Rubens' Wiener Medusenhaupt Trifft Auf Die Brünner Fassung

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Rubens' Wiener Medusenhaupt Trifft Auf Die Brünner Fassung Albtraumhaft Schön: Rubens’ Wiener Medusenhaupt trifft auf die Brünner Fassung ANSICHTSSACHE #23 GERLINDE GRUBER & PETR TOMÁŠEK Ansichtssachen Mit diesem Katalogheft dokumentieren wir eine durchaus spektakuläre wie »monströse« Begegnung: Gemeint sind zwei Darstellungen derselben Szene und Sagengestalt. Sie zeigen die Gorgone Medusa, bei deren Anblick, so die Sage, jedermann zu Stein wurde, weshalb der Held Perseus ihr schließlich das Haupt abtrennte. Das Ergebnis ist das Sujet beider Werke. Sie begegnen sich wohl zum allerersten Mal seit ihrer Entstehung in der Werkstatt des Peter Paul Rubens — wie ein schauriges Zwillingspaar. Eine der beiden blutreichen Inszenierungen gelangte nach Brünn (Brno), während eine weitere Version, der Sammelwut Erz­ herzog Leopold Wilhelms für seinen Bruder Ferdinand III. sei es gedankt (!), in den Besitz der Habsburger kam und bis heute in Wien zu sehen ist. Wie bei anderen erfolgreichen Bildideen hat Rubens mehrere Fassungen abge­ liefert, um die Nachfrage nach einer bestimmten Komposition zu bedienen. Rubens befand sich dabei wohl im Wettstreit mit Leonardo und Caravaggio. Dies sowie die Provenienzen der beiden Gemälde thematisiert die 23. Ausgabe unserer Ausstellungsreihe Ansichtssachen; der Besucher kann im direkten Vergleich aber auch bewundern, wie unterschiedlich Rubens auf Holz und Leinwand malte. Die Ausstellung steht im Kontext eines größeren Forschungsvorhabens, das großzügig durch die Regierung Flanderns unterstützt wird. Ich danke daher sehr herzlich Herrn David Maenaut, Generalrepräsentanten der Flämischen Regierung, für sein großes Engagement, das die Zusammenarbeit unseres Hauses mit der Mährischen Galerie in Brünn und mit der Forschergruppe AXES der Abteilung für Chemie der Fakultät für angewandte Ingenieurswissenschaften an der Universität Antwerpen ermöglichte. Diese interdisziplinäre wie internatio­ nale Kooperation hat aber nicht nur zur Reise der Medusa von Brünn nach Wien und damit zum direkten Vergleich der beiden Gemälde geführt, sondern gestatte­ te uns auch die umfangreiche Untersuchung der materiellen Beschaffenheit beider Gemälde — vor allem unter Einsatz der sogenannten Makro­Röntgen­ fluoreszenz­Spektrometrie (Macro­XRF­scans). 3 Aus der direkten Gegenüberstellung erhofft sich das Projektteam (Gerlinde Gruber, Elke Oberthaler, Ina Slama von der Gemäldegalerie, Petr Tomášek und Terezie Veselá von der Mährischen Galerie sowie Koen Janssens, Nouchka De Keyser und Geert Van der Snickt von der Universität Antwerpen) Antworten auf diverse offene Fragen zu chronologischer Abfolge, Material und Entstehungs­ kontext der zwei Gemälde — weitere Veröffentlichungen werden daraus resultieren. Erstmals arbeitet mit diesem Projekt die Gemäldegalerie mit der Mährischen Galerie in Brünn enger zusammen. Deren Direktor Jan Press sei für den Enthusiasmus, den er dem Projekt sofort entgegenbrachte, herzlich gedankt. Ich danke an dieser Stelle insbesondere Gerlinde Gruber, Kuratorin für die flämische Malerei des Barock, die die Ausstellung und den Katalog kuratierte. Ebenso gilt mein herzlicher Dank den kundigen Blicken der Restauratorinnen, namentlich Elke Oberthaler und Ina Slama. Dass die Ansichtssachen regelmäßig zu spannenden Seitenblicken in der Gemäldegalerie einladen, verdankt sich darüber hinaus zahlreichen Kolleginnen und Kollegen — stellvertretend möchte ich einmal mehr auch dem Publikationswesen, speziell unserer Lektorin Karin Zeleny, sowie dem Team der Visuellen Medien am KHM unter Stefan Zeisler für das wunder bare Layout der Katalogreihe und für die Ausstellungsgraphik meinen Dank aussprechen. Unsere Registrarin Linda Wagner organisierte dankens­ werterweise den Ausstellungsaufbau, Marianne Hergovich vom Ausstellungs­ wesen den Transport aus Brno. Stefan Weppelmann Direktor der Gemäldegalerie 4 5 Albtraumhaft Schön: Rubens’ Wiener Medusenhaupt trifft auf die Brünner Fassung Abb. 1: Peter Paul Rubens und Frans Snyders (?), Das Haupt der Medusa, Eiche, 60,6 × 112 cm. Brno, Mährische Galerie (Moravská Galerie v Brně), Inv.­Nr. A2 6 7 Abb. 2: Peter Paul Rubens und Frans Snyders (?), Das Haupt der Medusa, Leinwand, 68,5 × 118 cm. Wien, Kunsthistorisches Museum, Inv.­Nr. GG 3834 8 9 Albtraumhaft Schön: Das Haupt der Medusa behält auch nach deren Tod seine furchtbare Wirkung und wird dadurch zum Schutz für seinen Besitzer: Minerva/Pallas Athene selbst Rubens’ Wiener Medusenhaupt trifft trägt es entweder auf dem Brustpanzer oder auf ihrem Schild (Homer, Ilias 5, 741). auf die Brünner Fassung Außerdem schmückt es auch Agamemnons Schild (Ilias 11, 36) — und in der Folge die Schilde vieler weiterer Feldherren. Gerlinde Gruber Rubens schildert das Haupt der Medusa abgeschlagen, auf kargem Boden diago­ nal in der Komposition liegend, inmitten von allerlei Ungetier (Abb. 1 und Abb. 2). Ein weißes Tuch liegt zum Teil auf ihrem Haar und verläuft dann rechts, vom Rubens’ Haupt der Medusa ist zu Lebzeiten des Künstlers gleichzeitig in zwei Rahmen überschnitten. Es weckt Assoziationen zu einem Leichentuch; die ver­ verschiedenen Sammlungen überliefert. Es gab demnach zumindest zwei schiedenen Erzählstränge erwähnen aber nur die kibisis, eine Art Tasche, in die Versionen davon. Der folgende kurze Beitrag konzentriert sich, da das Forschungs­ Perseus das Haupt der Medusa steckt.2 Die Szene spielt im Freien, vielleicht auf projekt dazu noch nicht abgeschlossen ist, auf den historischen Kontext und die einem Felsen — rechts vorne scheint sich ein Abgrund aufzutun, hinter dem Kopf Provenienz der beiden Gemälde. sind Pflanzen auf einer Felsenwand erkennbar, links hinten ist in weiter Ferne eine bewaldete, leicht hügelige Landschaft zu erkennen. Der Felsen wurde als Anspielung auf das Atlasgebirge gedeutet, denn Perseus hatte mithilfe des Medusenhaupts den Rubens’ Haupt der Medusa Titanen Atlas versteinert (Metamorphosen IV, 655–662).3 Medusas Haupt ist von Haar­ und Schlangensträhnen umrahmt, in der Blutlache Ovid lässt in seinen Metamorphosen (IV, 794–802) den Helden Perseus erzählen, wie unter dem deutlich sichtbaren Halsstumpf wimmelt es von kleinen Schlangen, die schöne, sterbliche Gorgone Medusa1 zum todbringenden Ungeheuer geworden einzelne Blutstropfen erscheinen ei­förmig geronnen, aus ihnen formen sich sei: Neptun vergewaltigte sie im Tempel der Minerva, und diese bestrafte das Opfer, Schlangen. Ganz rechts gebiert aber auch eine Schlange gerade Schlangen. Dafür indem sie Medusas herrliches, vielbewundertes Haar in hässliche Schlangen verwan­ könnte sich Rubens an Bildfindungen wie jener 1593 datierten Graphik des delte; der Anblick Medusas versteinerte daraufhin jeden. Perseus selbst umging diese Hieronymus Wierix nach Marten de Vos inspiriert haben, einem Detail aus dem Gefahr, indem er die schlafende Gorgone in der spiegelnden Fläche seines Schildes Triumph der Wahrheit (Abb. 3).4 Die Vorstellung, dass die Viper bei der Geburt betrachtete und so ohne direkten Blickkontakt enthauptete (IV, 779–786). ihrer Jungen ums Leben kommt, wurde auch als Sinnbild für verderbliche Geschwätzigkeit inter pretiert.5 Die zwei in sich verschlungenen, einander gerade attackierenden Schlangen rechts oben sind eine Anspielung auf ein Emblem, das verschieden publiziert wurde: zum Beispiel als Femina improba (Hadrianus Junius, Medici Emblemata, Antwerpen 1565) oder als Venus Improba (Joachim Camerarius, Symbolorum & emblemata ex re [...] Reptilicus 1595). Dort ist jeweils ein ähnliches Schlangenpaar zu sehen, welches das Paarungsverhalten der Vipern verbildlicht: Nach der Paarung tötet die weibliche Viper das Männchen, um bei der Geburt ihrerseits dann zu sterben — eine bereits bei Herodot (III, 109) und Plinius (Nat. hist. X, 169–170) formulierte Vorstellung.6 Diese Fülle an Schlangen und ihre Entstehung aus den Blutstropfen der Gorgone erinnert an eine andere Stelle aus den Metamorphosen (IV, 617–620), in der Ovid den Schlangenreichtum Libyens erklärt.7 Rubens kannte auch Lucans Text dazu, der in den Pharsalia (9, 619) die Geburt mehrerer giftiger Schlangen durch die Blutstropfen Medusas im libyschen Sand ausführlich beschreibt und dabei auch die Amphisbaena erwähnt, das zweiköpfige Tier im Vordergrund.8 Für diese Amphisbaena inspirierte sich Rubens wohl an einer jetzt verlorenen Komposition für die Abbildung im Rerum medicarum Novae Hispaniae thesaurus [...], Rom 1651, von Francisco Hernándéz (1517–1587) et al. (Abb. 4) — ein Projekt, in das Rubens’ Abb. 3: Hieronymus Wierix nach Freund in Rom, der Arzt Johannes Faber (1574–1629), auch involviert war.9 Jedoch Marten de Vos, Detail aus: Triumph der Wahrheit. Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum auch bei Lucan liegt das abgeschlagene Haupt nicht auf dem Boden. 10 11 Nur in einer Szene legt Perseus das Haupt ab: Nach der Rettung Andromedas wäscht er seine Hände und bettet deshalb zuvor das Haupt mit den Schlangen auf Wasserpflanzen, die daraufhin verhärten und zu Korallen werden Metamorphosen( IV, 742–750), was in Rubens’ Bild aber nicht dargestellt ist. Im Wettstreit mit Leonardo und Caravaggio Mit dem Gemälde nimmt Rubens den Wettstreit mit zwei großen Vorgängern bei diesem Thema auf, Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) und Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio (1571–1610) (Abb. 5). Vasari berichtet 155010 relativ ausführlich, wie Leonardo mittels der täuschend echten Darstellung allerlei Ungetiers die Wirkung einer Medusa auf einem run­ den Schild erzielt. Dazu schließt er sich in einem Zimmer mit allerlei Ungetier ein (Falter, Glühwürmchen, Fledermäuse, Schlangen und andere Tiere), studiert diese Tiere und schafft ein Monster: »[...] uno animalaccio molto orribile e spaventoso;
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