contractor. works to not be as CSD-friendly as had plants of various power stations). Margins Although not contractually obliged, the been envisaged during tender stage. were determined, based on the impact consultant performed frequent moni- Hence the contractor had to charter the sediment could have on the receptor toring for oil spills. services of a TSHD. But, as the contract areas. Monitoring frequencies were estab- A safety culture was created on site placed this responsibility on the contrac- lished, as well as a response plan which by focusing on identifying fatality areas tor’s shoulders, the contractor remained determined the hierarchy of actions to be and policing these. Th e combination of a accountable for the costs associated with taken by the contractor, depending on the large reclamation site, a large workforce, chartering the TSHDs. TSS (mg/ℓ) margin. many truck movements, and constantly As a general note (but not a lesson For supervision purposes the various working and driving on the edge of the learnt on this project), consultants should measuring stations were visited almost reclamation plot, is a recipe for disaster make sure they communicate very accu- on a daily basis in the consultant’s vessel. from a site safety perspective, and these rately in tender documentation what the Owing to the size of this project, the operations were seriously monitored. Th e exact state of soil investigations are, and round trip took anything between three following measures were implemented: not use vague descriptions that can be to fi ve hours, depending on the number (a) safe bunds were formed on the plot interpreted wrongly by the contractor. In and location of stations to be measured edges so that vehicles could not acciden- a dredging/reclamation project of this size on that day. Sediment samples were sent tally drive over them and into the ocean, this will lead to substantial compensation to the laboratory on a daily basis for ana- (b) demarcation, by means of red/white events, and tarnish the consultant’s repu- lysis. TSS results took 24 hours to reach safety tape, cones and signage to indicate tation. It is also the consultant’s profes- the consultant. In cases of emergency, the water’s edge, and (c) proper demarca- sional responsibility during prelim studies site staff could not wait that long, as a tion of all roads by means of red/white to notify the client in writing what risk substantial volume of unsuitable material safety tape, cones and signage. the client is taking by not having proper can be pumped over a period of 24 hours geotechnical investigations performed. by dredgers of this size. An experienced LESSONS LEARNT Contractually related issues, especially supervisor can, however, easily ballpark The most important lessons learnt with regard to claims and compliance TSS levels at measuring points. Often (which on an international scale should testing, are not covered here, but can be actions were taken based on their experi- be conventional wisdom by now) is that dealt with in a follow-up article.

34 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering Mapping the informal public transport network in Kampala with smartphones

OVERVIEW Innocent Ndibatya In cities in the emerging world, public transport networks DepartmentAlex van ofNiekerk Electrical Pr Engand are governed by a large number of agents, each with their Planning, TollElectronic and Traffic Engineering Manager own agendas, priorities, incentives and resources, interacting Stellenbosch UniversitySANRAL [email protected]@nra.co.za nonlinearly through complex feedback loops. The transport system in these cities has developed into a semi-chaotic, self- organising structure with seemingly unpredictable behaviour to an outside observer. This article reports on an attempt to Justin Coetzee understand the supply of public transport in the Kampala area Chief Executive Officer in Uganda in a novel manner. Our hypothesis is that by under- GoMetro standing the network in geospatial terms, we would be able to [email protected] create benefits for all role-players and improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the supply of public transport to more closely match the demand for public transport in an emerging Prof Thinus Booysen world city. Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering INTRODUCTION Stellenbosch University [email protected] Kampala experiences transport system challenges similar to other developing cities in Africa. Three main factors contribute to the shortage of transport supply in Kampala: This article is a shortened version of that rapid urbanisation, limited access to private transport, and lack of a well-regulated public transport service. In 2012, the presented at the 2016 South African Transport greater Kampala area was home to 3.15 million residents, and Conference and discusses how the research team its population is expected to double by 2020 and quadruple by 2040 (World Bank 2015). This increase in population is making sense of an organically evolved chaotic already places (and will continue to place) severe pressure public transport system in Kampala, Uganda, on Kampala’s public transport supply. The low percentage of people with access to private motor vehicle transport also through smartphone mapping. contributes to the transport shortage. It is estimated that only 9% of the passengers on Kampala’s roads use private transport, while the rest (91%) use public transport (KCCA 2014). Finally, there is the lack of a well-regulated and organised

Civil Engineering January/February 2017 35 public transport service as an alternative to private car usage. ment of a monopolised large conventional bus service (Ousmane In Kampala public transport has not been provided by the city 2008). However, due to a lack of proper management, undue po- council, and consequently public transport supply has been litical infl uence, and the inability to adapt to changing customer provided by private individuals who own and operate mostly demands, these bus systems usually incur large losses, are unable 14-seater minibuses on unregulated routes and schedules, to maintain operations, and eventually shut down. Consequently, and operate what the mode of transport literature refers to as small privately owned minibuses have spontaneously arisen and “paratransit”. This public transport that is provided by private fi lled the public transport supply gap left by large bus system operators is run at an operating profit and not as a social ser- failures. Th ese are known by diff erent names in diff erent regions, vice or a social good, and so the very poor sometimes cannot such as minibus taxi, matatu or trotro. afford the high cost of public transport and therefore walk for Kampala’s 14-seater minibuses are responsible for the 50% of their trips. This reduces their mobility tremendously majority of daily commutes in the public transport sector and reduces their access to opportunities (KCCA 2014). in this area, transporting 83% of the passengers in the city, Based on the problems that face transport systems in de- and they contribute to 36% of the total vehicles on Kampala’s veloping cities, and public transport in particular, this article roads (ITP 2010). To most low-income earners in the city, they reports on an attempt to understand the supply of public provide an easy means to get near to their major destinations transport in the Kampala area in a novel manner, namely in the city, from where they can either walk or board a motor- smartphone mapping. We describe a mapping approach using cycle taxi (boda-boda). There is no formal ticketing system, a smartphone application, GoMetro Pro, which was used to with all transactions being conducted in cash. There is also no quickly and accurately capture data about informal transport centralised planning or pricing function, with an association systems for analysis and study of urban mobility where no of loosely connected owners and drivers largely setting their dependable data was available, at an acceptable level of accu- own rules. racy and precision. The resultant dataset was then evaluated However, the minibus taxi operations in Kampala have and analysed. grown to a scale that they have replaced the need for a large Our hypothesis is that, by understanding the network in metropolitan bus service, even though they operate much less geospatial terms, we will be able to create benefi ts for all role- effi ciently, and with individual vehicle optimisation in terms of players and improve the effi ciency and eff ectiveness of the supply profi t and operations. Without a system-wide planning authority of public transport to more closely match the demand for public with a mandate to provide network-level operational optimisa- transport in an emerging world city. tion, the paratransit system operates individualistically with some chaotic outcomes – with no fi xed fare-structure, fi xed PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN EMERGING CITIES routes, route schedules and designated stops, there is very little Public transport (which is mostly informal in many developing information on its operations available to city planners aiming to cities) plays a very important role in the development of a city. understand how the city currently moves. It provides an entry point to urban employment for low-income Th ere is very little information available to commuters trying citizens (Ken 2002), it provides a cheap mode of mobility to to fi nd directions from one point to another. Th e commuter remote locations in the cities (Mutiso 2011), and considerably experience does not promote public transport use. From 2006– improves access to opportunities and services. Th e chaos that 2008, the UN-Habitat through the Institute for Transportation characterises unregulated informal public transport reduces the and Development Policy (ITDP) attempted to develop the net- positive impacts that public transport could play in the lives of work by using human observers at strategic points in the city urban citizens. One such negative impact is an inability to easily (Ousmane 2008). Th is method, known as corridor or cordon plan a transport route within the undocumented and dynamic counts, is prone to errors, and its shortcomings are well docu- public transport network. mented (Cameron 2005; Moodley 2005). Historically, local or regional governments in Africa have ser- The emergence of large-scale urban sensing data, such viced public transport needs through the tendering and manage- as mobile phone traces (from smartphone GPS sensors), and

Table 1: The number of taxi ranks, number of routes originating from taxi ranks, and the average route costs Average taxi Taxi ranks Routes fare per route KCCA S/N Major Minor Total Major Medium Minor Total UGX ZAR Division Central 1 Business 369 55 17 50 122 2 732 11 District

2Nakawa 0 1 1 33612 6 750 26

3Makindye0 4 4 45615 3 646 14

4Rubaga 0 2 2 14 12 4 30 2 983 12

5 Kawempe 0 2 2 64212 991 4

36 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering the considerable penetration of mobile phones in developing cities, present researchers with an opportunity to collect high update frequency data over a long period of time at low costs, to therefore study urban mobility at a much higher resolution than before (Francesco 2013). We believe that many developing cities can make use of high smartphone penetration rates to collect public transportation network data by using GPS trajectories, and processing and returning indexed and searchable transit information to the citizenry in multiple However, the minibus taxi operations in Kampala formats, including text message, USSD string, HTML and electronic signage. have grown to a scale that they have replaced the need for a large metropolitan bus service, even PUBLIC TRANSPORT DATA COLLECTION BY MEANS OF MOBILE PHONES though they operate much less effi ciently, and with A public transport mapping project using smartphones was individual vehicle optimisation in terms of profi t implemented by the University of Stellenbosch’s Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, and funded by GoMetro and operations. Without a system-wide planning in November and December 2015. Th e data warehouse for the authority with a mandate to provide network-level project runs on GoMetro Pro and is hosted by GoMetro on its data servers. Th e authors would like to make this data available to operational optimisation, the paratransit system any urban researcher looking to replicate the methods used, but operates individualistically with some chaotic perhaps in another city. Public transport network mapping was done in three phases. outcomes – with no fi xed fare-structure, fi xed Phase 1 involved the identifi cation of all gazetted and unga- routes, route schedules and designated stops, zetted taxi ranks, the routes that originate from the respective ranks, and documenting the major stops along the routes (infor- there is very little information on its operations mally known to the taxi drivers and conductors). available to city planners aiming to understand how Phase 2 consisted of the actual tracing of selected routes by volunteers using the GoMetro Pro application, as well as the city currently moves. constructing a description of operations for each route in terms of trip frequency. During this phase a team of three volunteers activated the GoMetro Pro mobile application (a free mobile app from GoMetro that is also called GoMapp in some regions) and rode in the available public service vehicles as normal passengers. 52$'6$1'75$)),& Route traces of individual riders were collected by the mobile app (1*,1((5,1*9$&$1&,(6 as a series of GPS coordinates along the routes for two weeks. Furthermore, the volunteers tagged the locations of all the vehicle 6PDOOH[SDQGLQJ%ODFNRZQHG¿UPKDVWKHIROORZLQJ stops during the trips. Th is data was used to characterise the YDFDQFLHVLQ3UHWRULD informal public transport network and its dynamics on a route- by-route basis. Phase 3 involved data processing and plotting, and map- y 6HQLRU5RDGV(QJLQHHU7HFKQRORJLVW matching algorithmic analysis to match the GPS data with the 3U(QJ3U7HFKPLQ\HDUVH[S*HRPHWULFDQGVWRUPZDWHU road infrastructure to correctly locate the roads used by the GHVLJQRIXUEDQDQGQDWLRQDOURDGVSURGXFWLRQRIGUDZLQJV minibus taxis. VSHFL¿FDWLRQVELOOVRITXDQWLWLHVFRQWUDFWGRFXPHQWDWLRQ DQGFRQWUDFWDGPLQLVWUDWLRQ0XVWEHIDPLOLDUZLWK6$15$/ Phase 1: Documenting taxi ranks, route origin and destination pairs VWDQGDUGV$Q\H[SLQSDYHPHQWGHVLJQDQGURDG Volunteers travelled around the fi ve major divisions that make UHKDELOLWDWLRQZLOOEHDGGHGDGYDQWDJH up Kampala (Central, Kawempe, Makindye, Nakawa and Lubaga) to locate the formally gazetted taxi ranks and other y 6HQLRU7UDI¿F(QJLQHHU7HFKQRORJLVW gazetted taxi ranks. At each rank, the GPS coordinates of the 3U(QJ3U7HFKPLQ\HDUVH[S+LJKZD\FDSDFLW\ taxi rank were recorded, and the major routes that originate DQDO\VLVWUDI¿FPLFURVLPXODWLRQ LQWHUFKDQJHV 7,$ VWUDI¿F from the taxi ranks were registered in a central database. In VLJQDOGHVLJQHWF0XVWKDYHWUDI¿FDQDO\VLVH[SLQ some cases, the routes were seen written on small signage which 6$15$/SURMHFWV*RRGUHSRUWZULWLQJVNLOOV$Q\H[SLQ were carried from one minibus taxi to the other in order of departure sequence. Table 1 shows the number of taxi ranks URDGVDIHW\DXGLWVZLOOEHDGGHGDGYDQWDJH in each division that make up Kampala City, the number of routes originating from the taxi ranks, and the average taxi fare y 7UDI¿F(QJLQHHU7HFKQRORJLVW per division. %6F%7HFKPLQ\HDUVH[S8QGHUWDNHWUDI¿FVWXGLHVVXFK Taxi ranks and routes were categorised as either major or DV7,$ V67$¶VSDUNLQJVWXGLHVHWF minor, classed as such based on whether the frequencies of (PDLOFRPSUHKHQVLYHFY VWRYDFDQFLHV#PZHEFR]D Civil Engineering January/February 2017 37 departure were high or low. Major taxi ranks are the ranks offi - Phase 3: Data processing cially gazetted by the authorities, and minor ranks are those that Primary data collected by the GoMetro Pro mobile application had organically evolved (in most cases along the routes). and transmitted to the GoMetro servers was downloaded and passed through a series of processing steps to ensure consist- Phase 2: Route tracing ency and accuracy. Data transfer was done using the ProtoBuf Volunteers boarded taxis from the taxi ranks following selected protocol. We used the Python programming language and routes up to the destinations. Th e volunteers used the custom- server-side libraries to prepare, stage and analyse the dataset. developed GoMetro Pro (formerly GoMapp) mobile application After cleaning, the dataset of 81 567 GPS traces (latitudes and to automatically log the GPS locations of the minibus taxi every longitudes) was used in the rest of the analysis. Table 2 shows a 30 seconds during the journey, and to tag each stop along the sample of the dataset used. way by means of the application. Although a user can collect QGIS, a free Geographical Information System (GIS) tool for boarding and alighting data using the app, that was not part Linux, was then used to plot the data and study the trends. Th e of this study, and so was not done. Th e objectives of this phase GPS data was overlaid on the roads network obtained from Open were to: Street Map. ■ establish the actual route that taxis follow to their destinations; The location accuracy of GPS data depends on many vari- ■ to tag the informal and formal stops along the route; and ables. These include the weather (i.e. accuracy is low when it ■ to establish the cost of travelling on a given route is cloudy compared to when the sky is clear), the strength of and the inter-stop (major stops) costs. Figure 1 the receiver antenna (in our case, the smartphone), the ob- shows the minibus taxi stops (formal and informal), structions (e.g. trees, buildings) and other variables. The GPS and the underlying minibus taxi network. data we collected had some errors (multi-path errors) and in

Figure 1: The minibus taxi stops (formal and informal), and the underlying minibus taxi network

Table 2: Sample dataset used

ID Road ID Latitude Longitude Route ID Stop ID Stop lat. Stop long.

11233 59 0.369890362 32.64934921 11232 11240 0.36989 32.64935

11234 59 0.369768977 32.64928055 11232 11242 0.36989 32.64935

11238 59 0.369327009 32.64917374 11232 11244 0.369653 32.64923

11291 61 0.370179594 32.73626328 11290 11440 0.367664 32.73895

11292 61 0.369937807 32.7364502 11290 11442 0.366804 32.73978

11293 61 0.369733423 32.73667908 11290 11444 0.36606 32.74044

38 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering most cases the GPS points were off the roads and scattered a A strong few metres away from the road as shown in Figure 2. Multi-path errors in GPS data occur due to radio fre- foundation for quency (RF) signals from GPS satellite either being blocked by obstacles such as trees and buildings, or the signals reaching infrastructure the antenna after bouncing off the ground or the obstacles. It causes the receiver to miscalculate the direct distance be- success tween itself and the satellite. We developed a map-matching algorithm to match the road segments with the data in our dataset within a 20- metre radius. The algorithm makes several reference points along the road segment and then searches for all the GPS traces within the defined radius. Once traces are found, the algorithm returns the current reference point as the point of reference for the taxi position. In addition, the algorithm com- putes and returns the sum of all traces in the region, and the average of the latitudes and longitudes in the region. Table 3 shows the sample output from the map-matching algorithm we developed.

RESULTS OF THE MAPPING EFFORT USING GoMetro Pro Th e public minibus taxi network is made up of major nodes (gazetted taxi ranks) and minor nodes (ungazetted taxi ranks) that act as major sources and sinks of travellers in the city. Th e nodes are interlinked with series of stops (intermediate nodes), some of which are known and gazetted while others are ad hoc and organically develop according to demand. Taxi movements through the network can be described by random Markov walks – they originate and end at specifi c points while following several routes in the network. Several factors are responsible for the random walks. Th ese include: passenger demand, presence of traffi c offi cers on the main route, the state of the roads, the selection of passengers in the taxi at the time, and weather conditions. It is a collection of all these agents that form chaotic tendencies in the public transport network in developing cities. A sample schematic transit map of roads, taxi ranks and stops was developed from this research. Th e map can be en-

hanced by more data and by involving more participants through I15457 crowdsourcing methods (Zegras et al 2014). Operational schedules for each route mapped and categorised should be compiled in the General Transit Feed Speciﬁ cation format. Th is should

Corrected GPS point on the road segment

ROCLA LV 6RXWK $IULFD·V OHDGLQJ PDQXIDFWXUHU RI Erratic GPS points off the road SUHFDVW FRQFUHWH SURGXFWV 6XUSDVVLQJ \HDUV RI SURGXFWH[FHOOHQFHLQFOXGLQJSLSHVFXOYHUWVPDQKROHV SROHVUHWDLQLQJZDOOVURDGVLGHIXUQLWXUHVDQLWDWLRQDQG RWKHUUHODWHGSURGXFWVZLWKLQLQIUDVWUXFWXUHGHYHORSPHQW DQGUHODWHGLQGXVWULHV

Figure 2: The occurrence of multi-path errors and the matched positions by the map-matching algorithm Visit us on www.rocla.co.za for our nationwide branches Civil Engineering January/February 2017 39 include pull-away times from every station, rank and terminal, The generated dataset contains metadata and content to as well as the development of stop times along each route. Th e draw up in the General Transit Feed Specification (GTFS) schedules can be fi xed or frequency-based. Schedules are to re- standard of transit data processing. A next step for this work fl ect the diff erent operating calendars. will be to generate a GTFS-compliant operations schedule, service definition and SHP file creation of the current system. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS This will provide a basis for comparison models with other Th e dynamics of public transport networks in developing coun- cities which have developed GTFS-compliant datasets (such tries are complex. To fully characterise the entire network, a as Nairobi and Cape Town) for further analysis and bench- huge amount of data is required from all the actors in the public marking of the study area transport performance with other transportation system, i.e. minibus taxis, buses, boda-bodas emerging market cities. and individual movements of the population. In that case, it is We have shown that, by understanding an informal public possible to model the complete trips of individuals through the transport network in geospatial terms, we will be able to create public transport network. In this article, we sought to study the benefi ts for all role-players and improve the effi ciency and eff ec- dynamics of the public transport network in Kampala city using tiveness of the supply of public transport to more closely match GPS traces from passenger mobile smartphones collected by the demand for public transport in an emerging world city. means of a custom-developed mobile application. We recommend that similar studies be undertaken in other Th e ultimate objective is to collect two geospatial datasets developing cities, and that smart data processing algorithms be of Kampala’s informal transport network. Th e fi rst dataset, the developed that can use the routes’ data to provide useful infor- one under consideration in this article, has been developed mation to travellers. Th is would reduce the time city travellers from a controlled process by this research team. Th e second need to fi gure out how to move from one place to the other in dataset is to be developed from a crowdsourcing initiative by the city and would give them the ability to manage their daily Kampala citizens, with a goal to understand if it is possible to commutes with some level of certainty. Th e authors are of the use crowdsourcing techniques to create a public transport net- view that major data collection studies in emerging market work dataset that is of a similar level of quality and accuracy as cities should be executed with mobile phone tracking creating the dataset that a controlled study would produce. Th is subse- unique geospatial user traces. quent work will give us two datasets generated in very diff erent processes that we can compare in terms of performance and NOTE coverage of a crowdsourcing project. Th e list of references is available from the authors.

Table 3: Results of the map-matching algorithm Count of ID Road ID Segment ID Mid IDX Mid lat. Mid long. Avg lat. Avg long. GPS

12160.34588832.6564920.34573232.65666

2 3 1 0 0.333723 32.61793 31 0.333695 32.6179

3 3 1 1 0.333603 32.61803 2 0.333452 32.61819

4 3 2 1 0.332997 32.61878 3 0.333018 32.61881

5 3 2 3 0.3333 32.61841 2 0.333289 32.61839

6 3 2 6 0.333262 32.61846 1 0.333173 32.6186

40 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering LEGAL AND MANAGEMENT

Adjudicator appointments under the NEC Option W1 – when do the time lines start to run?

DIFFERENT CONTRACTUAL arrange- Th is outcome, it has to be said, is Ian Massey CEng, MICE ments for construction contracts require somewhat surprising, given the very FIDIC President’sAlex van ListNiekerk Adjudicator Pr Eng diff erent dispute resolution processes. stringent time-barring provisions of Planning, Toll and Traffic ManagerDirector MDA ConsultingSANRAL Th is is therefore not a ‘one size fi ts all’ NEC Option W1 clause W1.3 (2), which [email protected] situation. So, for example, under the prevent any further recourse to any form [email protected] FIDIC Red Book, where the employer is of dispute resolution where the time con- responsible for the design, the contract straints have not been complied with. Andrew Baird Pr Eng makes provision for a Standing Dispute If there is any delay, therefore, in CEng, FICE, FSAICE Adjudication Board (DAB). Conversely, agreeing or appointing the Adjudicator, NEC Designer and Panel Member Engineering Contract Strategies cc under the FIDIC Yellow Book, where the a claiming party might be left in limbo, [email protected] contractor carries design responsibility, without anyone to make a submission to the contract makes provision for an Ad and a situation where it may be argued Hoc DAB to be appointed. that it is out of time and time-barred. Th is Although there has been some con- argument has been adopted on a number jecture over the years as to whether the of occasions by some of our major em- NEC Option W1 requires a standing ployer bodies. Adjudicator or an Ad Hoc Adjudicator, Let’s paint the picture. In most in- this matter has now been settled fol- stances anticipated by the Adjudication lowing the judgement in Transnet SOC Table, the claimant has to notify the Limited v Group Five Construction (Pty) dispute within four weeks after the Ltd – and others (7848/2015) [2016] claiming party becomes aware of the ac- ZAKZDHC 3 (9 February 2016) – in tion or dispute event. Between not earlier which matter it was decided that the NEC than 14 days and not later than 28 days Option W1 made provision for Ad Hoc after the notifi cation of the dispute the Adjudicators to be appointed. claiming party must submit its referral Th e standard form of the NEC Contract document to the Adjudicator. Data (provided by the Employer) provides In many cases employer bodies state in for the appointment of the Adjudicator at their part of the Contract Data that “Th e the time of the contract. Here, however, in Adjudicator is … to be appointed under the the case under discussion, the defendant NEC 3 Adjudicator’s Contract if and when made provision for the appointment of an a dispute arises”. Th is approach defeats Adjudicator only in the event of a dispute the object of the appointment mechanism arising. Th e court’s conclusion, however, provided in the data, which requires that was that the nature and jurisdiction of the a name be provided, i.e. “Th e Adjudicator Adjudicator (being an Ad Hoc rather than is …”. When their (the above-mentioned a standing Adjudicator) was not aff ected by employer bodies’) phrase is inserted into the manner and timing of the Adjudicator’s W1 where the word “Adjudicator” is used, appointment. the sentence becomes meaningless. Th e

Civil Engineering January/February 2017 41 dispute arises when the claimant noti- the time periods applicable to the referral the Adjudicator, or could simply frustrate fi es the dispute in accordance with the of disputes to the Adjudicator only com- and delay the process. Th e Adjudicator Adjudication Table. So, at the same time as mence once the Adjudicator is chosen and nominating body could fail to act or delay the claimant (or shortly thereafter) notifi es appointed. In considering this conclusion, in doing so. It is not contractually bound the dispute we would expect him to submit it is important to note the following: to do anything; the parties have no en- the names of prospective Adjudicators to ■ Th e appointment of the adjudicator is a forceable rights against it. the defending party for their consideration joint act by the parties. A necessary ingredient of the swift and, hopefully, approval. ■ It only takes place in the event of a dis- adjudication process is certainty. Parties It also must be said that we are pute; until then, there is no appointment need to know where they stand, who must working in a very adversarial environ- or need for the parties to act jointly. do what, and by when. Th e dispute resolu- ment, and mutual consensus is in short ■ No time period is set for the parties to tion process needs to be sensibly operated supply. So, almost on principle, the complete their joint act of appointment. and the failure to appoint an Adjudicator defending party will not agree with the Where no time is set for performance, within the period for referral to him should claimant’s proposed names, or perhaps performance must take place within a not invalidate the adjudication process. even that a dispute exists. Either a pro- reasonable period of time. Th e sensible way to deal with the cess of ‘tit for tat’ then ensues, or no If the parties have not chosen an adjudi- above conundrum is to make sure the response is received. Eventually, eff orts cator, either party may ask the Adjudicator Contract Data “Th e Adjudicator is …” to reach agreement are abandoned and nominating body to choose one. Th e always leads to a name. If the contracting the Adjudicator nominating body is ap- Adjudicator nominating body chooses parties feel, when forming their contract, proached to make the appointment. an adjudicator within four days of the that they would rather not insert a name Clause W1 (3) contains an under- request. But, obviously, the Adjudicator at that stage for whatever reason, the taking to make these appointments within nominating body, who is not a party to the Employer can make use of a panel of ad- four days of receiving the request. Bearing contract, is neither obliged to nominate the judicators – either his own panel or a rec- in mind that the Adjudicator nominating adjudicator, or to do so within the four-day ognised panel such as that set up by the body is not a party to the contract, we period agreed by the parties. ICE-SA Division of SAICE. Th e Contract are on somewhat tenuous grounds here! Th ere is good legal support for the Data statement would then state: Reality is a bit diff erent therefore, and argument that contracts must be inter- “Th e Adjudicator is the person selected appointments can take weeks rather than preted in such a way as to allow for busi- from the ICE-SA Division (or its successor days to put in place. ness effi cacy. In addition, an interpretation body) of the South African Institution of Other things can also go wrong. will not be followed if it would make a Civil Engineering Panel of Adjudicators Th e authors know of an instance where mockery of the contract. by the Party intending to refer a dispute to the Adjudicator nominating body was Where the Adjudicator is agreed at him.” (See www.ice-sa.org.za) using an out of date e-mail address for the commencement of the contract, the Clearly this leads to a name on the Adjudicator and a six-week delay in claimant has the full period provided for the Panel and, by using the Panel, the making the appointment ensued. to refer the disputes to the Adjudicator. It Employer has already accepted the names So it is very likely that, by the time should not be any diff erent where the par- on it. It also overcomes the argument about the Adjudicator is actually appointed, ties have not agreed to the Adjudicator at whether a dispute exists or not by stating the referral period (of between 14 and the time of the contract. To suggest other- “by the Party intending to refer” a dispute. 28 days) would have expired. What is the wise would be inequitable, inconvenient Th e downside of this arrangement is claimant to do? and impractical, and would severely cur- that the Parties still have to complete the Th e times for notifying and referring tail the “availability of the opportunity to NEC Adjudicators Contract, even though a dispute may be extended by the Project exercise the right to [arbitral] redress” on there is already a chosen and agreed Manager if the Contractor and the Project the part of the claimant. Adjudicator. Th is is the point where Manager agree to the extension before the Because there is no time period set stalling by the Employer often occurs, but notice or referral is due. In the environ- as to when the Adjudicator will be ap- at least that action is a breach of contract ment described above, any such agreement pointed in the event of a dispute by the by the Employer, which is a compensation will in all likelihood not be forthcoming. parties acting jointly or by reference to event 60.1(18) in ECC. As an example of how the time lines may the Adjudicator nominating body, it must Some employers are using their own become the subject of dispute, see Sasol follow that the time-bar clause cannot panels, and of course the tendering con- Chemical Industries Ltd, v Peter Odell and begin to operate until he has been ap- tractor is free to nominate in his tender Another (401/2014) [2014] ZAFSHC 11 pointed. To interpret the contract diff er- other names he may wish to see included. (20 February 2014) where a request to ex- ently would lead to an absurdity. Th is can lead to complications and some- tend the period for providing information Such an interpretation makes provi- times disappointing results. was denied by the claiming party. sion for business effi cacy. Any other If the advice and guidelines set out It is important to note that, when the construction would be absurd. If an in this off ering are followed, the dispute referring party submits its referral docu- Adjudicator is not appointed prior to the resolution mechanisms will be more ment, the submission must be made to an expiry of a four-week period, the claimant eff ective and the intended outcome of entity. It cannot make a submission to an loses its right to the dispute resolution the adjudication process would, it is sub- entity yet to be identifi ed and appointed. procedure agreed to. Th e defendant could mitted, have a better chance of achieving It therefore makes good sense that refuse to agree to act jointly in appointing an acceptable outcome.

42 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering Tendering and Administering Activity Schedule-based NEC3 Contracts

INTRODUCTION Prof Samuel Laryea A fundamental activity when tendering for a construction School of Construction EconomicsAlex van and Niekerk Management Pr Eng contract is the calculation of the cost or price for a job. This Planning,University Toll of and the Traffic Witwatersrand Manager [email protected] can be done using a range of pricing strategies, for example SANRAL [email protected] Bill of Quantities or Activity Schedule. According to ISO 10845-1:2010, “pricing strategy” refers to the strategy that is adopted to secure financial offers and remunerate contractors Andrew Murray in terms of the contract. This article will illustrate some of Chairman the strategic considerations that should be taken into account Murray and Dickson Construction (Pty) Ltd by contractors when preparing tenders for contracts based [email protected] on Activity Schedules such as the NEC3 Option A or Option C. A simple example of certain structural activities in an Activity Schedule for a two-storey building is used to demonstrate some of the ways in which an Activity Schedule can be developed in the tendering stage to reduce cash flow risk to the contractor during the contract phase. The way that the Activity Schedule relates to the contract programme, monthly payment assessments, assessment of price of work done to date, and administrative workload are also discussed.

ACTIVITY SCHEDULE AND THE NEC3 CONTRACT An Activity Schedule is described by the Building Dispute Advice Services as “… a list of the activities which the Contractor expects to carry out in completing his obligations under the contract. When it has been priced by the Contractor, the sum for each activity or each group of activities is the price to be paid by the Employer for that activity or group. Th e total of all the activities and groups is the Contractor's price for providing the whole of the Works. A contract based on an Activity Schedule is basically a lump sum contract”.

Civil Engineering January/February 2017 43 The NEC3 has two options based on the Activity Th e discussion is organised under the following topics: Schedule. These are Option A (priced contract with Activity ■ Tender Submission Schedule) and Option C (target contract with Activity ■ Monthly Payment Assessments Schedule). Kings (2013) explains that under Option A the ■ Assessment of the Price for Work Done to Date contractor prices activities on the Activity Schedule at tender ■ Administration stage and submits both the Activity Schedule and the total of It is important to start the sequence of descriptions with Tender the prices. The Activity Schedule cannot be simply expanded Submission, as without getting past this hurdle, the remainder is after tender stage to create a better cash flow. It can only pretty irrelevant for contractors. be changed “in accordance with this contract”. Option A is intended to be a low-administration contract and payment TENDER SUBMISSION for an activity should be relatively straightforward. However, Submission of tenders is its own art form and all contractors in Option C, the Activity Schedule is submitted at tender will have their own views on how they assess risk and op- stage, but the contractor is paid on defined cost plus fee, as portunity at tender stage. Pricing strategies include skewed set out in Clause 11.2(29). Thus, the purpose of the Activity Preliminary and General cost allocations, the loading of Schedule in Option A is to calculate monthly payments to the certain rates at the expense of others, and so on. These contractor, whereas in Option C it is to calculate the share. are not always successful and the industry is littered with Under both Options A and C, the Activity Schedule must be pricing bets that went the wrong way. No contract is going updated and submitted for acceptance if the contractor has to eliminate such strategies, but using Activity Schedules to changed a planned method of working so that the activities measure the work and defined costs for calculating the cost on the Activity Schedule no longer relate to the operations on of Compensation Events does offer the employer greater pro- the accepted programme. An earlier article by Watermeyer tection and affords both contracting parties a more fair and (2009) highlighted some of the practical issues involved in the equitable method for calculating compensation for changes in pricing and administration of NEC3 Option C contracts. the Works Information. The crucial documents that comprise a tender TENDERING AND ADMINISTERING submission are: ACTIVITY SCHEDULE-BASED NEC3 CONTRACTS ■ Th e Works Information Th e scope of this article is limited to contract options that ■ Th e Activity Schedule require Activity Schedules, as a thorough understanding of ac- ■ Th e Tendered Programme tivity-based contracts is central to understanding the NEC logic. ■ Th e Contract Data

Table 1: Activity Schedule Sample 1

01 Excavate and cast foundations R150 000

02 Cast concrete surface bed R35 000

03 Cast ground ﬂ oor columns R80 000

04 Cast ﬁ rst ﬂ oor slab R200 000

05 Cast ﬁ rst ﬂ oor columns R45 000

06 Cast roof slab R220 000

Table 2: Activity Schedule Sample 2

01 Excavate foundations R30 000

02 Fix foundation reinforcement R50 000

03 Cast foundation concrete R70 000

04 Prepare earthworks to underside of surface bed R5 000

05 Cast surface bed concrete R30 000

06 Fix reinforcement to columns on grid lines 1–3 R15 000

07 Fix reinforcement to columns on grid lines 4–6 R15 000

08 Formwork to columns on grid lines 1–3 R10 000

09 Formwork to columns on grid lines 4–6 R10 000

10 Cast concrete to columns on grid lines 1–3 R15 000

11 Cast concrete to columns on grid lines 4–6 R15 000

44 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering The Works Information comprises all the documentation Two advantages flow from this system (i.e. an activity- received from the employer that defines the work to be per- based system). The first is that contractors would tend to formed and includes drawings, codes of practice, specifica- consider their construction programmes far more carefully at tions, key dates and a general description of the work to be tender stage. The second is that there is a far greater incentive performed. This Works Information must be thoroughly un- for contractors to adhere to their programmes during con- derstood since it defines the work to be performed, and will be struction, as not achieving the completion of activities before repeatedly referred to during the contract. Any deviation from the assessment date can adversely affect their cash flow. it during the contract will result in a Compensation Event. Certain tender documents will define the activities that The contractor will have to submit an Activity Schedule as the contractor has to include in a tender, but most will allow part of his tender. The Activity Schedule compartmentalises a contractor to define his own activities in building up the sections of the work into discrete packages and allocates each Activity Schedule. A strategic approach should be used in a cost to complete. Upon completion of the work described in the development of an Activity Schedule. A simple example an activity the contractor can claim payment for that activity of certain structural activities in an Activity Schedule for a in their next claim for payment. It is important, therefore, that two-storey building is used in Tables 1–3 to demonstrate the the contractor sees the Activity Schedule as a cash flow tool. strategic approach that may be used by a contractor. It is important to elaborate on the composition of an The descriptions of the activities are simple yet complete Activity Schedule as it is central to the planning of NEC con- and describe the whole structural process from foundation tracts. If an Activity Schedule is hastily and poorly conceived, excavation to the casting of the roof slab. it could negatively impact the contractor’s cash flow, particu- By using the Activity Schedule shown, it can be seen larly under Contract Option A. that the effort in submitting and assessing a monthly claim Many practitioners will be familiar with the build-up of a Bill is pretty straightforward. Which of the activities have been of Quantities (BOQ) as an instrument for pricing a contract and completed? There is no debate about how much concrete went for later measuring monthly progress for payment. Many will into the foundations or how much surface bed edge formwork also be familiar with the eﬀ ort required in producing an accurate was erected. If at the date of assessment a contractor has claim each month and in the often subjective views that contrac- completed the foundations, surface bed, and ground floor tors and quantity surveyors can have on the actual quantities columns, the contractor is paid the lump sums for each com- of work completed during an assessment period. So whilst the pleted activity plus a Percentage Fee. pricing of a BOQ is fairly straightforward, and from a contrac- It was mentioned earlier that the Activity Schedule should tor’s point of view the measure has been prepared for them, be seen as a cash flow tool by the contractor. However, there reducing the contractor’s eﬀ ort at tender stage, the monthly ad- are obvious reasons why the Activity Schedule shown in ministrative load to prepare a claim can be considerable. Table 1 could create cash flow problems for the contractor. In In contrast, an activity schedule requires considerable the first assessment period, the contractor may not have com- thought and effort on the part of the contractor at tender pleted the casting of the foundations, in which case he will stage. Each activity has to be defined, and careful considera- be paid nothing. On a subsequent assessment date, the con- tion has to be given to its impact on the programme. Once the tractor may have completed the formwork and reinforcement contract has commenced, however, the effort required for the for the first floor deck, incurring sub-contractor costs that he evaluation of monthly payment assessments is greatly reduced would have to pay, but because the slab concrete has not been for both the contractor and the project manager. The assess- cast, the contractor will receive no payment for the activity. ment is based simply on completed activities. If the activity is A practical solution therefore would be to submit completed, the contractor is paid for it. If it is not complete, a more comprehensive Activity Schedule, where ac- the contractor is normally not paid any amount for it at all. tivities 01–03 in Table 1 (totalling R265 000) were

Table 3: Activity Schedule Sample 3

01 Excavate foundations R30 000

02 Fix foundation reinforcement R50 000

03 Cast foundation concrete R70 000

Prepare earthworks to underside of surface bed excluding portion 04 R4 000 bounded by grid lines D,E & 3,4 to allow for crane tower access

Prepare earthworks to underside of surface bed to area bounded 05 R1 000 by grid lines D,E & 3,4

Cast surface bed concrete excluding portion bounded by grid lines 06 R27 000 D,E and 3,4 to allow for crane tower access

07 Cast surface bed concrete to area bounded by grid lines D,E & 3,4 R3 000

Civil Engineering January/February 2017 45 more thoroughly described in the following eleven costs, costs of insurance and costs of raising performance activities in Table 2, equally totalling R265 000. bonds are included in ‘The Fee’ together with the contractor’s In the Activity Schedule in Table 2 the description of profit mark-up. foundation activities has increased from the one mentioned It is necessary, therefore, to include an activity that could in Table 1 to three activities. The surface bed activity has be described as ‘Site Management and Equipment’ and which increased to two, and the single activity for ground floor col- would recur monthly in the Activity Schedule. One must umns has increased to six activities. be clear on how this is described in the Activity Schedule, The cash flow risk to the contractor has now been con- bearing in mind that, for an activity to be successfully as- siderably reduced, as any incomplete activity has a greatly re- sessed for payment, such an activity must be completed by duced financial impact and the activities have been described the Assessment Date. If one were to describe an activity as so that they coincide with sub-contractor payments that the ‘Site Management and Equipment for February 2017’, and the contractor will have to make. Assessment Date was on the 25th of each month, the activity The illustrative examples in Tables 1 and 2 reiterate the could only be considered as complete by the March 2017 importance of the contractor giving careful thought to the Assessment Date. It would make sense, therefore, to describe build-up of the activities and their impact on the programme. the activity as ‘Site Management and Equipment for the It is important that, at tender stage, the contractor carefully period 25 January 2017 to 24 February 2017’ in the Activity considers any event that might prevent the completion of an Schedule, thereby ensuring it was assessed as Work Done to activity. If, for example, it was necessary to have a tower crane Date on 25 February 2017. on site, located within the structure, this would have a dra- In the NEC contract, ‘Equipment’ refers to the contractor’s matic effect on the completion of standard activities. ‘yellow metal’ and other equipment that is needed to perform In our example above, the contractor would not get paid the Works. ‘Plant’ refers to mechanical items such as air con- for the preparation of earthworks to the underside of the ditioning systems that will form part of the completed Works. surface bed or for the casting of the surface bed concrete until In preparing the Activity Schedule, and at the same time after the crane had been dismantled and he was then able to determining the costs of each activity, the contractor would complete these activities. This would also be the case for all have developed a time required to complete each activity. The slabs that the crane tower penetrated. programme is then developed by combining the completion Therefore it would have made more sense commercially times for each of the activities into a programme that identi- if activities 01–05 in Table 2 were described in the following fies Critical Paths and Floats, and which makes allowance for seven activities in Table 3. adverse weather conditions and for time risk. It is important In the Activity Schedule in Table 3, the foundation ac- that the starting date, access dates, key dates and the comple- tivities have remained as they were, but the two surface bed tion date are shown. If the contractor requires the provision of activities have been expanded into four activities to allow for plant or information from the employer on a specific date, this the casting of the surface bed in a portion that is unaffected must be shown in the programme. by the crane and a portion that will only be cast on removal of It is important that the contractor not only considers the the crane tower. programme as a projection of how he will complete the pro- One of the areas of confusion when contractors are first ject, but that the contractor also uses it to define when he ex- exposed to the NEC contract is the concept of ‘The Fee’. pects the employer and others to perform during the project. Under the Option C contract option, for example, Preliminary Without this the contractor will be less able to claim delays by and General costs are kept distinct from the contractor’s others as Compensation Events. mark-up for profit. In the NEC contract there is still a large As a minimum, therefore, the contractor’s programme at element of Preliminary and General costs (although it is not tender stage should show the following: referred to as such) to be included in the Activity Schedule. ■ Starting date, access dates, key dates Certain Preliminary and General costs, such as head office and the completion date

Table 4: Assessment of the Price of Work Done to Date in Contract Options A–F Contract Contract Description The Price for Work Done to Date Option

A Priced Contract with Activity Schedule Total of the prices for completed activities

B Priced Contract with Bill of Quantities Quantitiess of completed work at BOQ rates + proportions of lump sums

C Target Contract with Activity Schedule Deﬁ ned Cost forecast to be paid before next assessment date + Fee

D Target Contract with Bill of Quantities Deﬁ ned Cost forecast to be paid before next assessment date + Fee

E Cost Reimbursable Contract Deﬁ ned Cost forecast to be paid before next assessment date + Fee

F Management Contract Deﬁ ned Cost forecast to be paid before next assessment date + Fee

46 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering ■ The order and timing of the contractor’s own work the Assessment Date. Th e project manager cannot refuse to ■ Method Statement outlining equip- assess the Price for Work Done to Date by the contractor. In the ment and resources required absence of a claim by the contractor, the project manager must ■ The order and timing of work by the employer and make his own assessment. others as stated in the Works Information The project manager has one week from the Assessment ■ The dates when the contractor will require plant or Date in which to certify a payment. materials to be provided by the employer or others Unless otherwise stated in the Contract Data, payment ■ The dates when the contractor requires in- to the contractor must be made within three weeks of the formation from the employer or others Assessment Date (not the date on which the payment was cer- ■ Provisions for float and allow- tified, as this date could vary, whereas the Assessment Date is ances for weather and time-risk agreed to in the Contract Data). It is worth noting that if the contractor has not submitted a pro- The calculation of the value of the Price for Work Done to gramme then the project manager retains 25% of the assessment Date varies with the different Contract Options, as shown in value to date, until the contractor has submitted his programme. Table 4. Th e tender documentation provided to the contractor will include the Contract Data. Th is contains information that is spe- ASSESSMENT OF THE PRICE FOR WORK DONE TO DATE cifi c to the contract on which the contractor will be tendering. In Option A, which is an activity-based contract, the assess- Part 1 of the Contract Data is completed by the employer. ment is determined by the completed activities. Option B is Part 1 defi nes, amongst other things, the starting date, access assessed as quantities completed at BOQ rates. Options C–F dates, key dates and the completion date. It also lists any plant are assessed on Defined Cost which is forecast to be paid be- and materials to be provided by the employer, employer risks and fore the next assessment plus the Fee. insurance responsibilities. Importantly, it defi nes which of the ‘X’ Options C–F are a boost to the contractor’s cash fl ow. Under clauses are to be used and any ‘Z’ clauses that may be relevant to these contract options, the Prices for Work Done to Date cover the contract. all expenses to date and make allowance for payments that the Part 2 is to be completed by the contractor and, amongst contractor forecasts to make before the next assessment date. other things, lists key people, the total tendered price and fee Th e Fee is then added to this amount. Examples of forecast pay- percentages. Importantly, it also lists matters that the contractor ments before the next assessment might be: would like included in the Risk Register and the Schedule of Cost ■ Fortnightly payments to sub-contractors Components. Listing items that the contractor would like included ■ All salaries payable before the next assessment in the Risk Register is an opportunity for the contractor to identify at the outset activities or requirements that he believes could be a risk to completing the project within the budget or within the tendered programme. An example might be ‘Th e risk that a way leave is not granted in time for the road crossing’. Submitting potential risk alerts allows such risks to be addressed early on in the contract, before they can cause delays to the contract. A very important section of the Contract Data is the Schedule of Cost Components. Th is forms the basis for the calculation of Compensation Events during the contract. Th e contractor must submit the basis on which he wants to be com- pensated for Compensation Events, by providing certain costs of Do youyou know this logo?logo? people, equipment and percentage overheads. In the Returnable Schedules that the contractor is expected to submit with the tender, there should be a ‘Schedule of Deviations’. It is important that this is completed to identify any deviations from the Works Information that the contractor You will start seeing it appear on our products as the SABS mark expires and we replace it with the SATAS mark. wishes to notify the employer of. Th e employer may have called for a formwork system that the contractor has no access to, or No need to panic! he may have called for the use of a software programme that the Nothing has changed regarding the quality of the product. It is still SANS contractor does not use. If listed in the Schedule of Deviations, approved, i.e. made to the South African National Standard. ,WLVPHUHO\WKHFHUWLÀFDWLRQERG\WKDWZHDUHFKDQJLQJ the contractor is then protected from the employer enforcing the use of the systems that may be inaccessible or costly to acquire. $OUHDG\6$7$6DSSURYHGWRWKHODWHVW6$16VSHFLÀFDWLRQV DUH8OWUDÁR'XURÁRDQG)UHHÁR 9LVLWRXUZHEVLWHIRUXSGDWHG6$16FHUWLÀFDWHVRQDOORXUZDWHU MONTHLY PAYMENT ASSESSMENTS & sanitation piping systems. Th e Date of Assessment may be defi ned in the Contract Data or it may be agreed at the start of the contract by all parties. Each month the contractor submits a claim for payment on the assessment date. Interestingly, if the contractor does not submit a claim, the project manager is still obliged to make an assessment of the Price for Work Done to Date on

Civil Engineering January/February 2017 47 [email protected] www.dpiplastics.co.za ■ Any advance payments that might have to be made to suppliers Compensation Events with clearly defined response times. ■ Insurance premiums It tries to engender a spirit of cooperation, and if one can Th e contractor is being paid for such costs at least a month commit the administrative resources to site that allow this, it earlier than he would on any other contract. Many infrastruc- will save wasteful administration at the end of the contract in tural projects now require that a considerable percentage of the attempts to resolve festering disputes. contract value must be spent on local contractors, who generally This article earlier alluded to the method of assessment require payments that are more frequent than monthly. Th e for the Price of Work Done to Date for Contract Options C–F, cash fl ow diffi culties arising from such frequent payments are and how these benefited the contractor’s cash flow by fore- removed as a result of the assessment of forecast payments. casting expenses that the contractor would incur up to the next assessment date. However, there is a worthwhile financial ADMINISTRATION administration price to be paid for this. The basis of meas- If any contract is to be eff ectively applied it requires an admin- uring the Work Done to Date on such Contracts is through an istrative commitment from all parties. It requires, in addition, assessment of the contractor’s orders, delivery notes, invoices, that all parties, if they don’t have an in-depth understanding of proof of payments and pay rolls. The contractor is paid for the contract documentation, at least appreciate the logic and these costs with the Fee Percentage added. It is important, rationale behind the contract and understand clauses that impact therefore, that the contractor has an efficient method of col- on the day-to-day running of the contract. Th e administrative lating such financial documentation, and of presenting it to load of the NEC contract can be divided into fi ve categories: the project manager or his representative for assessment. This ■ Administration is all more administrative work than one would normally ■ Tender Preparation require for the financial management of a contract, but it ■ Contract Administration has three main benefits. First, in Contract Options C–F it ■ Financial Administration (Option C) improves the contractor’s cash flow. Second, all parties are ■ Final Account Settlement acutely aware of the actual costs to date. Third, monthly au- In the Activity Schedule-based options of the NEC contract, dits result in the final account being speedily resolved. Again, there is no doubt that there is a greater administrative cost in one could argue that the additional financial administration preparing a tender than there is in a Bill of Quantities-based during the contract saves wasted administration at the end of contract. It is important to submit tender documentation that the contract in attempts to resolve the final account. has carefully thought out activities within the Activity Schedule. Contractors also need to develop an accurate tender programme CONCLUSION in tandem with the Activity Schedule. Additional administrative Based on the issues discussed in this article, some conditions eff ort is also required to submit Method Statements and data for for the success of NEC3 activity-based contracts are summa- the Schedule of Cost Components. rised as follows: While the Tender Administrative burden is apparently ■ The contract is fair to all parties and does allow increased, one must bear in mind that, should the contractor the contractor to make a fair profit if the con- be successful in his bid, he will be far better prepared to un- tract has been correctly priced and planned. dertake the contract than had he simply submitted a priced Bill ■ The employer must ensure that the Works Information of Quantities. In the event that the contractor is awarded the is complete and of the highest quality to avoid costly contract, the tender preparation costs should be recovered in Compensation Events during the contract. reduced planning once the contract commences. ■ All parties must understand the contract From an employer’s perspective, it is important that one and have competent administrators. chooses contractors who are capable of the detailed tender plan- ■ There must be clear and frequent communication ning, and that the Works Information is as complete as possible. between the project manager and the contractor. If the Works Information is vague or inaccurate it will lead to ■ The programme must be constantly updated. costly Compensation Events. Th ere is a degree of reassurance for ■ The contractor must keep clear daily records. the employer once a contractor agrees to tender on an activity- ■ A spirit of trust and cooperation be- based contract, since the employer can be reasonably sure that tween the parties must exist. the contractor has a real desire to compete for the contract. Th is is not necessarily true of Bill of Quantities tenders, where REFERENCES the contractor’s eff orts and risk at tender stage are greatly re- ISO (International Organization for Standardization) 2010. duced, and where he may take a shotgun approach to tendering, ISO 10845-1:2010: Construction Procurement – Part 1: knowing that the more tenders he submits the greater his chance Processes, Methods and Procedures. ISO, Geneva, of winning one. Switzerland. To run any contract eff ectively takes administrative eff ort on site. However, contractors may not always address contractual Kings, S 2013. Activity Schedules – demystifying common issues, as a result of the pressures required to get the job done. perceptions. NEC Users' Group Newsletter, No 64, October At times contractors may also recoil from initiating contractual 2013, pp 4–5. processes for fear that they may antagonise one of the other role- players on site and start a vindictive chain reaction. Watermeyer, R 2009. Getting to grips with the NEC3 ECC target The NEC contract tries to address these issues by com- contract with activity schedule. Civil Engineering, 17(1): pelling parties to give Early Warnings and Notifications for pp 26–33.

48 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering NEW

Senior Project Management Programme

ENHANCE YOUR CAREER IN PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN 2017

CAPE TOWN: INTAKE 1: Starting 6 March INTAKE 2: Starting 14 August DURBAN: Starting 17 July JOHANNESBURG: INTAKE 1: Starting 27 March INTAKE 2: Starting 27 August

Enquiries: Marié van Wyk WINDHOEK, NAMIBIA: +27 (0)21 918 4488 [email protected] Starting 5 June

Western Cape, Gauteng, KwaZulu-Natal, Dar Es Salaam, Addis Ababa, Rest of Africa South Africa South Africa South Africa Tanzania Ethiopia t: +27 (0)82 415 8484 / t: +27 (0)21 918 4488 t: +27 (0)11 460 6980 t: +27 (0)31 535 7117 e: [email protected] e: [email protected] +27 (0)11 460 6988 e: [email protected] e: [email protected] e: [email protected] e: [email protected]

www.twitter.com/USB_ED www.facebook.com/USBED USB Executive Development www.youtube.com/USBExecED

For more info, visit us at: www.usb-ed.com Design of a molten slag waste disposal facility to meet NEMA and NEM:WA requirements

Justin Walls Pr Eng Technical Discipline Manager Mine Waste Engineering SLR Consulting (Africa) (Pty) Ltd [email protected]

David Pillay Pr Techni Eng Project Manager SLR Consulting (Africa) (Pty) Ltd [email protected] Figure 1: Anticipated behaviour of molten slag

BACKGROUND of the design in relation to legislative the start of deposition. Deposition will SLR Consulting (Africa) (Pty) Ltd was ap- requirements. commence from the inner crest of the pointed to design a waste disposal facility embankment wall. (WDF) catering for molten slag. TERMS OF REFERENCE Th e WDF outer perimeter wall will Th e design of the mineralised WDF Th e WDF is required to safely contain progressively be raised using the up- informed the EIA application process molten slag. Th e disposal of slag will be stream construction method in lifts using and the design report was prepared as a done utilising molten pot haulers which cooled, dry slag in order to allow the specialist report in terms of Appendix will transport the molten slag in pots to molten slag to be contained at all times. 6 of the National Environmental the WDF, where the pots will be emptied Th e slag wall raises will concurrently Management Act (NEMA) No 107 of and returned to the furnace ready for the be clad with soil and vegetated. 1998. Th is NEMA appendix sets out next slag tap. Th e slag is expected to be the requirements for specialist reports, deposited at a temperature of approxi- WASTE ASSESSMENT OF THE SLAG including, inter alia, a description of mately 1 650°C. Th e anticipated behaviour Th e Department of Environmental Aﬀ airs the methodology adopted in preparing of the molten slag during tipping of the (DEA) has revised the South African the report, any assumptions made pot is shown in Figure 1. waste assessment system under the (including uncertainties or gaps in National Environmental Management: know ledge) and a reasoned opinion as DESCRIPTION OF A SLAG WDF Waste Act, 2008 (Act 59 of 2008) to whether the proposed activity should Th e WDF will require a compacted earth (NEM:WA). Th e Waste Classiﬁ cation be authorised. starter wall in order to contain the molten and Management Regulations (WCMR) Th is article presents a summary slag being deposited onto the facility at (Government Notice Regulation (GN R)

50 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering 634 of 2013) were published in August 300 mm thick fi nger drain of 2013 and set out the requirements for geotextile covered aggregate the assessment of waste for disposal. Th e 100 mm sand protection layer or geotextile of 1.5 mm thick HDPE WCMR references the following norms equivalent performance geomembrane and standards with regard to waste 300 mm clay liner assessment: (2 x 150 mm thick layers) ■ National norms and standards for the assessment of waste for landfi ll disposal (GN R 635 of 2013); and Underdrainage and ■ monitoring system in base National norms and standards for preparation layer disposal of waste to landfi ll (GN R 636 In-situ soil of 2013). Samples of slag were obtained from a project-specifi c pilot plant. Slag samples Figure 2: Class C prescribed barrier system requirements (GN R 636) tested as part of this assessment are therefore considered to be a good indication of the actual slag that will be produced by the project. Th e slag was classifi ed as Crushed slag a Type 3 waste which resulted in a Class C containment barrier system being re- Thermal protection layer quired as per GN R 636 of 2013. Soil protection layer CONTAINMENT BARRIER SYSTEM 1.5 mm thick HDPE Th e containment barrier system was de- geomembrane GCL equivalent to CCL signed in accordance with the norms and Underdrainage and monitoring system in base standards of GN R 636 of 23 August 2013. preparation layer Th e WDF is to be underlain by a Class C In-situ soil containment barrier system (see Figure 2) based on the waste assessment results. It is proposed that all compacted clay Figure 3: Proposed barrier system to conform to Class C barrier requirements liner (CCL) layers be replaced with geo- synthetic clay liners (GCLs) of equivalent account when determining the service life was assumed to fl ow for 10 seconds and performance due to a shortage of suitable of the lining system to ensure adequate the volume of fl uid (VOF) model with a clay material on site. Th e GCLs are to protection of the environment. A thermal free surface between the molten slag, air then be overlain with a thermal protec- insulation layer was modelled to ensure and porous insulation layer was used to tion layer to protect the geomembrane the desired life of the facility can be compute a time-dependent solution. Heat from the extremely high temperature of accommodated. Computational fl uid dy- transfer via natural convection and con- the slag. As the slag cools and solidifi es it namics (CFD) was used to determine the duction is then predicted for up to Time = is expected to crack and break down into thermal dissipation of the heat given off 806 600 sec (~ 9.3 days). smaller particle sizes which will allow the by the fi rst layer of the molten slag and its Th e following insulation layers were 300 mm fi nger drain aggregate layer to be eff ect on the barrier system. Th e fi rst layer used in the initial model: excluded. See Figure 3 for the proposed of slag was deemed to be the most critical ■ 0.5 m thick soil with a permeability of barrier system. in terms of aff ecting the geomembrane, as 8e-8 m/s. Due to the slag being deposited in future layers of molten slag will have the ■ 2 m thick crushed slag with a max- molten form, the extremely high tem- previous solidifi ed layers of cooled slag to imum porosity of 34%. peratures would damage the underlying increase the eff ective total thickness of Th e following main conclusions were containment barrier system if the barrier the insulation layer. made based on the results of the CFD is not adequately protected. A thermal Based on lifetime prediction values simulations: insulation layer has consequently been provided by the lining manufacturer, ■ Th e fi rst layer of molten slag placed as included to protect the Class C barrier a maximum allowable temperature of part of commissioning solidifi es just system. Th is insulation layer consists of a 25°C was specifi ed in the thermal model- below the upper surface of the crushed layer of soil overlain by crushed slag. Th e ling requirements in order to provide a slag at Time = 10 sec. Th e molten slag soil layer has been included to protect the minimum lifetime of 265 years. was assumed to solidify at 1 300˚C. geomembrane during placement of the Th ermal simulations including multi- ■ Th e slag is completely solidifi ed at Time crushed slag, while also providing some phase fl uid fl ow and heat transfer were = 250 sec. Th is study is considered thermal insulation. carried out utilising advanced CFD mod- conservative where a still wind condi- elling. Multiple fl uid fl ow, solidifi cation tion with ambient temperature of 27˚C THERMAL MODELLING and heat transfer were considered for the was assumed. Th is rate of heat transfer Th e high deposition temperatures of molten slag (liquid) and the surrounding from the molten slag will increase with the molten slag needed to be taken into cooling air (gas) in this study. Molten slag increasing ambient wind speed.

Civil Engineering January/February 2017 51 ■ It takes approximately 30 hours for the ■ Th e temperature will fall to 23.39˚C at the worst cases for all external environ- heat front to pass through the thermal 0.25 m below the barrier system. mental conditions that the geomembrane insulation layers. Th e barrier system tem- If the insulation layer consists of a 0.5 m could possibly be subjected to, it can be perature is increased by 0.09˚C at Time = thick layer of soil overlain by a 2.25 m said that the geomembrane could last for 118 820 sec (~ 33 hours). Th e time delay thick layer of crushed slag, the maximum a lifetime of around 400 years. is due to the thermal mass of the insula- geomembrane temperature will reduce tion material layer (2 m of crushed slag to below 24˚C. Th e 2 m thickness of CONCLUDING REMARKS plus 0.5 m of soil). Th e thicker and more crushed slag proposed prior to the CFD SLR were able to produce a design that resistive the material, the longer it will modelling was accordingly increased to meets the client’s project requirements take for heat fronts to pass through. 2.25 m. while adhering to current South African ■ Th e barrier system temperature peaks Based on the fact that the thermal legislation. at Time = 635 600 sec (~ 7.4 days). Th e modelling was conducted using various Th e EIA application has been sub- peak temperature is 25.82˚C. conservative assumptions, i.e. considering mitted and feedback is awaited.

52 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering

Civillain by Jonah Ptak For more engineering humour, please visit “Unreal Bridges” on Facebook and “@TheUnrealBridge” on Twitter.

52 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering The only supplier of Reinforced Earth® to the Construction Industry

We patented the Reinforced Earth® technique in 1963. Over the last 50 years we have: forged an unrivalled level of experience and expertise in reinforced backfill applications set the standards in the technique played an active role in over 50,000 projects worldwide. Registered trademarks protect the company from others wishing to supply Reinforced Earth® services and products under the Reinforced Earth® banner.

+27 11 726 6180 Johannesburg SOUTH AFRICA www.recosa.co.za The essential competency in a scarce and critical skills and knowledge hungry economy

Professional Registration Support Mentoring

1. Are you a Graduate in the Engineering, Quantity Surveying, Projects and Construction Management, Building or Architectural disciplines?

2. Are you finding the Road to Professional Registration a little daunting?

3. Would you like Professional Registration in the minimum amount of time, whilst achieving maximum professional Capability, Competence and Potential? Great news for all Graduates and Candidates !

This professional acceleration solution offers: t "USBOTGPSNFECandidacy process into a Knowledge Mentoring journey. t *OUFHSBUJOHProfessional Development with Professional Registration. t 5IFJEFBMTPMVUJPOUPUIFScarce and Critical Skills and Knowledge Crisis in South Africa. t 'VMM“Category C” AccreditationXJUI4"/"4###&&7FSJöDBUJPO"HFODJFT%5*4LJMMT.BUSJY t .FOUPSTSFDFJWFmaximum CPD Points – with option for Professional Mentors Designation. t *OOPWBUJWFYmyMentorAccelerator™.PCJMF,OPXMFEHF.FOUPSJOH"QQ t 5IFQSPHSBNNFTBSFGBDJMJUBUFEBOENBOBHFECZEngineering and Construction Professionals.

*OUFSFTUFEPSHBOJTBUJPOTTIPVMEDPOUBDUUIF(SPVQ.BOBHJOH%JSFDUPS 1IJMJQ.BSTI1S&OH$&OH &NBJMQIJMJQ!NTDP[BPS8FCXXXNFOUPSJOHTVDDFTTDP[B KNOWLEDGE TRANSFER

Professional Registration Support Mentoring and the emergence of the professional cyber-sage

OVERVIEW initiatives, from short courses and work- AlexPhilip van Niekerk Marsh Pr Eng In our world of constantly changing shops through to full-blown career plan- Planning,Group Toll and Managing Traffic Manager Director social norms and values, in which the ning and management solutions. Mentoring 4 Success (Pty)SANRAL Ltd parallel convergence of multiple tech- Th ere are quite literally hundreds of [email protected]@m4s.co.za nologies has produced science fiction- thousands of courses and qualifi cations like communication, cooperation and available to the modern candidate via any This is Part 1 in a series of three collaboration capabilities, the world of number of low-cost and free-of-charge learning and development has been irre- online distance learning institutions, articles on a new approach to versibly transformed for the better. The off ering instant access to virtual tutors, modern mobile learner and aspirant supervisors, teachers and subject matter professional registration support young professional will have access to experts in an always-on and globally mentoring. previously undreamt of learning and interconnected learning web. development opportunities. However, At the same time, mobile learning the associated risks are also very real. technologies and the development of an intricate and complex balancing act There is an increasingly pervasive view mobile content is already a global busi- requiring the confi dent understanding and that ubiquitous access to information ness eyeing the trillion dollar milestone, application of semantic learning and the on-demand reduces the need for the and is predicted to outstrip the earnings scientifi c constructs of the discipline, as same levels of traditional academic and of the entire internet-based learning well as the integration and synthesis of epi- administrative rigour, as well as the offerings within the next two years, sodic learning acquired through multiple timeframes associated with the tradi- resulting in a global explosion of mobile experiences and associations developed tional paths to professional registration. apps and content. over time. Th e experiential wisdom re- This first article in a series of three On top of this, political agendas and the quired to become a competent and capable on professional registration support need to right historical wrongs often force professional cannot be fast-tracked, as mentoring offers a new approach to the a premature focus on the fast-tracking of life’s greatest lessons are not learned in the traditional candidacy routes and roads young candidates and professionals into classroom or on the internet. to registration. It introduces a sustain- senior positions where they are not yet It is by no means the fault of the young able solution for individuals and organi- experientially or emotionally equipped to that experience and professional maturity sations committed to maintaining the make sound professional judgement-based take time to distil. However, it is often the highest practical levels of professional decisions. Th e loads, forces, stresses and fault of the employer who does not address preparation and registration possible, strains involved in balancing the equations this professional candidacy development even in an age of instant gratification of equilibrium do not sympathise with the and experiential learning journey appropri- and multiple parallel career ladders, moral imperative; there is no short route ately with the desired levels of investment, through optimising the benefits and to becoming a seasoned professional and motivation and monitoring to ensure suc- reducing the risks of an increasing reli- acknowledged expert. cess and sustainability. ance on online content. It is not surprising therefore that Th e much vaunted National in this new world of instant access to Development Plan (NDP) and the BACKGROUND information and global opportunity, the associated Strategic Integrated Projects Traditionally, professional bodies, vol- modern learner and young candidate (SIPs), the Nine-Point Plan, resolving untary associations, training companies professional is generally overwhelmed, the national water and power crisis, or and service providers, government agen- frustrated and confused, and often unable reducing the increasingly costly and pre- cies and public sector institutions off er to diff erentiate between what represents dictable mistakes which are repeated each young candidates access to a multitude information and what constitutes know- year in the engineering and construc- of professional development and learning ledge. Sound professional judgement is tion sector with such alarming cadence,

Civil Engineering January/February 2017 55 will not be eff ectively realised without solution to such a critically impor- intangible benefi ts of committed par- dramatically changing the way we teach, tant strategic national imperative. ticipation explicit by engaging all the develop and nurture our next generation ■ Political turmoil and career uncertainty intended stakeholders in vigorous pre- of young professionals. often create an unfortunate dissonance programme dialogue; handle feedback Professional registration support between those who have the knowledge, and fears with pro-active sensitivity mentoring is a unique new solution for experience and relationships – “the and not autocratically; consider an developing confi dent, competent and sources”, and those who desperately internal theme or programme branding capable young professionals, through need to acquire and develop them – with knowledge badging and progress optimising traditional knowledge-sharing “the seekers”. rewards; regularly publish the purpose practices with modern learning technolo- ■ Th e negative perceptions and pres- and the success stories – nurture the gies and techniques whilst on the job and sures associated with increased levels desire to participate; connect commit- in real-time. of responsibility and accountability are ment to career enhancement; maintain not well balanced with the opportuni- executive engagement. PROFESSIONAL REGISTRATION ties and potential benefi ts of career ■ Empower and enable all the partici- SUPPORT MENTORING enhancement and advancement that pants: ensure that the executives, line Research-based as well as empirical professional registration should unlock. managers, knowledge mentors, subject evidence from large-scale structured ■ Project pressures, reducing margins, matter experts, candidate mentees, mentoring programmes across multiple global competitors, constant restruc- internal coordinators, and the HR and sectors indicate that there are some turing and all the other organisational learning and development teams are consistent trends across the various challenges of accelerating change sig- fully on-board and briefed via commit- professional sectors, both locally and nifi cantly reduce both the capacity and ment and orientation sessions; ensure internationally, which are leading to a capability of most organisations to ef- that mentors and candidates volunteer general reduction in both the quantity fectively manage professional candidacy and self-select their preferred partner- and quality of young professionals, and development appropriately. ships or their mentoring teams and these can be summarised as below: ■ An increasing reliance and dependency groups; train the mentors and candidates ■ Th e modern millennial learner is not on a reducing and ageing expert knowl- on relationship building and professional motivated by the traditional baby edge force results in less time being spent development before commencing the boomer values of building a long- on scarce and critical skills and knowl- more administratively intensive profes- term professional career – they seek edge transfer, which directly impacts sional registration process. mobility, constant change, interesting the growth and development of young ■ Ensure a win-win-win approach for challenges and high levels of autonomy; candidates, leading to increased levels of long-term sustainability: develop ei- professional registration creates the unfi ltered internet and peer connectivity. ther a bespoke in-house programme or perception of being tethered to a Fortunately there is an elegant solution. partner with an organisation that can company or country which fosters Professional registration support men- deliver an accredited Category C pro- an element of emotional rebellion. toring is a programme management and gramme on the Department of Trade ■ Th e role and status of the professional relationship-based approach to scarce and and Industry Skills Matrix (B-BBEE person in society has been signifi cantly critical skills and knowledge transfer. It Code 300); ensure continuing profes- diluted over the last 30 years – this combines the proven practices and princi- sional development (CPD) benefi ts for is borne out by the growing disparity ples of structured mentoring, knowledge the mentors and potential access to piv- between the pay and perks of highly management and knowledge mentoring, otal programme grants from the appro- qualifi ed and experienced professionals with brain-sensitised learning and priate Sector Education and Training and the exorbitant incentives, pay and memory formation, emotional maturity Authorities (SETAs) and other associ- perks which talented youngsters at- and relationship building. Th is cocktail ated built environment organisations tract in the digital disruption domain. of integrated initiatives provides the ulti- – while at the same time providing the ■ Th e traditional and outmoded mate learning and growth space for young candidates with the ultimate learning approaches to candidacy and profes- candidate professionals, as it balances the experience and balance between pro- sional development of short courses, needs of professional registration with fessional registration and professional process-based workshops, compliance the nuances of professional development. development. mentors and milestone monitoring It also builds a pool of confi dent, capable ■ Cater for multiple journeys and without corrective intervention are and competent mentors who become a multiple agendas: ensure that the can- clearly failing the professions. Access national or industry asset. didacy mentoring action plan (C-MAP) to an administrative website with an Professional registration support men- has fl exible structures and approaches impressive library of forms and fl ows, toring is the ideal solution for eff ective in order to cater for candidates at dif- attendance on a one- or two-day large-scale scarce and critical capacity ferent stages in their candidacy jour- workshop with an ageing or retired building in South Africa. Some of the key neys; provide for mature candidates professional facilitator and the alloca- ingredients are summarised below: to exit early and for new entrants to tion of a company-appointed mentor ■ Develop a compelling professional get started seamlessly; invite newly (whom the candidate more often than registration support mentoring pur- registered professionals to re-join the not never gets to meet until submission) pose: ensure executive commitment programme as mentors; remove the is no longer an attractive or eff ective and visibility; make the tangible and traditional “start date and stop date”

56 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering approaches and the need to wait for young and restless and the participa- a single mentor’s world view reinforced the next programme start – life does tion in a rewarding professional regis- over many years could be quite limiting not work like that and neither should tration support mentoring programme to the growth and development of a professional development; recognise removes much of that frustration. young candidate; allow the system that “bridging” candidates (who may be ■ Develop the wisdom of the collabora- to sensitively eject those with either completing additional academic mod- tive: allow the collective wisdom of hidden agendas, no real commitment ules in order to qualify as a candidate), the participants and other committed or mere chauff eur knowledge and who graduates, new entrants and mature experts to develop and maintain a se- act as enthusiastic journalists of other candidates will generally have very lection of dynamic experiential hives in people’s knowledge behind a well main- diff erent levels of cognitive, emotional which both common knowledge needs tained knowledge façade. and experiential capability, so allow as well as intuitive insight and opinion ■ Provide an appropriate level of them to self-select when to swarm can be freely shared – this off ers a safe structure and systemisation: diff erent together and when to de-swarm; ac- space for candidates to self-evaluate and cultures and generational groups will cept that there will be high-fl yers and continuously improve their professional respond to diff erent levels of measure- low-fl yers and do not force the pace of registration readiness through col- ment and monitoring – ensure the professional development – nurture the laborative feedback and self-assessment; systems are as fl exible as needed, while wisdom of the collaborative and allow allow the collective to recognise the at the same time allowing for managing it to provide the insight on when each valued contributors through knowledge and motivating the participants in line candidate is really ready to submit (see badging and social rewards – this pro- with agreed metrics and milestones; following point). It is also highly un- vides a pull strategy to entice the social monitoring and feedback should never likely that any organisation will be in loafers and knowledge hoarders to get be approached as a group-based perfor- a position to off er every candidate the into the programme with increasing mance management intervention. optimum selection of practical, theo- levels of commitment and contribution; ■ Ensure scalability and sustainability: retical and experiential opportunities the collective wisdom also reduces develop professional registration- in order to complete their professional the risks often associated with single focused knowledge assets which can be registration in the minimum allowed partnerships such as domain depend- continuously improved and shared with time – this is a real frustration for the ence and cognitive encasement, where new entrants; leverage the knowledge

Civil Engineering January/February 2017 57

ZRUNVZKHQ\RXGR VI Instuments

$0(0%(52)7+( *5283 7(/-+% &37 '%1 :(%6,7(ZZZYLLQVWUXPHQWVFR]D and wisdom through knowledge drive enhanced employability, skills de- partnership should meet at least forums and expert discussions; grow velopment, knowledge sharing, capacity twice within every month and a well- a committed and collaborative know- building and job creation. considered and co-crafted candidacy ledge network through continuously ■ Enhance the knowledge exchange and mentoring action plan (C-MAP) off ers exploring the strength of weak ties experiential wisdom with value-add the advantages of managing and moni- using social network analysis; nurture contributors at regular intervals: toring mutual expectations. the knowledge-multiplying benefi ts professional registration support ■ Professional development is more of developing echo trust amongst the mentoring programmes generally span important than professional registra- knowledge network. over four to fi ve years and are typically tion: it is imperative to understand ■ Provide the best combination of made up of repeating one-year cycles that someone who is fortunate enough integrated tools and technologies: – this provides multiple opportunities to be engaged in the perfect number modern mobile learning and mobile to engage with a variety of value-add of projects in the minimum amount mentoring technologies and tools pro- contributors and subject matter ex- of time and who gets the “lucky in- vide the participants with 24/7 access perts with whom the candidates can terview” is not necessarily adequately to the wisdom of the collaborative and interact in rich knowledge exchange. professionally developed; at the same their self-selected experiential hives; It is arguably the best and only way to time there are those who struggle to on-demand access to in-the-moment eff ectively prepare young candidates “tick the boxes” of their specifi c profes- context rather than pure content en- for their professional interviews and is sional body’s requirements, but who sures that the professional registration particularly important in multi-cultural have more than adequate theoretical support mentoring approach off ers and multi-generational societies where knowledge and conduct themselves a continuous stream of just-in-time, potential diff erences in cultural norms with absolute professional demeanour just-enough and just-for-me support or generational values can create a and who either fail their application to every candidate – anywhere and subtle cognitive dissonance which sub- or feel they are not ready to submit; anytime; provide training on and ac- consciously aff ects both message and the professional registration support cess to knowledge-sharing tools and messenger; the confi dence to engage in mentoring programme changes these techniques which build confi dence and professional dialogue with both experts inconsistencies. competence within the collaborative to and peers on selected knowledge assets, Th e above insights are based on the share eff ectively; mobile learning and which may include knowledge fi elds real experiences of multiple knowledge mobile mentoring tools and apps un- such as critical thinking, best practices, mentoring programmes conducted by the lock massive nation building potential, lessons learned or just expanding the author’s organisation over many years, as these social media-based knowledge knowledge network not only builds and are by no means the only solution to enablers provide a real opportunity to professional interview readiness, it also driving enhanced professional registra- include groups of unemployed and disa- nurtures sound professional develop- tion for young candidates. However, the bled graduates, who could be sponsored ment; professional registration support constraints of article length and reader through the B-BBEE mandatory enter- mentoring partnerships, teams and attention limit the ability to cover all the prise and socio-economic spend of large groups should meet at least once every aspects of eff ective professional registra- organisations (B-BBEE Codes 400 and three months with a diff erent know- tion support mentoring programmes 500); this approach to Nation Building ledge fi eld expert, and monitor progress in one article, and further articles are through Knowledge Mentoring™ would of the partnerships; each individual planned for publication during 2017. An opportunity to contribute meaningfully to Nation Building through Knowledge Mentoring™

The author is currently engaged in the cohesion and education programmes, as author’s organisation. The objective is to development and roll-out of multiple pro- well as professional candidacy develop- ensure that the target group does not be- fessional registration support mentoring ment programmes. come increasingly unemployable by being programmes, as well as the launch of The objective is to have 1 000 unem- out of the loop, and while jobs cannot be the M4S Integr8ed B-BBEE Socio-Skills ployed and disabled graduates across the guaranteed, their signiﬁ cantly enhanced Optimisation and Mentoring model. This six professional bodies in the built envi- employability and knowledge network will model offers organisations the opportunity ronment within three years, participating provide them with job opportunities and to engage in meaningful Nation Building meaningfully in knowledge mentoring self-employment ideas currently out of through Knowledge Mentoring™ initiatives initiatives using retired and committed their reach. by using their mandatory B-BBEE spend expert knowledge sources, and mobile Interested organisations, sponsors in focused knowledge mentoring pro- mentoring and monitoring technolo- and donors can contact the author directly grammes. These include selected social gies and programmes developed by the ([email protected]).

58 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering SAICE AND PROFESSIONAL NEWS

At the inauguration of the SAICE 2017 president, which took place on 10 November 2016, an Honorary Fellowship was awarded to this highly respected SAICE member. SAICE Honorary Fellowship bestowed on Dr Pine Pienaar followed by a cum laude Honours, from says, “I am personally eternally grateful the University of Pretoria. Some years for the impact Pine and Stan have later he received a Master’s in Civil had on my business, professional and Engineering and a PhD (Civil), also from personal life.” the University of Pretoria. He has encouraged and supported During his career he acquired wide staff to get involved in professional experience and became an expert in bodies, which is evident from Nyeleti’s roads and transportation. Pine also involvement with SAICE, the Engineering excelled in leading multi-disciplinary Council of South Africa, CESA, the teams of specialists working on large South African Road Federation and the projects. He has specialised in low- Concrete Society of Southern Africa, to volume roads and has co-authored name a few. He has fostered an extremely a guideline for low-volume roads for strong sense of morality in the company, the South African Department of which is demon strated in his excellence Transport. He is the author of more than statement for Nyeleti: “Integrity, equality, 50 national and international research quality and responsibility form the four reports, papers and publications, mostly cornerstones of our business. Living these dealing with traffi c and transporta- values as part of the Nyeleti DNA will en- Dr Pine Pienaar and his wife Alta tion, economic evaluation, low-volume sure excellence and continued success for roads, labour-intensive construction and our people, our company and our clients.” DR PINE PIENAAR is a visionary pro- public transport. Described as a man who can do a fessional civil engineer and the Executive Stanford Mkhacane, SAICE 2014 lot of things to a remarkable degree of Director of Nyeleti Consulting. president, states that a great deal of what excellence, ranging from engineering to In a career spanning almost 40 he has become is attributable to Pine’s vi- fi nance and management, he has also years, he developed into a remarkable sion. “I remember the day we conceptu- run the Comrades Marathon 14 times. engineer and mentor who has shaped the alised the founding of Nyeleti Consulting Pine is an avid cyclist, and is involved in lives and careers of many professionals. in 1999. I was afraid to make the jump, his church and local community as well. Th rough his persuasion, mentoring and but through his motivation we were able Th rough all of this, he remains the prin- encouragement he was instrumental in to do it!” Since its establishment, Nyeleti, cipled and humble colleague and mentor. Stanford Mkhacane, Sundran Naicker under the leadership of Pine, has grown His lifetime of dedicated devotion to and Abe Th ela becoming presidents of to 120 people, emanating a strong sense excellence in the civil engineering pro- SAICE and Consulting Engineers South of empowerment, family, technical excel- fession, and his involvement in SAICE at Africa (Stanford and Sundran of SAICE, lence and integrity. Pine had the insight branch and national level since 1985, in- and Abe of CESA). to transform the company at an early deed make him worthy to be recognised Pine obtained his Bachelor of stage, and in the process ‘raised’ many as an Honorary Fellow of SAICE. Engineering (Civil) (cum laude), students. One of his younger colleagues

Civil Engineering January/February 2017 59 New SAICE Fellows

Robin Chetty is a registered professional civil engineer with civil engineering qualiﬁ cations from the Durban University of Technology and the University of KwaZulu-Natal. He also has an MBA (cum laude) and Bachelor of Th eology degree, and is currently completing his Master’s in Th eology. He is employed by eTh ekwini Municipality as Senior Manager in Public Transport Planning. He is the current chairman of the SAICE Transportation Division and vice-chair of the Institution’s Durban Branch. He has worked on many strategic projects for the City of Durban, was responsible for the development of the IRPTN plan for eTh ekwini Municipality and is a champion for quality public transport. He is also an ordained pastor serving a church in Westville, Durban.

Jarendra Reddy (Pr Eng, PMP, MEng, BSc Eng) is the regional director of Hatch’s Urban Solutions business for Africa, Europe and the Middle East. He has competencies in integrated urban transportation planning, infrastructure master planning, transit design and operations, integrated corridor planning, feasibility studies, strategy formulation, project management and implementation strategies. He is an active member of SAICE and is the current vice-chair of the SAICE Transportation Division. During his career he has worked in numerous sectors, such as aviation, ports and marine, public transportation, and roads and urban development, providing technical and advisory services to both public and private sector clients.

Johan Styger (BEng Hons Civil, Cert Arbitration, Pr Eng, Pr CPM) started his career in 1979 at SNA Civil and Structural Engineers (Pty) Ltd as an Assistant Resident Engineer (Roads). In 1981 he joined Fick, Hollenbach and Partners in Klerksdorp, North West, and was later appointed as Managing Partner. In 2000 Johan started the multi disciplinary consultancy MDCC as Managing Director, and is presently Director – Development Management. Over the years he gained experience covering the full spectrum of structures, sanitation, water distribution and puriﬁ cation. Currently, Johan acts as leading project manager and principal agent in commercial developments, ranging from convenience to regional shopping centres.

SAICE past-president honoured

PROF ALEX VISSER, SAICE’s president in 1997, received two Every year the Philatelic Federation of South Africa (PFSA) special honours during the latter part of 2016. Th e ﬁ rst one invites two prominent philatelists to sign the Roll, after which was to be invited to sign the Roll of Distinguished Philatelists RDPSA may be written after one’s name (as in FSAICE). Alex was of South Africa (RDPSA), and the second was to be appointed invited in recognition of his contribution in documenting the Extraordinary Professor at the international level at the Chang’an postmarks of southern Africa – in printed form (ten volumes), University in Xian, China, for a three-year term. Th is is the as well as an addendum in electronic form comprising some highest level of appointment for foreign visiting staﬀ . 2 000 pages. Th e completion of this major undertaking provides

60 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering a unique reference and information base to postal historians. He also compiled a postmark chapter in the book Swaziland Philately to 1968, edited by Peter van der Molen RDPSA – the book received a Large Gold award at the World Stamp Show in New York in 2016. Alex served as PFSA’s president for two one-year terms, and was chairman of the Organising Committee for National Exhibitions in 2000, 2006 and 2014. As far as can be determined he is the fi rst SAICE president who has received this honour, and only the second civil engineer after Howard Green RDPSA. In recognition of more than 15 years of involvement in road technology development and transfer and implementation in China, Alex was invited to join the staff at Chang’an University on a part- time basis with a mission to develop a road pavement research programme, and to mentor staff and post-graduate students in performing research and publishing papers. Th is exciting endeavour has already been launched and the research team identifi ed. Th is will allow careful comparison of the technologies and design procedures used in China and South Africa through the joint China- Africa Transport Strategy Research Institute and the University of Pretoria. Chang’an University is one of the foremost in the pavement engineering fi eld, and boasts a spectacular array of laboratory and testing equipment, such as the South African-developed Heavy Prof Alex Visser signing the Vehicle Simulator and the Mobile Load Simulator. Roll of Distinguished Philatelists of South Africa

Fun Competition

Submit your caption for this cartoon to https://www.facebook.com/TheUnrealBridge/ The winner will be published in the magazine, together with the best runners-up.

Civil Engineering January/February 2017 61 OBITUARIES

Dr Keeve Steyn (1923–2016)

ABRAHAM PIETER KEEVE STEYN was called him in and told him that they had born on 14 December 1923 and passed decided to award him a bursary retro- away on 5 September 2016 at the age of 92. spectively, and handed over a most wel- He was born in the Morgenzon come cheque. In June 1947 he graduated district of Mpumalanga, where he grew with a Master’s in Science. up on his father’s farm ‘Vaalbank’. His He then received off ers of bursaries mother was Fienie Keeve, the eldest from both Harvard and MIT to do his daughter of Abraham Keeve from doctorate and he decided on the latter. Kroonstad. In June 1949 he graduated with the He received his primary school edu- Sc.D (Eng) degree. His thesis was titled cation in Morgenzon (going to school Plastic Th eory for Reinforced Concrete by horse), and matriculated from Jeppe Beams under Rapid Loads – the rapid High School for Boys where he was a loads being those that might result from a boarder. At Jeppe he was the captain of nuclear explosion! the Bisley team from Standard 6, and He then had off ers from MIT and excelled academically. Mark Linenthal to remain in the USA, He wanted to be an engineer, but but he decided to return to South Africa at the time there were no Afrikaans where the CSIR had off ered him a posi- engineering faculties in the country, tion in Pretoria. so he attended the University of the He joined the CSIR in early 1950, Witwatersrand where he graduated cum but this was not a good move for him, laude in 1945. so he left two years later to start his own He married Christine Grey in 1945 fi rm, which was made possible through a and started his fi rst job as a resident meantime he urgently needed an United Building Society loan of £5 000. engineer for Everite. Th e couple saved income and got a break when Mark Th e practice Dr Keeve Steyn, every penny, as he wanted to further his Linenthal, a well-known consulting Consulting Engineer was established studies overseas. He had set his sights on engineer in Boston, asked the professor in January 1952 and was located in the USA – Harvard and MIT. He applied of structural engineering for a post- Braamfontein, Johannesburg. to both and was accepted at Harvard. graduate student to help him with a par- Keeve made an early breakthrough Flights to New York in those days ticular problem. The faculty introduced when Sasol requested tenders for a survey took fi ve days. However, his fl ights were Keeve to Mark who described the issue of the land on which the future Sasol severely disrupted and he arrived fi ve and asked Keeve: “Can you do this? Give works and the town of Sasolburg would weeks late for the start of his course. He me a straight yes or no!” Keeve asked for be erected. He and an assistant completed was told that he would have to catch up two days to reply. When they met two the work in six weeks, and the speed, ac- on his own, as no concessions would be days later Keeve handed over his calcu- curacy and professionalism so impressed granted. He had to work day and night to lations and said: “It’s all done!” Sasol that it led to a business relationship master subjects which were new to him At the start of the second semester in that lasted for the rest of Keeve’s profes- – and he did! January 1947 he enrolled for the required sional career. He had applied for a bursary, but it four subjects at Harvard and, through a Over the years there were ups and could only be considered and granted reciprocity agreement, an additional two downs and the early sixties were a dif- once his results were known. In the at MIT. After the May exams Harvard fi cult time.

62 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering What is more, his Afrikaans upbringing He was awarded the MT Steyn Medal, universities of Pretoria and Stellenbosch, did not necessarily give him an advantage the highest award of the Suid-Afrikaanse and the Rand Afrikaans University (now with Afrikaans companies. For the English Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns, for the University of Johannesburg) with establishment he was too Afrikaans, and his achievements in natural science and the establishment and expansion of for the Afrikaners he had too many English technology. their engineering faculties. He served and Jewish friends. But to his great credit In later years he was asked to act as on the Council of the University of the Keeve had the foresight to attract three mediator in complex legal cases, as he Witwatersrand for many years. He was English-speaking engineers to join him – was respected for his engineering skills, the engineer on a three-man church Ted Heney, Alec Wilson and Bob Hindson. his ability to defi ne the core of an issue building committee for the Parksig (now In due course Hennie Lemmer, Doug Brislin and his sense of fairness. Parkkruin) Dutch Reformed congrega- and others joined the fold. Over the years the fi rm also worked tion in Parkview, and he served on the Fortunately the diffi cult times passed with some well-known international management board of the Jan Celliers and were followed by the boom years of companies, including Halcrows of Laerskool in Parkview for many years. the middle and late sixties. During this London, Swan-Wooster of Vancouver, In his later years he supported Helpende period the partnership fl ourished under Luuk Levense of Delft, Resources Hand (Solidariteit’s outreach project) his leadership, and the fi rm was involved Conservation Company International of generously. in many of the big civil engineering pro- Seattle, Bechtel San Francisco, and Fluor His many talents included being an jects carried out in the country. Irvine from California. accomplished pianist and accordian player! Th e fi rm’s most important clients, Th e Keeve Steyn practice had existed He was indeed an extraordinary man. where Keeve built personal relationships for 33 years when Keeve stood down as He was highly intelligent, and an astute over the years, included Sasol, Escom chief executive and executive chairman businessman who travelled widely and (now Eskom), Iscor, SA Breweries, Toyota, in 1984. He stayed on as non-executive had a global outlook. He contributed the SABC, the Post Offi ce, the South chair till 1988 and thereafter became generously to his community and to good African Railways, mine-houses like honorary president. In 1995 he retired causes, and was very much a family man. Federale Mynbou and Gold Fields, ten from all positions in the fi rm. He died barely two months after the agricultural co-ops, and many municipali- On a personal level he was involved passing of his beloved wife Christine, who ties and government departments, such in numerous property developments with had also been in her nineties. Th ey had been as Transport, Water Aff airs, Defence and some good friends. In later years he de- married for 71 years and had three children Public Works. lighted in playing the stock market. Cars (Marie, Ina and Danie), four grandchildren The firm received numerous awards, were his big passion and he was a staunch and four great-grandchildren. which included recognition for work on supporter of Mercedes-Benz. He liked the Orange-Fish Tunnel, Johannesburg’s entertaining family and friends at his and Based on the eulogy by Keeve Steyn’s son-in-law, motorways, the Sishen-Saldanha Christine’s houses in Johannesburg, the Gerrie de Villiers, with contributions from Jimmy project, the Richards Bay harbour Bushveld, Umhlanga, or on the Vaal. Fitzsimons, who took over as CEO when Keeve retired. project and the structural design of the Keeve contributed to his commu- The fi nal text was prepared by Tony Boniface (Director, SABC building. nity in various ways. He assisted the KSI 1990–1999) ([email protected]).

Ronald Immelman (1932–2016)

RONALD RONNIE IMMELMAN, BSc with First Class Honours in 1954. He a retired member of SAICE, passed joined the Department of Water Aff airs away in hospital in Somerset West on (the Irrigation Department at the time) 9 December 2016, aged 84, after a short in Pretoria in 1955. Except for a year in illness. He was born, and grew up, in 1964/65, his career was largely spent in Cape Town and was educated at Sea the fi eld of water engineering. Point Boys High School. After school he During his ten years in the went on to study civil engineering at the Department of Water Aff airs, he obtained University of Cape Town, obtaining his experience in the design of dams, canals

Civil Engineering January/February 2017 63 and other hydraulic structures. He also were the fi rst in the world to incorporate the Institution’s Windhoek and Pretoria spent time in the departmental construc- multiple double-curvature arches be- Branches. tion division at Cradock as Assistant tween the buttresses. Ronnie also served Ronnie’s hobbies included fl ying and Resident Engineer on the completion of on a Departmental design committee electronics. He held a private pilot’s li- the Commando Drift Dam, and also on for arch dam design for the Gariep and cence and he encouraged the engineers in the Lake Arthur Canals. After comple- Vanderkloof dams. the Windhoek offi ce of Hydroconsults to tion of the works at Cradock at the end After a year with Van Niekerk, Klein also obtain their licences, paid for by the of 1958, he moved to Boskop Dam near and Edwards in Cape Town, Ronnie, Eric fi rm. He owned his own aircraft, which Potchefstroom. Chunnett and Vis Fourie established was also used by the fi rm to cover the During 1960 he moved back to the the consulting fi rm Hydroconsults in large distances to and from the various design offi ce in Pretoria, working under October 1965. It specialised in water project sites. His knowledge of electronics Eric Chunnett and Robbie Myburgh, engineering and had offi ces in Windhoek, was superb, enabling him to design, build both prominent in the fi eld of water engi- Namibia (South West Africa at the time) and repair all sorts of equipment, ranging neering. He was closely involved with the and Pretoria. Ronnie was in charge of from radios, household goods, gadgets initial development of the Department’s the offi ce in Windhoek where he was in- and children’s toys. Th is knowledge was hydraulic and structural model testing volved with various major water projects, also put to very good use in the structural laboratories. Th ese were fi rst established including the dams and waterways for the laboratories of the Department of Water in temporary facilities at the Kouga Dam Ruacana Hydroelectric Scheme. Aff airs. during its construction, while the perma- In 1975 Ronnie moved to the Pretoria Ronnie was always ready and willing nent Departmental laboratories designed offi ce of what had then become Chunnett, to give of his knowledge and time to by Ronnie were being built in Pretoria. Myburgh and Partners. He retired early friends and family. He had no children of In the Pretoria design offi ce he from the fi rm in 1977 to practise under his own and is survived by an older sister, was also responsible for the design of his own name, mostly in Somerset West, nephews and nieces. unique dam structures, such as the until retiring fully some years ago. Wagendrift Dam near Estcourt. Th is Ronnie’s participation in SAICE in- Charles Sellick FSAICE and the Stompdrift Dam near De Rust cluded serving as committee member on [email protected]

Joan von Willich (1926–2016)

JOAN VON WILLICH, who was born on 19 November 1926, and who was the second woman engineer to graduate in South Africa, passed away the day after her 90th birthday at her home in Amberglen, KwaZulu-Natal. Joan von Willich with her husband Wiv Born in Pretoria to Dr EA Leviseur and Beryl Basson, she obtained her civil engineering degree from the University of (Ilse, Dawid, Karen and Manfred von She was a gentle, affi rming and highly the Witwatersrand in 1949. She worked Willich, and Tess Frost), her younger competent person who is remembered and lectured happily in the fi eld until sister Elsa Leviseur, her son-in-law Robin with deep aff ection by the many who her retirement in her early seventies. Frost and her three grandchildren (Kita crossed her path. She worked in Pretoria, Vanderbijlpark, French von Willich, Griffi n Frost and Newcastle and fi nally Howick after her Alric Frost). Her husband Wilhelm van Tess Frost and Ilse von Willich retirement from consulting practice. der Merwe (Wiv) von Willich prede- [email protected] She is survived by her fi ve children ceased her in 2013.

64 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering Thought Campaign

YOUNG MEMBERS’ PAGES Think more. Be more.

SAICE YMP represents South Africa internationally

Shilpi Jain SAICE Young Members Panel Engineer: NAKO ILISO [email protected]

BACKGROUND branch level. The YMP also supports BIG DREAMS, BIG PROBLEMS The SAICE Young Members Panel SAICE student chapters and holds Th e YMP submitted abstracts for the (YMP) was established in 2010 to de- roadshows at tertiary institutions conference and drew up a detailed spon- velop, assist and encourage involvement throughout the year. sorship proposal. As we wished to con- of SAICE members under 36. We aim Our desire to represent SAICE on tribute to the events as far as possible, to reach across the generation gaps in an international stage started in April we collaborated with the conference industry, provide career guidance to 2016 when we heard about the World organisers and other engineers, locally younger engineers, as well as service Federation of Engineering Organisations and internationally. Gaining support for the needs of the younger generation. (WFEO) meetings and its World this initiative was not easy, though, espe- The YMP meets throughout the year to Engineering Conference (WEC) taking cially when it came to funding. Our ef- strategise for SAICE under-36 members. place in December 2016, to which forts nevertheless began gaining traction, A YMP representative also serves on SAICE would be sending a delegation, and our abstracts were accepted, which SAICE’s Executive Board. The Young and which we wanted to be a part of. in turn enabled us to obtain further Members Branch Initiative (YMBI), As these events were in Lima, Peru, the support. Our achievements were a mile- which was implemented in 2015, puts dream was a long shot, but the YMP mo- stone, as we were the ﬁ rst South African in place structures to encourage young bilised its energies, aiming to integrate delegates selected to present papers on members to get involved at SAICE into and impact this event. this inﬂ uential platform. Funds started

Civil Engineering January/February 2017 65 trickling in and we powered on, making tentative bookings and arrangements. Once we had reached our funding target, we strategised long and hard on our approach to this marvellous opportunity. Without our sponsors this wonderful opportunity would not have been possible, and we would like to thank them sincerely. Our major sponsors were BEAL, NAKO Group, UWP Consulting and SANRAL, with supporting funding from the SAICE International Panel, the SAICE Water, Environmental and Transportation Divisions, and the SAICE Johannesburg Branch. We would also like to thank SAICE’s CEO, Manglin Pillay, for all his support and encouragement. Gracias!

TOUCHDOWN IN LIMA, PERU The SAICE YMP and Peruvian construction team Colegio de Ingenieros del Perú (CIP) visiting a large-scale construction site in Lima Our assignment started straight off the plane with a full-day programme at the Institute of Peruvian Engineers – Colegio de Ingenieros del Perú (CIP). We began with a tour of Lima’s largest civil engineering sites. Being in a seismic zone, Lima requires thoroughly planned disas ter risk mitigation to be incorpo- rated into all designs; that is apart from dealing with the usual infrastructure demands of a large capital city. We were able to get insight into rockfall mitigation, land reclamation and highway engineering in the city. We were then taken to the CIP offi ces where we met and net- worked with notable Peruvian engineers. Overcoming diff erences of language and age, we managed to share our South SAICE delegation: Munyaradzi Mutyora (left), Shilpi Jain, African engineering experience with the Dr Martin van Veelen, Avinash Menon and Tsepo Tshiwilowilo Peruvians. Th e Peruvian engineers – with representatives from both government and the private sector – in turn discussed their major transportation, hydroelectric power and future infrastructure projects with us. Th e operations of our respective institutions were discussed, as well as possible future opportunities for collaboration. Th e meetings were a massive success, and the day ended with the Peruvian engineers taking SAICE out for a Chinese-Peruvian fusion feast. We would like to thank the CIP for welcoming the South African delegation with such remarkable warmth, respect and hospitality.

WFEO committee meetings The SAICE YMP delegates were honoured to meet WFEO was established in 1968 through with WFEO President Jorge Spitalnik the United Nations Educational,

66 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering Scientifi c and Cultural Organisation these meetings included guidelines management. Th e papers’ fi ndings were (UNESCO), and is an international, non- and standards, strategic planning and well researched and useful, especially governmental organisation repre senting problem-solving, and collaboration on with regard to the resilience of cities the engineering profession worldwide. an international level. We were well and climate change. As the world moves It enjoys the participation of over 90 na- received, and we felt honoured to be able towards sustainable engineering, incor- tions and represents approximately 20 to interact with infl uential representa- porating resilience into infrastructure million engineers from around the world. tives from countries such as Canada, is key to ensure long-term adaptability, WFEO has a number of committees and Kuwait, Nigeria, England, Kenya, Ghana, something which has already begun in structures through which it achieves its America, Brazil, India, Singapore and South Africa. Resilience does not only vision to “develop and apply engineering more. We learned a great deal from the take into account environmental changes to constructively resolve international international delegates (most of whom due to climate change, but also socio- and national issues for the benefi t of hu- were much older than us), and we hope economic changes and needs. manity”. Annually, a chosen host country to share this new knowledge with fellow Th ree members of the YMP delega- holds the WFEO committee meetings, young engineers in South Africa. tion presented papers at the conference including the assembly of the Executive and also chaired their respective ses- Council. It was at this annual WFEO WFEO World Engineering Conference on sions. Th eir papers were well received gathering in Peru that the SAICE YMP Disaster Risk Reduction and copies were distributed to attendees. represented South Africa. On 5 and 6 December the World Th e YMP also had the opportunity We attended committee meetings Engineering Conference on Disaster to perform the trademark YMP play dealing with environmental engineering, Risk Reduction was held at the Lima (Ethicana – a real-life reality check) at education in engineering, capacity Convention Centre. Th is conference the closing ceremony of the conference. building, women in engineering, anti- attracted over 1 000 engineers and Th is play discusses ethics and corruption corruption, young engineers and innova- numerous papers were presented on in simple terms and is usually presented tion. We also participated in workshops the topics of disaster risk and climate at university roadshows by SAICE stu- on women in engineering and the new change, resilient cities, protection of dent chapters. Prior to the conference, anti-bribery ISO 37001:2016 standard. essential and public lifeline facilities, we recruited some enthusiastic Peruvian Other topics covered (and shared) in safe buildings and business continuity students and cast them as characters

Civil Engineering January/February 2017 67

We are there when you learn

Need to conquer concrete? Our School of Concrete Technology offers special on-site and tailor-made courses to suit your requirements. Study concrete with us.

www.theconcreteinstitute.org.za +27 11 315 0300 identiﬁ ed for the future involvement of South Africans with international engineers, as well as opportunities to be involved in exciting large-scale international projects. Th e possibility of opening up student-exchange and work- exchange opportunities was raised with some international engineers, and some international delegations have committed to visiting South Africa in the future. We are certain that the networks formed will percolate further than the individuals involved, and will allow for stronger communication bridges to be formed with our fellow engineers in the world. Presenting our papers allowed us to share achievements and engineering practices which have been successfully used in South Africa, and to gain knowledge of related practices used in other countries. Our anti-corruption and ethics play will remain with the Peruvian students to spread awareness on ethical Group photo taken after the inspirational Young issues. We trust that, through our in- Engineers/Future Leaders Committee meeting volvement in these events, avenues have been unlocked for further mentoring, potential funding of young professional in the play, modifying some names and the primary language spoken in Peru. activities, and hosting of international details in the play to make it more South Being a vegetarian I lived oﬀ quinoa and events in South Africa. American. Working with the students Starbucks, but my other team members Although we participated at the same was a great experience and the script were daring enough and attempted local level as senior engineers at the WFEO, has been left with them to use in their dishes such as guinea pig and alpaca! Th e the SAICE YMP remains the voice of country to raise awareness about ethics drink of choice in Peru is Inca Cola – a young professionals. Our mentors’ and and corruption. bright yellow carbonated drink – which our sponsors’ belief in us was a leap of outsold Coca Cola to the extent that the faith, and we believe that leap was well Further meetings and networking major soft drink company was forced taken, as, in addition to the immediate Further WFEO meetings were scheduled to buy out Inca Cola to succeed in Peru. growth and dissemination of informa- in the days after the conference, including We also visited Machu Picchu over the tion resulting from such a visit, the UN Relations, Committee Chairs, weekend (3 000 m above sea level), which long-lasting impact on the future of civil Committee Performance and Executive was a welcome break from the days of engineering, leadership and capacity Council meetings. Th ese meetings fo- strategising and attending meetings. building in the country should not be cused more on the opera tions of WFEO, Th e ruins and structures around Machu underestimated. South Africa is a com- and also allowed for further networking Picchu are astounding, and we marvelled petitive international player, and through and knowledge sharing between the at the Incas’ engineering and architec- participation in ventures such as our visit international delegates. During this time tural feats. to Peru, we as engineers can contribute we focused on meeting and learning from to the development of our country. as many of the international engineers as PROUDLY SOUTH AFRICAN we could, exchanging ideas and gaining We believe that our attendance of the SAICE YMP DELEGATION AND valuable insight into pertinent industry- WEC and WFEO meetings has not only CONTACT DETAILS related matters. armed us with new knowledge to share, Shilpi Jain (shilpi.jain@nakogroup. but has also elevated the image of young com), Avinash Menon (avim@koleko. LIVING AN ADVENTURE South African engineers to an interna- co.za), Tsepo Tshiwilowilo (tsepo@ Th e Google Translate app became our tional level. Th rough our involvement in beal.co.za) and Munya Mutyora best friend while in Peru – Spanish is committee meetings, action points were ([email protected]).

68 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering Shift tracks and accelerate your training

Railway Engineering Courses 2017

Presented by the TFR Chair in Railway Engineering and the RSR Chair in Railway Safety in the Department of Civil Engineering, University of Pretoria

Course NameDaysDate Introduction to Railway Projects and Processes 3 08–10 February 2017 Technical Auditing and Report Writing 2 16–17 February 2017 Railway Technology 101 2 22–23 February 2017 Management of Continuously Welded Rails 3 7–9 March 2017 Train Movement Control Systems 4 27–30 March 2017 Introduction to Multi-Disciplinary Concepts in Railway Engineering 5 3–7 April 2017 Introduction to Railway Projects and Processes 3 19–21 April 2017 Rolling Stock Technology 5 8–12 May 2017 Law, Risk and the Environment 5 22–26 May 2017 Railway Technology 101 2 8–9 June 2017 Track Geotechnology 5 19–23 June 2017 Train Movement Control Systems 4 3–6 July 2017 Technical Writing and Presentation Skills 1 7 July 2017 Transnet Freight Rail Operations 5 24–28 July 2017 Railway Asset Management 3 15–17 August 2017 Railway Safety Investigation 4 28–31 August 2017 Introduction to Multi-Disciplinary Concepts in Railway Engineering 5 18–22 September 2017 Rolling Stock Technology 5 16–20 October 2017 Wheel-Rail Interaction 4 6–9 November 2017 Railway Infrastructure Maintenance Management 5 20–24 November 2017

Registration and enquiries Course coordinator: Ms Nocwaka Combo Tel: +27 (0)12 434 2690 | Cell: +27 (0)71 676 0186 Email: [email protected]

Shifting knowledge to insight

enterprises.up.ac.za SAICE Training Calendar 2017

CPD Accreditation Course Course Name Course Dates Location Contact Number Presenter 23–24 March 2017 Midrand 20–21 April 2017 Cape Town 15–16 May 2017 Durban 18–19 May 2017 Pietermaritzburg 19–20 June 2017 Port Elizabeth GCC 2015 (Third Edition) 22–23 June 2017 East London SAICEcon16/01869/19 Benti Czanik [email protected] 17–18 July 2017 Pretoria 20–21 July 2017 Polokwane 7–8 September 2017 Midrand 18–19 September 2017 Bloemfontein 9–10 October 2017 Kimberley 7 April 2017 Midrand GCC 2015 and GCC 2010 16 August 2017 Durban SAICEcon16/01890/19 Benti Czanik [email protected] Differences 18 October 2017 Cape Town 4–5 April 2017 Durban Project Management of 20–21 July 2017 Midrand SAICEcon15/01754/18 Neville Gurry [email protected] Construction Projects 9–10 October 2017 Cape Town 27–28 March 2017 Midrand 20–21 April 2017 Cape Town 29–30 May 2017 East London 31 May–1 June 2017 Port Elizabeth Technical Report Writing 22–23 May 2017 Polokwane SAICEbus15/01751/18 Les Wiggill [email protected] 26–27 June 2017 Nelspruit 27–28 July 2017 Durban 3–4 August 2017 Bloemfontein 28–29 September 2017 Midrand

Practical Geometric 5–9 June 2017 Cape Town SAICEtr16/01954/19 Tom Mckune [email protected] Design 6–10 November 2017 Midrand 16–17 March 2017 Cape Town 8–9 June 2017 Midrand Business Finances for Built Wolf 22–23 June 2017 Port Elizabeth SAICEﬁ n15/01617/18 [email protected] Environment Professionals Weidemann 17–18 August 2017 Durban 9–10 November 2017 Midrand Handling Projects in a 5–6 June 2017 Midrand Wolf Consulting Engineer’s SAICEproj15/01618/18 [email protected] Weidemann Practice 6–7 November 2017 Midrand Leadership and Management Principles 16–17 August 2017 Midrand SAICEbus15/01784/18 David Ramsay [email protected] and Practice in Engineering

Leadership and 15–16 March 2017 Midrand Project Management in 6–7 September 2017 Durban SAICEbus16/01950/19 David Ramsay [email protected] Engineering 4–5 October 2017 Cape Town 9–10 May 2017 Durban Hubert Water Law of South Africa 25–26 July 2017 Cape Town SAICEwat16/01955/19 [email protected] Thompson 19–20 September 2017 Midrand

70 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering SAICE Training Calendar 2017 CPD Accreditation Course Course Name Course Dates Location Contact Number Presenter 30–31 May 2017 Port Elizabeth

1–2 August 2017 Midrand The Legal Process Dealing SAICEcon16 / 01956 /19 Hubert 15–16 August 2017 Cape Town [email protected] with Construction Disputes SACPCMP/CPD/15/010 Thompson 5–6 September 2017 Durban

7–8 November 2017 Bloemfontein

Earthmoving Equipment, 17–19 May 2017 Port Elizabeth Technology and Prof Zvi Management for SAICEcon15/01840/18 [email protected] Borowitsh Civil Engineering and 25–27 October 2017 Midrand Infrastructure Projects

18 May 2017 Midrand Sanitary Drainage Systems SAICEwat15/01957/18 Vollie Brink [email protected] for Buildings 10 October 2017 Midrand

Claims Cast in Concrete 15–16 May 2017 Midrand SAICEcon15/01759/18 Bruce Raath [email protected] Concrete for Contractors/ 13–14 March 2017 Midrand SAICEcon15/01755/18 Bruce Raath [email protected] Consultants

Durability and Repairs of 14–15 August 2017 Midrand SAICEcon15/01757/18 Bruce Raath [email protected] Concrete Structures SAICE / South African Road Federation (SARF)

Asphalt: An Overview of 9–10 May 2017 Gauteng SAICEtr15/01806/18 [email protected] / J Onraet Best Practice 19–20 September 2017 Polokwane SARF15/5001/18 [email protected]

Assessment and Analysis 12–13 May 2017 Bloemfontein SAICEtr15/01805/18 [email protected] / R Berkers of Test Data 5–6 October 2017 Cape Town SARF14/0001/17 [email protected] SAICEtr15/01809/18 [email protected] / Construction of G1 Bases 30 March 2017 Gauteng E Kleyn SARF14/9103/17 [email protected] Trafﬁ c Signals Design and SAICEtr15/01803/18 Dr John [email protected] / Optimisation – with special 3–4 April 2017 Gauteng SARF14BRT09/17 Sampson [email protected] emphasis on BRT 26 July 2017 Cape Town Concrete Road Design and SAICEtr15/01802/18 B Perrie [email protected] / 30 August 2017 Durban Construction CSSA-N-2013-08 Dr P Strauss [email protected] 12 September 2017 Midrand SAICE / Mentoring 4 Success

One-day Workshop – 14 March 2017 Gauteng Foundations in Structured Philip Marsh / 13 June 2017 Gauteng SAICEbus16/01894/19 [email protected] Mentoring in the Celestine Jeftha Workplace 12 September 2017 Gauteng

14–15 March 2017 Gauteng Mentors Masterclass Philip Marsh / in Engineering and 13–14 June 2017 Gauteng SAICEcon14/01675/17 [email protected] Celestine Jeftha Construction 12–13 September 2017 Gauteng

Civil Engineering January/February 2017 71 Candidate Academy CPD Accreditation Course Course Name Course Dates Location Contact Number Presenter 6 June 2017 Midrand Road to Registration for Candidate Engineers, 22 June 2017 Upington CESA-861-05/2019 Allyson Lawless [email protected] Technologists and 24 July 2017 Durban Technicians 12 September 2017 Midrand

8–9 March 2017 Durban Pressure Pipeline and Pump Station Design and 25–26 May 2017 Midrand CESA-872-05/2019 Dup van Renen [email protected] Speciﬁ cation – a Practical 20–21 September 2017 Cape Town Overview 11–12 October 2017 Midrand Getting Acquainted with Edoardo Geosynthetics in Soil 16–18 May 2017 Midrand SAICEgeo14/1627/17 [email protected] Zannoni Reinforcement 14 March 2017 Midrand

29 March 2017 Cape Town

31 May 2017 Durban Road to Registration for Peter Coetzee 27 July 2017 Midrand CESA-948-11/2019 [email protected] Mature Candidates Stewart Gibson 20 September 2017 Cape Town

2 November 2017 Durban

23 November 2017 Midrand

Getting Acquainted with 27–28 March 2017 Durban Road Construction and CESA-870-05/2019 Theuns Eloff [email protected] Maintenance 24–25 July 2017 Midrand Road to Registration for Mentors, Supervisors and 23 May 2017 Midrand CESA-862-05/2019 Allyson Lawless [email protected] HR Practitioners 8–9 June 2017 Midrand Getting Acquainted with General Conditions of 3–4 August 2017 Cape Town CESA-873-05/2019 Theuns Eloff [email protected] Contract for Construction 14–15 August 2017 Durban Works (GCC 2015) 23–24 October 2017 Midrand

13–14 June 2017 Midrand Getting Acquainted with 6–7 September 2017 Cape Town CESA-871-05/2019 Peter Coetzee [email protected] Sewer Design 21–22 November 2017 Durban Getting Acquainted with Basic Contract 17–18 August 2017 Midrand CESA-864-05/2019 Theuns Eloff [email protected] Administration and Quality Control

In-house courses are available. To arrange, please contact: Cheryl-Lee Williams ([email protected]) or Dawn Hermanus ([email protected]) on 011 805 5947.

For Candidate Academy in-house courses, please contact: Dawn Hermanus ([email protected]) on 011 805 5947 or Lizélle du Preez ([email protected]) on 011 476 4100.

If you would like to discuss any topics that you feel are relevant to SAICE members, scan the QR code alongside to access SAICE’s blog.

72 January/February 2017 Civil Engineering OPEN INVITATION Any time,anyplace! Accredited CPD t"DDSFEJUFECZ4"*$& t$1%QPJOUTQFSMFDUVSF t&BDIMFDUVSFJTJOoNJOVUFTFHNFOUT Register nowatwww.kaytech.co.za/CPD lectures are suppliedtoyouatnocharge, withourcompliments. to completeonline,atyourownconvenience.Theseaccredited CPD The KaytechGeosyntheticsOnlineLecture Seriesgivesyou7lectures on geosyntheticsandearnCPDPoints. Keep uptodatewiththelatesttechnicalandregulatory information www.kaytech.co.za CPD Geosynthetics

octarine 3961 CIVIL DESIGNER 8.0

Exceptional engineers take advantage of integrated design tools of world-class excellence.

Design from the ground up with fast, efficient design www.civildesigner.com processes