Utilisation of Chick Embryo Chorioallantoic Membrane As a Model Platform for Imaging-Navigated Biomedical Research
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3 Embryology and Development
BIOL 6505 − INTRODUCTION TO FETAL MEDICINE 3. EMBRYOLOGY AND DEVELOPMENT Arlet G. Kurkchubasche, M.D. INTRODUCTION Embryology – the field of study that pertains to the developing organism/human Basic embryology –usually taught in the chronologic sequence of events. These events are the basis for understanding the congenital anomalies that we encounter in the fetus, and help explain the relationships to other organ system concerns. Below is a synopsis of some of the critical steps in embryogenesis from the anatomic rather than molecular basis. These concepts will be more intuitive and evident in conjunction with diagrams and animated sequences. This text is a synopsis of material provided in Langman’s Medical Embryology, 9th ed. First week – ovulation to fertilization to implantation Fertilization restores 1) the diploid number of chromosomes, 2) determines the chromosomal sex and 3) initiates cleavage. Cleavage of the fertilized ovum results in mitotic divisions generating blastomeres that form a 16-cell morula. The dense morula develops a central cavity and now forms the blastocyst, which restructures into 2 components. The inner cell mass forms the embryoblast and outer cell mass the trophoblast. Consequences for fetal management: Variances in cleavage, i.e. splitting of the zygote at various stages/locations - leads to monozygotic twinning with various relationships of the fetal membranes. Cleavage at later weeks will lead to conjoined twinning. Second week: the week of twos – marked by bilaminar germ disc formation. Commences with blastocyst partially embedded in endometrial stroma Trophoblast forms – 1) cytotrophoblast – mitotic cells that coalesce to form 2) syncytiotrophoblast – erodes into maternal tissues, forms lacunae which are critical to development of the uteroplacental circulation. -
Te2, Part Iii
TERMINOLOGIA EMBRYOLOGICA Second Edition International Embryological Terminology FIPAT The Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology A programme of the International Federation of Associations of Anatomists (IFAA) TE2, PART III Contents Caput V: Organogenesis Chapter 5: Organogenesis (continued) Systema respiratorium Respiratory system Systema urinarium Urinary system Systemata genitalia Genital systems Coeloma Coelom Glandulae endocrinae Endocrine glands Systema cardiovasculare Cardiovascular system Systema lymphoideum Lymphoid system Bibliographic Reference Citation: FIPAT. Terminologia Embryologica. 2nd ed. FIPAT.library.dal.ca. Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology, February 2017 Published pending approval by the General Assembly at the next Congress of IFAA (2019) Creative Commons License: The publication of Terminologia Embryologica is under a Creative Commons Attribution-NoDerivatives 4.0 International (CC BY-ND 4.0) license The individual terms in this terminology are within the public domain. Statements about terms being part of this international standard terminology should use the above bibliographic reference to cite this terminology. The unaltered PDF files of this terminology may be freely copied and distributed by users. IFAA member societies are authorized to publish translations of this terminology. Authors of other works that might be considered derivative should write to the Chair of FIPAT for permission to publish a derivative work. Caput V: ORGANOGENESIS Chapter 5: ORGANOGENESIS -
Mechanism of Wound-Healing Activity of Hippophae Rhamnoides L. Leaf Extract in Experimental Burns
Hindawi Publishing Corporation Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine Volume 2011, Article ID 659705, 9 pages doi:10.1093/ecam/nep189 Original Article Mechanism of Wound-Healing Activity of Hippophae rhamnoides L. Leaf Extract in Experimental Burns Nitin K. Upadhyay,1 Ratan Kumar,1 M. S. Siddiqui,2 and Asheesh Gupta1 1 Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Science, DRDO, Delhi 110054, India 2 Department of Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, Delhi 110062, India Correspondence should be addressed to Asheesh Gupta, [email protected] Received 20 July 2009; Accepted 19 October 2009 Copyright © 2011 Nitin K. Upadhyay et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The present investigation was undertaken to evaluate the healing efficacy of lyophilized aqueous leaf extract of Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L., family Elaeagnaceae) (SBT) and to explore its possible mechanism of action on experimental burn wounds in rats. The SBT extract, at various concentrations, was applied topically, twice daily for 7 days. Treatment with silver sulfadiazine (SSD) ointment was used as reference control. The most effective concentration of the extract was found to be 5.0% (w/w) for burn wound healing and this was further used for detailed study. The SBT-treated group showed faster reduction in wound area in comparison with control and SSD-treated groups. The topical application of SBT increased collagen synthesis and stabilization at the wound site, as evidenced by increase in hydroxyproline, hexosamine levels and up-regulated expression of collagen type-III. -
The Evolving Cardiac Lymphatic Vasculature in Development, Repair and Regeneration
REVIEWS The evolving cardiac lymphatic vasculature in development, repair and regeneration Konstantinos Klaourakis 1,2, Joaquim M. Vieira 1,2,3 ✉ and Paul R. Riley 1,2,3 ✉ Abstract | The lymphatic vasculature has an essential role in maintaining normal fluid balance in tissues and modulating the inflammatory response to injury or pathogens. Disruption of normal development or function of lymphatic vessels can have severe consequences. In the heart, reduced lymphatic function can lead to myocardial oedema and persistent inflammation. Macrophages, which are phagocytic cells of the innate immune system, contribute to cardiac development and to fibrotic repair and regeneration of cardiac tissue after myocardial infarction. In this Review, we discuss the cardiac lymphatic vasculature with a focus on developments over the past 5 years arising from the study of mammalian and zebrafish model organisms. In addition, we examine the interplay between the cardiac lymphatics and macrophages during fibrotic repair and regeneration after myocardial infarction. Finally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting the cardiac lymphatic network to regulate immune cell content and alleviate inflammation in patients with ischaemic heart disease. The circulatory system of vertebrates is composed of two after MI. In this Review, we summarize the current complementary vasculatures, the blood and lymphatic knowledge on the development, structure and function vascular systems1. The blood vasculature is a closed sys- of the cardiac lymphatic vasculature, with an emphasis tem responsible for transporting gases, fluids, nutrients, on breakthroughs over the past 5 years in the study of metabolites and cells to the tissues2. This extravasation of cardiac lymphatic heterogeneity in mice and zebrafish. -
Lymphangiogenesis and Angiogenesis During Human Fetal
Roost et al. Vascular Cell 2014, 6:22 http://www.vascularcell.com/content/6/1/22 VASCULAR CELL RESEARCH Open Access Lymphangiogenesis and angiogenesis during human fetal pancreas development Matthias S Roost1, Liesbeth van Iperen1, Ana de Melo Bernardo1, Christine L Mummery1, Françoise Carlotti2, Eelco JP de Koning2,3 and Susana M Chuva de Sousa Lopes1,4* Abstract Background: The complex endocrine and exocrine functionality of the human pancreas depends on an efficient fluid transport through the blood and the lymphatic vascular systems. The lymphatic vasculature has key roles in the physiology of the pancreas and in regulating the immune response, both important for developing successful transplantation and cell-replacement therapies to treat diabetes. However, little is known about how the lymphatic and blood systems develop in humans. Here, we investigated the establishment of these two vascular systems in human pancreas organogenesis in order to understand neovascularization in the context of emerging regenerative therapies. Methods: We examined angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis during human pancreas development between 9 and 22 weeks of gestation (W9-W22) by immunohistochemistry. Results: As early as W9, the peri-pancreatic mesenchyme was populated by CD31-expressing blood vessels as well as LYVE1- and PDPN-expressing lymphatic vessels. The appearance of smooth muscle cell-coated blood vessels in the intra-pancreatic mesenchyme occurred only several weeks later and from W14.5 onwards the islets of Langerhans also became heavily irrigated by blood vessels. In contrast to blood vessels, LYVE1- and PDPN-expressing lymphatic vessels were restricted to the peri-pancreatic mesenchyme until later in development (W14.5-W17), and some of these invading lymphatic vessels contained smooth muscle cells at W17. -
The Rediscovery of the Lymphatic System: Old and New Insights Into the Development and Biological Function of the Lymphatic Vasculature
Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on October 4, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press REVIEW The rediscovery of the lymphatic system: old and new insights into the development and biological function of the lymphatic vasculature Guillermo Oliver1,3 and Michael Detmar2,3 1Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee 38105, USA; 2Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA The lymphatic system is composed of a vascular net- control lymphatic development and function. These work of thin-walled capillaries that drain protein-rich findings include the identification of specific genetic de- lymph from the extracellular spaces within most organs. fects in certain hereditary diseases that are associated A continuous single-cell layer of overlapping endothelial with lymphatic hypoplasia and dysfunction (i.e., lymph- cells lines the lymphatic capillaries, which lack a con- edemas; Milroy 1892; Meige 1898), and evidence that tinuous basement membrane and are, therefore, highly malignant tumors can directly activate lymphangiogen- permeable. Lymph returns to venous circulation via the esis and lymphatic metastasis (Karpanen et al. 2001; larger lymphatic collecting vessels, which contain a Mandriota et al. 2001; Skobe et al. 2001a; Stacker et al. muscular and adventitial layer, and the thoracic duct. 2001). The lymphatic system also includes lymphoid organs such as the lymph nodes, tonsils, Peyer’s patches, spleen, -
Has a Role in Cardiovascular and Placental Development and Is a Binding Partner of the Α4 Integrin
Abl-interactor-1 (Abi1) has a role in cardiovascular and placental development and is a binding partner of the α4 integrin Colleen Ringa,1, Mark H. Ginsbergb, Jacob Halingb, and Ann Marie Pendergasta,1 aDepartment of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710; and bDepartment of Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093 Edited* by Stephen P. Goff, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, and approved November 30, 2010 (received for review August 19, 2010) Dynamic signals linking the actin cytoskeleton and cell adhesion properties among integrin subunits in that α4 predominantly receptors are essential for morphogenesis during development accumulates at the leading edge of migrating cells, rather than at and normal tissue homeostasis. Abi1 is a central regulator of actin focal adhesions. Moreover, α4 expression is associated with polymerization through interactions with multiple protein com- protrusive activity and enhanced cell migration; however, the plexes. However, the in vivo role of Abi1 remains to be defined. pathways that link α4 integrin to the actin-regulatory machinery The α4 integrin adhesion receptor is associated with enhanced at the leading edge have remained elusive. Here we identify Abi1 protrusive activity and regulation of directional cell migration. as a target of α4 integrin that positively regulates membrane Among integrin subunits, α4 exhibits unique properties in that it protrusion by promoting actin polymerization at sites of integrin predominantly accumulates at the leading edge of migrating cells; engagement. however, the pathways that link the actin-regulatory machinery to The Abi family proteins, Abi1 and Abi2, were originally id- α4 at the leading edge have remained elusive. -
Lymphatic Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Laura Alderfer1, Alicia Wei1 and Donny Hanjaya-Putra1,2,3,4,5,6*
Alderfer et al. Journal of Biological Engineering (2018) 12:32 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13036-018-0122-7 REVIEW Open Access Lymphatic Tissue Engineering and Regeneration Laura Alderfer1, Alicia Wei1 and Donny Hanjaya-Putra1,2,3,4,5,6* Abstract The lymphatic system is a major circulatory system within the body, responsible for the transport of interstitial fluid, waste products, immune cells, and proteins. Compared to other physiological systems, the molecular mechanisms and underlying disease pathology largely remain to be understood which has hindered advancements in therapeutic options for lymphatic disorders. Dysfunction of the lymphatic system is associated with a wide range of disease phenotypes and has also been speculated as a route to rescue healthy phenotypes in areas including cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and neurological conditions. This review will discuss lymphatic system functions and structure, cell sources for regenerating lymphatic vessels, current approaches for engineering lymphatic vessels, and specific therapeutic areas that would benefit from advances in lymphatic tissue engineering and regeneration. Keywords: Lymphangiogenesis, Tissue Engineering, Disease Modeling, Wound Healing, Lymphedema, Stem Cells, Biomaterials, Interstitial Fluid, Regeneration I. Introduction to the Lymphatic System and its role Interstitial fluid (IF) is a plasma filtrate that is generated Function by transcapillary filtration and is governed by Starling The lymphatic system is nearly ubiquitous in the human forces, the net difference between hydrostatic and body, present in all tissues except the epidermis, cartil- osmotic pressures, at the microcirculatory level [9]. In age, eye lens, cornea, retina, and bone marrow [1, 2]. order to maintain fluid homeostasis, lymph formation in The main functions of the lymphatic system include the initial lymphatic vessels must be balanced by the net fluid homeostasis and interstitial fluid drainage, immune flux of plasma being filtered out [4]. -
Equine Placenta – Marvelous Organ and a Lethal Weapon
Equine placenta – marvelous organ and a lethal weapon Malgorzata Pozor, DVM, PhD, Diplomate ACT Introduction Placenta has been defined as: „an apposition between parent (usually maternal) and fetal tissue in order to establish physiological exchange” (1). Another definition of this important organ was proposed by Steven and Morris: „a device consisting of one or more transport epithelia located between fetal and maternal blood supply” (2). The main function of placenta is to provide an interface between the dam and the the fetus and to allow the metabolic exchange of the the nutrients, oxygen and waste material. The maternal circulation is brought into a close apposition to the fetal circulation, while a separation of these two circulatory systems remain separated (3). A degree and complexity of this „intimate relationship” varies greately between species mostly due to the structural diversity of the extraembryonic membranes of the vertebrates. The early feto-maternal exchange in the equine pregnancy is established as early as on day 22 after fertilization. The fetal and choriovitellin circulations are already present, the capsule ruptures and the allantois is already visible (4). The allantois starts expanding by day 32 and vascularizes approximately 90% of the chorion and fuses with it to form chorioallantois by day 38 of gestation (5). The equine placenta continues increasing its complexity till approximately day 150 of gestation. Equids have epitheliochorial placenta, there are six leyers separating maternal and fetal circulation, and there are no erosion of the luminal, maternal epithelium, like in ruminants (6). Thousands of small chorionic microvilli develop and penetrate into endometrial invaginations. -
COMMENTARY the First Evidence of the Tumor-Induced Angiogenesis in Vivo by Using the Chorioallantoic Membrane Assay Dated 1913
Leukemia (2004) 18, 1350–1351 & 2004 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 0887-6924/04 $30.00 www.nature.com/leu COMMENTARY The first evidence of the tumor-induced angiogenesis in vivo by using the chorioallantoic membrane assay dated 1913 Domenico Ribatti1 1Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy Leukemia (2004) 18, 1350–1351. doi:10.1038/sj.leu.2403411 tional characterization of the immune system in the chick Published online 17 June 2004 embryo. Early lymphoid cells deriving from the yolk sac and spleen are usually recognizable in the thymus on day 8 and in Virchow, the founder of pathological anatomy, drew attention to the bursa of Fabricius on day 11.6 Thymus cells are present by the huge number of blood vessels in a tumor mass as long ago as day 11 and cell-mediated immunity has been demonstrated by 1865. Tumor vascularization was first studied systematically by day 13–14.7 The chick embryo and the nude mouse are 1 Goldman, who described the vasoproliferative response of the immunological incompetent hosts and do not reject tissues organ in which a tumor develops as follows: ‘The normal blood from a foreign source. Indeed, the chick embryo cannot mount vessels of the organs in which the tumor is developing are an ‘immune’ response to foreign tumor cells until well after day disturbed by chaotic growth, there is a dilatation and spiralling 12, but it can respond to tumor cells by infiltration of monocytes of the affected vessels, marked capillary budding and new vessel and inflammatory-like cells such as avian heterophils. -
From Trophoblast to Human Placenta
From Trophoblast to Human Placenta (from The Encyclopedia of Reproduction) Harvey J. Kliman, M.D., Ph.D. Yale University School of Medicine I. Introduction II. Formation of the placenta III. Structure and function of the placenta IV. Complications of pregnancy related to trophoblasts and the placenta Glossary amnion the inner layer of the external membranes in direct contact with the amnionic fluid. chorion the outer layer of the external membranes composed of trophoblasts and extracellular matrix in direct contact with the uterus. chorionic plate the connective tissue that separates the amnionic fluid from the maternal blood on the fetal surface of the placenta. chorionic villous the final ramification of the fetal circulation within the placenta. cytotrophoblast a mononuclear cell which is the precursor cell of all other trophoblasts. decidua the transformed endometrium of pregnancy intervillous space the space in between the chorionic villi where the maternal blood circulates within the placenta invasive trophoblast the population of trophoblasts that leave the placenta, infiltrates the endo– and myometrium and penetrates the maternal spiral arteries, transforming them into low capacitance blood channels. Sunday, October 29, 2006 Page 1 of 19 From Trophoblasts to Human Placenta Harvey Kliman junctional trophoblast the specialized trophoblast that keep the placenta and external membranes attached to the uterus. spiral arteries the maternal arteries that travel through the myo– and endometrium which deliver blood to the placenta. syncytiotrophoblast the multinucleated trophoblast that forms the outer layer of the chorionic villi responsible for nutrient exchange and hormone production. I. Introduction The precursor cells of the human placenta—the trophoblasts—first appear four days after fertilization as the outer layer of cells of the blastocyst. -
1 the Evolution of Endocrine
THE EVOLUTION OF ENDOCRINE EXTRAEMBRYONIC MEMBRANES; A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF STEROIDOGENESIS AND STEROID SIGNALING IN THE CHORIOALLANTOIC MEMBRANE OF OVIPAROUS AMNIOTES By LORI CRUZE ALBERGOTTI A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2011 1 © 2011 Lori Cruze Albergotti 2 Ken, I will be forever grateful for your love and support. 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I would like to thank Lou Guillette for his generous financial, technical and emotional support. Lou has taught me that being a scientist is the opportunity to be a detective in pursuit of answers to an intriguing question, and this pursuit requires not only an analytical mind, but also a creative one. I thank Lou for giving me this opportunity and for his endless guidance and encouragement, and last but not least for his friendship. I could not have asked for a better graduate experience and I am convinced that this has everything to do with having Lou as an advisor and Bernie, Colette, Marty and Malcolm as committee members. I would like to thank Bernie for pushing me outside of my comfort zone, for encouraging me to think broadly about my research, and for his willingness to provide lab assistance. Thank you to Colette for lending statistical and experimental design expertise, for pushing me to think about the big picture of my research, and for always believing in me. I would like to thank Marty for expanding my understanding of evolution and development, for allowing me the amazing opportunity to teach with him, and for making his lab available to me.