ANGELA FILENO DA SILVA Vozes De Lagos

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ANGELA FILENO DA SILVA Vozes De Lagos UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA ANGELA FILENO DA SILVA Vozes de Lagos: brasileiros em tempos do império britânico Versão corrigida São Paulo 2016 UNIVERSIDADE DE SÃO PAULO FACULDADE DE FILOSOFIA, LETRAS E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTÓRIA Vozes de Lagos: brasileiros em tempos do império britânico Costa da Mina, 1840-1900 Angela Fileno da Silva [email protected] [email protected] Tese apresentada ao Departamento de História da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo para obtenção do título de Doutor em História. Área de Concentração: História Social Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Leila Maria Gonçalves Leite Hernandez Versão corrigida São Paulo 2016 2 3 ANGELA FILENO DA SILVA Vozes de Lagos: brasileiros em tempos do império britânico Costa da Mina, 1840-1900 Tese apresentada ao Departamento de História da Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas da Universidade de São Paulo, aprovada pela Banca Examinadora constituída pelos seguintes professores: ___________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Leila Maria Gonçalves Leite Hernandez DH – FFLCH/USP Orientadora ________________________________________ Prof(a) Dr(a) Mônica Lima e Souza – Instituição Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro/ CFCH ________________________________________ Prof(a) Dr. Acácio Sidinei Almeida Santos – Instituição Universidade Federal do ABC/ RI ________________________________________ Prof(a) Dr. Alexandre Almeida Marcussi – Instituição Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais/FAFICH ________________________________________ Prof(a) Dr(a) Marina de Mello e Souza – Instituição Faculdade de Filosofia, Letras e Ciências Humanas/DH São Paulo, 25 de abril de 2016. 4 Para minha avó Maria Gonçalves Fileno, que nunca assinou seu próprio nome, mas ensinou aos filhos e netos o valor do conhecimento. 5 AGRADECIMENTOS Chegar ao final desta tese me permitiu muitas constatações. A primeira e a mais importante delas é a de que uma pesquisa, por mais solitária que seja em alguns momentos, é sempre resultado da solidariedade, colaboração e incentivo de muitas outras pessoas. Não foram poucas as palavras e gestos de estímulo que recebi em momentos de angústia. Nas dificuldades de compreensão, sempre tive um amigo ou professor (ou os dois juntos) que me indicasse uma pista capaz de esclarecer questões aparentemente insolúveis. E em situações em que precisei de ajuda para encontrar documentos e livros, a vida me apresentou novos amigos e tornou amigos distantes, mais próximos. Por isto, agradecer em palavras tudo o que recebi ao longo destes quatro anos e meio de doutoramento é pouco diante de tudo o que me foi oferecido por estas pessoas. À professora Leila Maria Gonçalves Leite Hernandez, agradeço a orientação cuidadosa e perspicaz. Por estar sempre disponível para uma conversa, pelas minuciosas leituras e por acreditar que meus limites à compreensão estavam além do que eu própria imaginava. Leila, suas demonstrações de carinho e sua serenidade diante das turbulências da vida influenciaram minha maneira de enxergar o mundo. Obrigada por contribuir para a minha formação intelectual e, sobretudo, humana. À professora Marina de Mello e Souza, pela arguição criteriosa e precisa durante o exame de qualificação. Por ter participado das minhas primeiras descobertas sobre o tema dos retornos para a Costa da Mina, quando ainda era sua orientanda de mestrado, e por me deixar livre para escolher meus próprios caminhos dentro da academia, obrigada. Ao professor Acácio Almeida dos Santos, por sua participação generosa durante o exame de qualificação. Suas indicações de leitura foram fundamentais em relação aos rumos que esta tese tomou. Por se mostrar um 6 leitor atento e por acreditar nas possibilidades de análise em um momento em que esta pesquisa apresentava tão poucos resultados concretos, obrigada. Agradeço à pesquisadora Alcione Amós, uma daquelas amizades que a vida me ofereceu. Por sua generosidade em me ceder os Blue Books relativos à Nigéria e pelas conversas acerca de como encaminhava seus próprios estudos, obrigada. À professora Mônica Lima e Souza, por compartilhar seus livros raros, por nossas conversas via email e pelas palavras de incentivo quando ainda elaborava meu projeto de pesquisa. Enfim, por seu entusiasmo contagiante, obrigada. À Alice Bonasio, Tom Atkinson, Adriana Peitil e Rogério Costa, amigos distantes que se mostraram próximos em razão de seu apoio a esta pesquisa. Alice e Tom, obrigada por fotografar e enviar para mim os últimos exemplares das Government Gazettes que não tive tempo de consultar quando, em 2011, estive em Londres. Adriana e Rogério, obrigada por enviar para o Brasil livros que só poderiam ser entregues em Nova York. Aos amigos de doutoramento Juliana Ribeiro da Silva Bevilacqua, Rosana Gonçalves, Helena Wakim Moreno, Elaine Ribeiro e Alexandre Almeida Marcussi, pelas apuradas discussões propostas pelas disciplinas oferecidas pelas professoras Leila Hernandes e Maria Cristina Cortez Wissenbach, por compartilharem bibliografias e pelas conversas a respeito de como desenvolviam suas próprias pesquisas, obrigada. Um agradecimento especial à Juliana Bevilacqua, Rosana Gonçalves e Helena Wakin, pelo apoio emocional e por nossas conversas sempre bem humoradas. A fase de escritura da tese passou, nossa amizade não. Agradeço aos colegas Guilherme Gamito e Daniel Néry pela elaboração dos mapas apresentados, a ajuda de vocês nos momentos finais de formatação dessa pesquisa foi realmente imprescindível. Aos amigos de décadas, Ana Cláudia Mendes Souza, Denise Scótolo, Dolores Freixa, Flávia Ulian, Juliana Pedreschi Rodrigues e Raul Arriagada, por compartilharem impressões, leituras e, sobretudo, por se fazerem sempre presentes, obrigada. 7 À Capes, pela bolsa de doutorado indispensável à realização desta tese, em especial ao financiamento da viagem de pesquisa que me permitiu o acesso aos documentos guardados no National Archives e na British Library, em Londres. Finalmente, guardo um agradecimento especial à minha família. O último ano de doutorado foi marcado pela dor de perdas difíceis de superar. Tenho absoluta certeza de que sem o esteio de pessoas tão incríveis não teria seguido em frente e terminado esta pesquisa. Aos meus pais, João e Dulce, agradeço o amor incondicional. Foi esse sentimento que me deu a tranquilidade de saber que minhas escolhas sempre seriam apoiadas e, mais ainda, incentivadas por vocês. Pai, por me ensinar a sonhar, obrigada. Mãe, por ser a minha primeira professora e por me indicar o caminho à conquista dos meus sonhos, obrigada. Ao meu marido, Rogério, companheiro de uma vida, por ser minha razão nos momentos de desespero, minha esperança nas horas de descrença e por simplesmente me amar com todos os meus defeitos, obrigada. À minha filha, Isabela, menina de sete anos que nasceu em meio a um mestrado e cresceu vendo a mãe agarrada à tese. Saiba que todas as lágrimas que você derramou em razão das minhas ausências eu chorei em dobro, mas em silêncio. Por ser a minha menina, meu coração, minha felicidade, enfim, por ser você...mil vezes obrigada! 8 “O fio da vida (...), mesmo que está podre não parte. Puxando-lhe, emendando- lhe, sempre a gente encontra um princípio num sítio qualquer mesmo que esse princípio é o fim doutro princípio.” Luandino Vieira 9 RESUMO A ideia de que os brasileiros estabelecidos em Lagos elaboraram identidades cambiantes que se reformularam em resposta aos contextos apresentados ao longo do período de 1840 a 1900, constituiu o foco central desta tese. Neste sentido, proponho compreender os contextos em que os brasileiros de Lagos tiveram de ressignificar e atualizar os signos responsáveis por conferir identificação aos integrantes de seu grupo. Para isto, selecionei um conjunto de documentos formado por três tipos de fontes. Com o propósito de entender como os brasileiros eram representados por missionários anglicanos e metodistas, exploradores, oficiais da marinha e cônsules britânicos analisei as narrativas de viagem, relatórios enviados ao Foreign Office e artigos publicados em revistas mantidas por associações científicas da época. O segundo grupo de documentos corresponde a três jornais publicados em Lagos entre os anos de 1881 e 1900, a saber: The Lagos Observer, The Lagos Weekly Record e o periódico oficial do governo colonial britânico, The Government Gazette. A leitura destas fontes revelou aspectos importantes acerca da participação dos brasileiros na sociedade lagosiana da segunda metade do século XIX. O terceiro compêndio de fontes é formado por relatórios anuais elaborados pela administração colonial da cidade e reunidos sob a denominação de Blue Books. Este conjunto de registros trata dos mais diferentes assuntos relacionados ao governo britânico operado na cidade e constitui importante fonte para análise acerca da maneira como os brasileiros eram representados pelo governo colonial. A partir destes três conjuntos de documentos tornou-se possível perceber as formas como os signos de pertencimento que definiam as identidades dos brasileiros foram elaborados a partir do contato, das trocas e das disputas entre os demais componentes sociais existentes na cidade de Lagos oitocentista. Palavras-chave: 1. Brasileiros em Lagos; 2. Nigéria; 3. Colonização britânica; 4. Jornais de Lagos; 5. África ocidental. 10 ABSTRACT The Brazilians established in Lagos developed shifting identities which were reshaped in response to the presented contexts throughout
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