DOCSLIB.ORG

ME 262 BASIC FLUID MECHANICS Assistant Professor Neslihan Semerci Lecture 6

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
ME 262 BASIC FLUID MECHANICS Assistant Professor Neslihan Semerci Lecture 6 ME 262 BASIC FLUID MECHANICS Assistant Professor Neslihan Semerci Lecture 6 (Bernoulli’s Equation) 1 19. CONSERVATION OF ENERGY- BERNOULLI’S EQUATION Law of Conservation of Energy: “energy can be neither created nor destroyed. It can be transformed from one form to another.” Potential energy Kinetic energy Pressure energy In the analysis of a pipeline problem accounts for all the energy within the system. Inner wall of the pipe V P Centerline z element of fluid Reference level An element of fluid inside a pipe in a flow system; - Located at a certain elevation (z) - Have a certain velocity (V) - Have a pressure (P) The element of fluid would possess the following forms of energy; 1. Potential energy: Due to its elevation, the potential energy of the element relative to some reference level PE = Wz W= weight of the element. 2. Kinetic energy: Due to its velocity, the kinetic energy of the element is KE = Wv2/2g 2 3. Flow energy(pressure energy or flow work): Amount of work necessary to move element of a fluid across a certain section aganist the pressure (P). PE = W P/γ Derivation of Flow Energy: L P F = PA Work = PAL = FL=P∀ ∀= volume of the element. Weight of element W = γ ∀volume W Volume of element ∀ = γ Total amount of energy of these three forms possessed by the element of fluid; E= PE + KE + FE P E = Wz + Wv2/2g + W γ 3 Figure 19.1. Element of fluid moves from a section 1 to a section 2, (Source: Mott, R. L., Applied Fluid Mechanics, Prentice Hall, New Jersey) 2 V1 P1 Total energy at section 1: E = Wz + W +W 1 1 2g γ 2 V2 P2 Total energy at section 2: E = Wz + W + W × 2 2 2g γ If no energy is added to the fluid or lost between sections 1 and 2, then the principle of conservation of energy requires that; E1 = E2 2 2 V1 P1 V2 P2 Wz + W +W = Wz + W + W × 1 2g γ 2 2g γ The weight of the element is common to all terms and can be divided out. BERNOULLI’S EQUATION v2 P v 2 P z + + 1 = z + 2 + 2 1 2g γ 2 2g γ 4 19.1 INTERPRETATION OF BERNOULLI’S EQUATION 2 2 v P1 v2 P2 z + + = z + + 1 2g γ 2 2g γ Each term in Bernoulli’s equation is one form of the energy possessed by the fluid per unit weight of fluid flowing in the system. The units in each term are “energy per unit weight”. In the SI system the units are N.m/N and in the U.S. Customary System the units are Ib.ft/Ib. The force unit appears in both the numerator and denominator and it can be cancelled. The resulting unit is simply the meter (m) or foot (ft) and can be interpreted to be a height. In fluid flow analysis, the terms are typically expressed as “head” referring to a height above a reference level. P/γ pressure head z elevation head Summation of the terms called total head V2/2g velocity head Figure 19.2.Pressure head, elevation head, velocity head, and total head in a pipe flow. (Source: Mott, R. L., Applied Fluid Mechanics, Prentice Hall, New Jersey) 5 19.2. Restrictions on Bernoulli’s Equation 1. It’s valid only for incompressible liquids since the specific weight of the fluid is assumed to be the same at two sections of interest. 2. There can be no mechanical devices between section 1 and 2 that would add energy to or remove energy from the system, since the equation states that the total energy of fluid is constant. 3. There can be no heat transfered into or out of the fluid. 4. There can be no energy loss due to friction. Example 19.1. In Figure 19.2, water at 100C is flowing from section 1 to section 2. At section 1, which is 25 mm in diameter, the gage pressure is 345kPa and the velocity of flow is 3.0 m/s. Section 2, which is 50 mm in diameter, is 2.0 m above section 1. Assuming there are no energy losses in the system, calculate the pressure P2. Knowns; P1 = 345 kPa P2 =? V1 = 3 m/s V2 =? ∅1 = 25 mm ∅2 = 50 mm Twater = 10 ℃ z2 − z1 = 2.0 m Q = A1 × V1 25 mm 2 π ( ) × 3 m/s = 1.47 × 10−3 m3/s 1000 m 4 From continuity Equation Q = A1 × V1 = A2 × V2 25 mm 2 π 50 mm 2 π ( ) × 3 m/s = ( ) × V 1000 m 4 1000 m 4 2 V2 = 0.75 m/s 2 P1 = 345 kPa = 345 kN/m 2 2 v1 P1 v2 P2 z + + = z + + 1 2g γ 2 2g γ 6 2 2 2 345 kN/m (3.0) (0.75) P2 z + + = z + + 1 9.81 kN/m3 2×(9.81) 2 2×(9.81) γ 2 2 2 P2 345 kN/m (3.0) (0.75) = + − + z − z γ 9.81 kN/m3 2×(9.81) 2×(9.81) 1 2 P2 = 35.1 m + 0.458 −0.0286 – 2 m γ P2 = 33.5 m Pressure Head γ 3 P2 = (9.81 kN/m ) × (33.5 m) = 328.9 kPa 19.3. Tanks, Reservoirs, and Nozzles Exposed to the Atmosphere A siphon draws fluid from a tank and delivers it through a nozzle at the end of the pipe. Point A and F are exposed to atmosphere (they are not confined with a solid boundry).Gage pressure of point A and F are zero. (Source: Mott, R. L., Applied Fluid Mechanics, Prentice Hall, New Jersey) Pressure Head at points open to the atmosphere :When the fluid at reference point is exposed to the atmosphere, the pressure is zero and the pressure head term can be cancelled from Bernoulli’s equation. Velocity Head at points inside the tank or reservoir :The velocity head at the surface of the tank or reservoir is considered to be zero and it can be cancelled from Bernoulli’s equation. 7 Velocity Heads at points with the same c/s area:Points B,C, D and E are inside the pipes and has a uniform flow area. The velocity will be same througout the pipe. When the two points of reference for Bernoulli’s equation are both inside a pipe of the same size, the velocity head terms at both sides of the equation are equal and can be cancelled. Elevation Head at points on the same level:When two points of reference for Bernoulli’s equation are both at the same elevation, the elevation head terms, z1 and z2 are equal and can be cancelled. Example: (Example 6.10 from Mott, R. L., Page 164) A siphon draws fluid from a tank and delivers it through a nozzle at the end of the pipe. Calculate the volume flow rate through the siphon and the pressure at points B, C, D, and E. Diameter of siphon = 40 mm Diameter of nozzle = 25 mm Assume that there are no energy losses in the system. Reference points A and F (most convenient points) 2 2 vA PA vF PF z + + = z + + A 2g γ F 2g γ A is open to the atmosphere PA = 0 Velocity of point A is small, velocity head will be negligible. Elevation difference between A and F = (1.8+1.2) = 3.0 m. F is open to the atmosphere, PF = 0 zA − zF = 3.0 m zF − zA = −3.0 m 8 2 vF z = z + A F 2g VF = √(zA − zF) × 2g VF = √(3.0) × (2 × 9.81) VF = 7.67 m/s Q = A × V 25 mm 2 π = ( ) × 7.67 m/s Q = 3.77 × 10−3 m3/s 1000 m 4 c/s area of nozzle Determine the pressures at points B, C, D and E Write Bernoulli’s Equation between A and B 2 2 vA PA vB PB z + + = z + + A 2g γ B 2g γ zA = zB Q = AB × VB 40 mm 2 π 3.77 × 10−3 m3/s = ( ) × V 1000 m 4 B VB = 3.0 m/s 2 (3.0) PB 0 = + 2×(9.81) γ PB = −0.459 m 9.81 kN/m3 PB = −4.50 kPa Negative sign indicates the pressure is below atmospheric pressure. 9 Write Bernoulli’s Equation between A and C 2 2 vA PA vC PC z + + = z + + A 2g γ C 2g γ vC = vB since pipe diameter is same. 2 (3.0) PC 3.0 m = 4.2 m + + 2×(9.81) 9.81 kN/m3 PC = −16.27 kPa Write Bernoulli’s Equation between A and D 2 2 vA PA vD PD z + + = z + + A 2g γ D 2g γ zA = zD 2 3 PD 0 = + 2×(9.81) 9.81 kN/m3 PD = −4.50 kPa Write Bernoulli’s Equation between A and E 2 2 vA PA vE PE z + + = z + + A 2g γ E 2g γ 2 (3.0) PE 3.0 m + 0 + 0 = 0 + + 2×(9.81) 9.81 kN/m3 PE = 24.93 kPa Summary of the Results of Example 1. Velocity from nozzle and therefore the volume flow rate delivered by siphon depends on the elevation difference between the free surface of fluid and the outlet of nozzle. 2. The pressure at point B is below atmospheric pressure even though it is on the same level as point A, which is exposed to the atmosphere.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Manual for Lab #2
    CE 321 INTRODUCTION TO FLUID MECHANICS Fall 2009 LABORATORY 3: THE BERNOULLI EQUATION OBJECTIVES To investigate the validity of Bernoulli's Equation as applied to the flow of water in a tapering horizontal tube to determine if the total pressure head remains constant along the length of the tube as the equation predicts. To determine if the variations in static pressure head along the length of the tube can be predicted with Bernoulli’s equation APPROACH Establish a constant flow rate (Q) through the tube and measure it. Use a pitot probe and static probe to measure the total pressure head h Tm and static pressure head h Sm at six locations along the length of the tube. The values of h Tm will show if total pressure head remains constant along the length of the tube as required by the Bernoulli Equation. Using the flow rate and cross sectional area of the tube, calculate the velocity head h Vc at each location. Use Bernoulli’s Equation, h Tm and h Vc to predict the variations in static pressure head h St expected along the tube. Compare the calculated and measured values of static pressure head to determine if the variations in fluid pressure along the length of the tube can be predicted with Bernoulli’s Equation. EQUIPMENT Hydraulic bench with Bernoulli apparatus, stop watch THEORY Considering flow at any two positions on the central streamline of the tube (Fig. 1), Bernoulli's equation may be written as V 2 p V 2 p 1 + 1 + z = 2 + 2 + z (1) 2g γ 1 2g γ 2 1 Bernoulli’s equation indicates that the sum of the velocity head (V 2/2g), pressure head (p/ γ), and elevation (z) are constant along the central streamline.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1 PROPERTIES of FLUID & PRESSURE MEASUREMENT
    Fluid Mechanics & Machinery Chapter 1 PROPERTIES OF FLUID & PRESSURE MEASUREMENT Course Contents 1. Introduction 2. Properties of Fluid 2.1 Density 2.2 Specific gravity 2.3 Specific volume 2.4 Specific Weight 2.5 Dynamic viscosity 2.6 Kinematic viscosity 2.7 Surface tension 2.8 Capillarity 2.9 Vapor Pressure 2.10 Compressibility 3. Fluid Pressure & Pressure Measurement 3.1 Fluid pressure, Pressure head, Pascal‟s law 3.2 Concept of absolute vacuum, gauge pressure, atmospheric pressure, absolute pressure. 3.3 Pressure measuring Devices 3.4 Simple and differential manometers, 3.5 Bourdon pressure gauge. 4. Total pressure, center of pressure 4.1 Total pressure, center of pressure 4.2 Horizontal Plane Surface Submerged in Liquid 4.3 Vertical Plane Surface Submerged in Liquid 4.4 Inclined Plane Surface Submerged in Liquid MR. R. R. DHOTRE (8888944788) Page 1 Fluid Mechanics & Machinery 1. Introduction Fluid mechanics is a branch of engineering science which deals with the behavior of fluids (liquid or gases) at rest as well as in motion. 2. Properties of Fluids 2.1 Density or Mass Density -Density or mass density of fluid is defined as the ratio of the mass of the fluid to its volume. Mass per unit volume of a fluid is called density. -It is denoted by the symbol „ρ‟ (rho). -The unit of mass density is kg per cubic meter i.e. kg/m3. -Mathematically, ρ = -The value of density of water is 1000 kg/m3, density of Mercury is 13600 kg/m3. 2.2 Specific Weight or Weight Density -Specific weight or weight density of a fluid is defined as the ratio of weight of a fluid to its volume.
    [Show full text]
  • Hydraulics Manual Glossary G - 3
    Glossary G - 1 GLOSSARY OF HIGHWAY-RELATED DRAINAGE TERMS (Reprinted from the 1999 edition of the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Model Drainage Manual) G.1 Introduction This Glossary is divided into three parts: · Introduction, · Glossary, and · References. It is not intended that all the terms in this Glossary be rigorously accurate or complete. Realistically, this is impossible. Depending on the circumstance, a particular term may have several meanings; this can never change. The primary purpose of this Glossary is to define the terms found in the Highway Drainage Guidelines and Model Drainage Manual in a manner that makes them easier to interpret and understand. A lesser purpose is to provide a compendium of terms that will be useful for both the novice as well as the more experienced hydraulics engineer. This Glossary may also help those who are unfamiliar with highway drainage design to become more understanding and appreciative of this complex science as well as facilitate communication between the highway hydraulics engineer and others. Where readily available, the source of a definition has been referenced. For clarity or format purposes, cited definitions may have some additional verbiage contained in double brackets [ ]. Conversely, three “dots” (...) are used to indicate where some parts of a cited definition were eliminated. Also, as might be expected, different sources were found to use different hyphenation and terminology practices for the same words. Insignificant changes in this regard were made to some cited references and elsewhere to gain uniformity for the terms contained in this Glossary: as an example, “groundwater” vice “ground-water” or “ground water,” and “cross section area” vice “cross-sectional area.” Cited definitions were taken primarily from two sources: W.B.
    [Show full text]
  • Frequently Asked Questions
    FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS Pressure Washer Chemicals/Cleaners Q: Can I use chemicals that do not state pressure washer safe? Can I use bleach in my pressure washer? A: It is recommended that only cleaning products that state "pressure washer safe" be used. Please ensure to follow all of the manufacturer's instructions. Using bleach or any other chemicals/cleaners that do not state "pressure washer safe" can cause premature wear and damage to seals and o-rings. Continuous Water Source Requirement for Pressure Washers Q: Does my pressure washer require a continuous water source? A: Pressure washers require a continuous pressurized water source. If there is not adequate water to the pump, the unit will not operate correctly and the pump may sustain damage. Please check your Operator's Manual for the specific requirements of gallons per minute and psi for your unit. Pressure Washer Siphon Troubleshooting Q: How do I get the pressure washer to siphon? A: For basic operating instructions related to your specific pressure washer, please refer to your product Owner's Manual. Possible causes for lack of siphoning include: • Chemical hose placed on improper port -- Check clear hose placement. • Pressure washer is not set to low pressure --The unit must be set to low pressure to apply soap. Please be sure that the correct soap nozzle is being used. • Extension is being used on the high pressure hose -- Remove extension on high pressure hose. • Chemical injection area is clogged or component needs to be replaced -- Test for blockage: Remove nozzle extension from gun, attach and turn on water source, then pull the trigger.
    [Show full text]
  • PLUMBING DICTIONARY Sixth Edition
    as to produce smooth threads. 2. An oil or oily preparation used as a cutting fluid espe cially a water-soluble oil (such as a mineral oil containing- a fatty oil) Cut Grooving (cut groov-ing) the process of machining away material, providing a groove into a pipe to allow for a mechani cal coupling to be installed.This process was invented by Victau - lic Corp. in 1925. Cut Grooving is designed for stanard weight- ceives or heavier wall thickness pipe. tetrafluoroethylene (tet-ra-- theseveral lower variouslyterminal, whichshaped re or decalescensecryolite (de-ca-les-cen- ming and flood consisting(cry-o-lite) of sodium-alumi earthfluo-ro-eth-yl-ene) by alternately dam a colorless, thegrooved vapors tools. from 4. anonpressure tool used by se) a decrease in temperaturea mineral nonflammable gas used in mak- metalworkers to shape material thatnum occurs fluoride. while Usedheating for soldermet- ing a stream. See STANK. or the pressure sterilizers, and - spannering heat resistantwrench and(span-ner acid re - conductsto a desired the form vapors. 5. a tooldirectly used al ingthrough copper a rangeand inalloys which when a mixed with phosphoric acid.- wrench)sistant plastics 1. one ofsuch various as teflon. tools to setthe theouter teeth air. of Sometimesaatmosphere circular or exhaust vent. See change in a structure occurs. Also used for soldering alumi forAbbr. tightening, T.F.E. or loosening,chiefly Brit.: orcalled band vapor, saw. steam,6. a tool used to degree of hazard (de-gree stench trap (stench trap) num bronze when mixed with nutsthermal and bolts.expansion 2. (water) straightenLOCAL VENT.
    [Show full text]
  • Darcy's Law and Hydraulic Head
    Darcy’s Law and Hydraulic Head 1. Hydraulic Head hh12− QK= A h L p1 h1 h2 h1 and h2 are hydraulic heads associated with hp2 points 1 and 2. Q The hydraulic head, or z1 total head, is a measure z2 of the potential of the datum water fluid at the measurement point. “Potential of a fluid at a specific point is the work required to transform a unit of mass of fluid from an arbitrarily chosen state to the state under consideration.” Three Types of Potentials A. Pressure potential work required to raise the water pressure 1 P 1 P m P W1 = VdP = dP = ∫0 ∫0 m m ρ w ρ w ρw : density of water assumed to be independent of pressure V: volume z = z P = P v = v Current state z = 0 P = 0 v = 0 Reference state B. Elevation potential work required to raise the elevation 1 Z W ==mgdz gz 2 m ∫0 C. Kinetic potential work required to raise the velocity (dz = vdt) 2 11ZZdv vv W ==madz m dz == vdv 3 m ∫∫∫00m dt 02 Total potential: Total [hydraulic] head: P v 2 Φ P v 2 h == ++z Φ= +gz + g ρ g 2g ρw 2 w Unit [L2T-1] Unit [L] 2 Total head or P v hydraulic head: h =++z ρw g 2g Kinetic term pressure elevation [L] head [L] Piezometer P1 P2 ρg ρg h1 h2 z1 z2 datum A fluid moves from where the total head is higher to where it is lower. For an ideal fluid (frictionless and incompressible), the total head would stay constant.
    [Show full text]
  • The Components of Total Head
    THE COMPONENTS OF TOTAL HEAD This chapter will introduce some of the terminology used in pumping systems. The components of Total Head will be examined one by one. Some of the more difficult to determine components, such as equipment and friction head, will be examined in more detail. I hope this will help get our heads together. 3.0 THE COMPONENTS OF TOTAL HEAD Total Head is the measure of a pump's ability to push fluids through a system. Total Head is proportional to the difference in pressure at the discharge vs. the suction of the pump. It is more useful to use the difference in pressure vs. the discharge pressure as a principal characteristic since this makes it independent of the pressure level at the pump suction and therefore independent of a particular system configuration. For this reason, the Total Head is used as the Y-axis coordinate on all pump performance curves (see Figure 4-3). The system equation for a typical single inlet — single outlet system (see equation [2- 12]) is: 1 2 2 DHP = DHF1-2 + DHEQ1-2 + (v2 -v1 )+z2 +H2 -(z1 +H1) 2g [3-1] DHP = DHF + DHEQ + DHv + DHTS [3-1a] DHP = DHF +DHEQ +DHv + DHDS + DHSS [3-1b] Equations [3-1a] and [3-1b] represent different ways of writing equation [3-1], using terms that are common in the pump industry. This chapter will explain each one of these terms in details. 3.1 TOTAL STATIC HEAD (DHTS) The total static head is the difference between the discharge static head and the suction static head, or the difference in elevation at the outlet including the pressure head at the outlet, and the elevation at the inlet including the pressure head at the inlet, as described in equation [3-2a].
    [Show full text]
  • Glossary of Terms — Page 1 Air Gap: See Backflow Prevention Device
    Glossary of Irrigation Terms Version 7/1/17 Edited by Eugene W. Rochester, CID Certification Consultant This document is in continuing development. You are encouraged to submit definitions along with their source to [email protected]. The terms in this glossary are presented in an effort to provide a foundation for common understanding in communications covering irrigation. The following provides additional information: • Items located within brackets, [ ], indicate the IA-preferred abbreviation or acronym for the term specified. • Items located within braces, { }, indicate quantitative IA-preferred units for the term specified. • General definitions of terms not used in mathematical equations are not flagged in any way. • Three dots (…) at the end of a definition indicate that the definition has been truncated. • Terms with strike-through are non-preferred usage. • References are provided for the convenience of the reader and do not infer original reference. Additional soil science terms may be found at www.soils.org/publications/soils-glossary#. A AC {hertz}: Abbreviation for alternating current. AC pipe: Asbestos-cement pipe was commonly used for buried pipelines. It combines strength with light weight and is immune to rust and corrosion. (James, 1988) (No longer made.) acceleration of gravity. See gravity (acceleration due to). acid precipitation: Atmospheric precipitation that is below pH 7 and is often composed of the hydrolyzed by-products from oxidized halogen, nitrogen, and sulfur substances. (Glossary of Soil Science Terms, 2013) acid soil: Soil with a pH value less than 7.0. (Glossary of Soil Science Terms, 2013) adhesion: Forces of attraction between unlike molecules, e.g. water and solid.
    [Show full text]
  • THERMODYNAMICS, HEAT TRANSFER, and FLUID FLOW, Module 3 Fluid Flow Blank Fluid Flow TABLE of CONTENTS
    Department of Energy Fundamentals Handbook THERMODYNAMICS, HEAT TRANSFER, AND FLUID FLOW, Module 3 Fluid Flow blank Fluid Flow TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF FIGURES .................................................. iv LIST OF TABLES ................................................... v REFERENCES ..................................................... vi OBJECTIVES ..................................................... vii CONTINUITY EQUATION ............................................ 1 Introduction .................................................. 1 Properties of Fluids ............................................. 2 Buoyancy .................................................... 2 Compressibility ................................................ 3 Relationship Between Depth and Pressure ............................. 3 Pascal’s Law .................................................. 7 Control Volume ............................................... 8 Volumetric Flow Rate ........................................... 9 Mass Flow Rate ............................................... 9 Conservation of Mass ........................................... 10 Steady-State Flow ............................................. 10 Continuity Equation ............................................ 11 Summary ................................................... 16 LAMINAR AND TURBULENT FLOW ................................... 17 Flow Regimes ................................................ 17 Laminar Flow ...............................................
    [Show full text]
  • Pressure and Piezometry (Pressure Measurement)
    PRESSURE AND PIEZOMETRY (PRESSURE MEASUREMENT) What is pressure? .......................................................................................................................................... 1 Pressure unit: the pascal ............................................................................................................................ 3 Pressure measurement: piezometry ........................................................................................................... 4 Vacuum ......................................................................................................................................................... 5 Vacuum generation ................................................................................................................................... 6 Hydrostatic pressure ...................................................................................................................................... 8 Atmospheric pressure in meteorology ...................................................................................................... 8 Liquid level measurement ......................................................................................................................... 9 Archimedes' principle. Buoyancy ............................................................................................................. 9 Weighting objects in air and water ..................................................................................................... 10 Siphons ...................................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Pressure and Fluid Statics
    cen72367_ch03.qxd 10/29/04 2:21 PM Page 65 CHAPTER PRESSURE AND 3 FLUID STATICS his chapter deals with forces applied by fluids at rest or in rigid-body motion. The fluid property responsible for those forces is pressure, OBJECTIVES Twhich is a normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area. We start this When you finish reading this chapter, you chapter with a detailed discussion of pressure, including absolute and gage should be able to pressures, the pressure at a point, the variation of pressure with depth in a I Determine the variation of gravitational field, the manometer, the barometer, and pressure measure- pressure in a fluid at rest ment devices. This is followed by a discussion of the hydrostatic forces I Calculate the forces exerted by a applied on submerged bodies with plane or curved surfaces. We then con- fluid at rest on plane or curved submerged surfaces sider the buoyant force applied by fluids on submerged or floating bodies, and discuss the stability of such bodies. Finally, we apply Newton’s second I Analyze the rigid-body motion of fluids in containers during linear law of motion to a body of fluid in motion that acts as a rigid body and ana- acceleration or rotation lyze the variation of pressure in fluids that undergo linear acceleration and in rotating containers. This chapter makes extensive use of force balances for bodies in static equilibrium, and it will be helpful if the relevant topics from statics are first reviewed. 65 cen72367_ch03.qxd 10/29/04 2:21 PM Page 66 66 FLUID MECHANICS 3–1 I PRESSURE Pressure is defined as a normal force exerted by a fluid per unit area.
    [Show full text]
  • Fluid Mechanics Policy Planning and Learning
    Science and Reactor Fundamentals – Fluid Mechanics Policy Planning and Learning Fluid Mechanics Science and Reactor Fundamentals – Fluid Mechanics Policy Planning and Learning TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 OBJECTIVES ................................................................................... 1 1.1 BASIC DEFINITIONS .................................................................... 1 1.2 PRESSURE ................................................................................... 1 1.3 FLOW.......................................................................................... 1 1.4 ENERGY IN A FLOWING FLUID .................................................... 1 1.5 OTHER PHENOMENA................................................................... 2 1.6 TWO PHASE FLOW...................................................................... 2 1.7 FLOW INDUCED VIBRATION........................................................ 2 2 BASIC DEFINITIONS..................................................................... 3 2.1 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................... 3 2.2 PRESSURE ................................................................................... 3 2.3 DENSITY ..................................................................................... 4 2.4 VISCOSITY .................................................................................. 4 3 PRESSURE........................................................................................ 6 3.1 PRESSURE SCALES .....................................................................
    [Show full text]