MASARYK UNIVERSITY Structure and Origins of English Cycling

Home , Artistic cycling, Cycling shorts, Cyclocomputer, Randonneuring, Visual dictionary

MASARYK UNIVERSITY

Faculty of Education

Department of English Language and Literature

Structure and Origins of

English Cycling Terminology

Final Thesis

Brno 2012

Supervisor: Written by:

Mgr. Radek Vogel, Ph.D. Mgr. Olga Šinkovská

Declaration:

I declare that I have compiled this final thesis by myself and that I have used only the sources listed in the bibliography.

In Hradec Králové, 1st May 2012

Mgr. Olga Šinkovská

……………………………..

Acknowledgement: I would like to thank Mgr. Radek Vogel, Ph.D. for his help, comments and advice that he provided me throughout the work as my supervisor.

Contents

1. Introduction ...... 6 2. Theoretical part ...... 7 2.1 Definition of basic linguistic units ...... 7 2.2 The sources of the lexicon...... 7 2.3 Semantic relations ...... 10 2.4 The structure of the lexicon ...... 14 3. Practical part...... 16 3.1 Cycling ...... 16 3.2 Compilation of Glossary of terms ...... 17 3.3 Cycling terminology ...... 18 3.4 Analysis ...... 21 3.4.1 Formal criterion ...... 22 3.4.2 Semantic criterion ...... 25 3.4.3 Etymological criterion ...... 28 4. Conclusion...... 30 References ...... 32

Appendix

Appendix A: Glossary of cycling

Appendix B: Practical exercises

1. Introduction

The final thesis Structure and Origins of English Cycling Terminology analyses a selected sample of English cycling vocabulary according to historical origin, semantics and word- formation. I shall also present a practical glossary of selected terms that describe the parts of a bicycle, ancillary equipment (including specialist clothing) and words associated with racing. The glossary and practical exercises in the annex may prove useful tools for teachers seeking materials to expand students´ sport vocabulary.

Cycling as a sport discipline is not a random choice. Racing and recreational cycling are worldwide pursuits and the sport is gaining popularity in the Czech Republic too. It is an ideal sport for all ages and also offers an environmentally friendly mode of transport to school or to work.

The theoretical part of the thesis defines the basic lexical terms and introduces the word- formation processes, semantics, etymology and lexicography. My bibliography for the compilation of the theoretical section includes: English Lexicology (Peprník), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (Crystal), Words, Meaning and Vocabulary (Jackson, Amvela). For the compilation of the glossary terms, I referred to: Moderní anglicko-český slovník sportovních výrazů (Heřmanský), European Cycling Lexicon, Sport texts (Engelová et al.) and Glossary of Cycling available in Wikipedia.

The practical part introduces cycling as a sport. The section divides cycling terminology into several categories (the bicycle and its parts, cycling disciplines and types of cycling races, cycling equipment, racing terminology and health and body phenomena). The cycling lexicon is further analysed from three different perspectives - formal, etymological and semantic.

The aim of this thesis is also to show a very significant role of sport terminologies which are adding many jargon terms and expressions of the figurative language to the English lexicon. They are fast developing terminologies bringing variety, humour and flavour to the language.

2. Theoretical part

2.1 Definition of basic linguistic units

The lexicon of a language is its vocabulary and lexicology is a branch of linguistics which studies the whole stock of words in the given language. Lexicology relies on information derived from morphology, semantics and etymology.

According to Crystal (Introducing Linguistics 43-44) lexeme (also lexical item) is to be considered the minimal distinctive unit in the lexicon. The introduction of such a term avoids the ambiguity of the term word. A lexeme can consist of more than one word, as in such phrasal verbs as pass away, look after and clusters as keep an eye out for or drop someone a line. “Also, a lexeme is an abstract notion, subsuming a range of variant forms (each of which is a word): go, for example, subsumes gone, went, going, and goes.” (Crystal, An Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Language and Languages 226)

Word and lexeme are for lexicology two fundamental terms. Peprník (4) further classifies words into full (or content) words and grammatical (or structure) words. Grammatical elements include auxiliary verb, copula, conjunction, determiner, pronoun, particle. They create a closed system which is rarely enriched with new items.

2.2 The sources of the lexicon

Native vocabulary

Many English lexemes arrived in the British Isles with the Germanic tribes and have never fallen out of use. They comprise a relatively small part of the modern English lexicon but they are the most used words. Anglo-Saxon words are generally short and concrete and they are both grammatical and lexical. Crystal claims that in the corpus of Brown University, which comprises a million words of written American English, Anglo-Saxon items were the one hundred most frequently used words. However, there were a few exceptions which were Scandinavian loans (such as they and are). There is nothing from Romance sources until items

105 (just) and 107 (people). (Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English language 124)

The process of borrowing

“When one language takes lexemes from another, the new items are usually called loan words or borrowings.” (Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English language 126) English have always welcomed foreign words and it is estimated that over 120 languages from all over the world have been sources of present-day English vocabulary. It is estimated that over 70% of vocabulary of Modern English are loan words. The borrowing began soon after the Anglo-Saxons arrived. There were very few Celtic loans during that period. “Only a handful of Celtic words were borrowed at that time, and just a few have survived into modern English, sometimes in regional dialect use.” (Jackson, Amvela 37)

Latin has been a major influence on English from the Germanic period up to modern times. Many words entered the English lexicon especially after the arrival of Christianity (around 600 AD). The Viking invasion alone resulted in about 2,000 Scandinavian words coming into English. Peprník (52) states that “since the languages spoken in Scandinavia were much closer to Old English than Modern Danish and Norwegian are to modern English, and many words in all three languages were identical – there were no communication problems between the English and the Norse conquerors and settlers”.

After the Norman Conquest, the influx of words from the continent of Europe, especially French, doubled the size of lexicon to over 100,000 items. “The influence of the Romance language was so strong that the synthetic English language changed into analytical. “In 1298 the chronicler Robert of Gloucester wrote that he who does not know French, is not esteemed in England” (Peprník 53). French continues to be the largest supplier of words till today. By the end of Renaissance, the growth in classically-derived vocabulary, especially from Latin, had doubled the size of the lexicon again. These periods represent the peak of borrowing activity in the history of English, but such trend continued during later centuries.

Jackson and Amvela remark that “the simultaneous borrowings of French and Latin words led to a highly distinctive feature of modern English vocabulary”. It is presented in lexical triplets, which express the same notion but can slightly differ in meaning or style, e.g. ask, question, interrogate; king, royal, regal.

Among other significant sources belonged Greek, German, Dutch, Italian and Spanish.

Processes in word building

“Most English vocabulary arises by making new lexemes out of old ones – either by adding an affix to previously existing forms, altering their word class, or combining them to produce compounds.” (Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English language 128). They are the processes of derivation, conversion and compounding.

Derivation forms a new vocabulary item out of an existing one by the addition of a derivational affix. For example employ/ employment or shame/shameless. Lexical items can change their word class without adding any suffixes to the original lexemes and this process is called conversion or zero derivation. These changes apply most frequently to nouns, verbs and adjectives. Jackson, Amvela (87) add that “sometimes a word consisting of two or more syllables may undergo a change of word class, with the only indicator being a change in the stress pattern” - ´permit, ´reject (nouns) and per´mit, re´ject (verbs).

Compounds are lexemes consisting of more than one stems. There are different types of classification of compounds, e.g. subordinate and coordinate compounds, classification of attributive-type compounds, endocentric and exocentric compounds. (Hladký, Růžička 59-60) Compounding is for English a very powerful word building process and a trend towards increased use of compounds can be noticed. “Compounds provide us with new ways to refer to the same information, as well as condense the information” (Hatch, Brown 192). Therefore, they are used in newspaper headlines, advertisements, announcements and in terminologies.

Abbreviation

Not only compounds are valued for their linguistic economy and among other word- formation processes, which can come under the heading of shortening, belong clipping, initialisms, acronyms, and blends. Crystal points out that “often thought to be an exclusively modern habit, the fashion for abbreviations can be traced back over 150 years. (Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English language 120). Abbreviated forms may help to create a sense of social identity, shortened forms very often become very catching and “sometimes

9 euphemism may be involved, as with BO and VD for “body odour” and “Veneral Disease”. (Jackson, Amvela 102)

Neologisms

The English lexicon is also being enlarged by newly created lexemes – neologisms. There may be different motives for producing a neologism, for example a new invention or discovery, an effort to replace foreign words by domestic ones or to increase the prestige of an occupation. (Peprník 49)

2.3 Semantic relations

“The vocabulary is said to be organized into a number of partially overlapping semantic fields. A semantic field contains words that belong to a defined area of meaning. The field then becomes the context within which to establish meaning relations” (Jackson, Amvela 107) Synonymy and antonymy refer to the relations of sameness and oppositeness of meaning, hyponymy and meronymy refer to hierarchical relations between words.

Polysemy

Polysemy refers to a word that has two or more similar meanings. Senses of the same word are seldom ambiguous in context, but the less specific the context, the greater the possibility of ambiguity. Polysemy is an example of the economizing tendency in the language, it makes use of existing forms and gives them new meanings on the basis of identity or similarity. (Peprník 15)

Common words are often adapted for terminological purposes, they are given new meanings. For example the lexeme board has 15 different meanings listed in Farlex´s The Free Dictionary and 6 of them for sports (scoreboard, tote board, boards, diving board, surfboard, snowboard).

Synonymy

English is a language very rich in pairs of synonyms – words or phrases which have the same or nearly the same meaning as another word or phrase. It is due to its history – borrowings from other languages, especially from French and Latin. For example ask for (OE) – request (F), din (OE) – commotion (L). Words from Old English are usually shorter and colloquial, while their Latin or French synonyms tend to be longer and more formal. Peprník (16) adds that “well-developed synonymy contributes to greater notional precision as well as to stylistic variety, and last but not least it removes the need of repetition of one and the same word in a context.”

There are few absolute synonyms, such as Czech terms basketbal - košíková or English words spelling – orthography, bidon – water bottle, dated – out of date; when we speak of synonyms, we usually mean partial synonymy, “where we identify not only a significant overlap in meaning between two words, but also some contexts at least where they cannot substitute for each other.” (Jackson, Amvela 109)

Antonymy

Antonyms are words with opposite meanings. They play an important role in English vocabulary, especially in the adjective word class. There are morphologically unrelated antonyms, such as death - life, borrow - lend, up - down, slowly - quickly, but English also derives antonyms using reversive prefixes and suffixes – un-, in-, dis- or -less, -full.

Hyponymy and meronymy

While referring to the same entity, some words have a more specific meaning and others a more general meaning. Peprník (19) defines hyponym as “a word or lexeme with a more narrow or more specific meaning that comes under another wider or more general meaning.” Eg. spruce is a hyponym of plant.

A meronym denotes a constituent part of, or a member of something. For example stomach is a meronym of body, because a stomach is a part of a body. Similarly, wheel is a meronym of bicycle. Meronymy is the opposite of holonymy, so bicycle is a holonym of wheel, of saddle, of crossbar. (Cruse 160)

Changes of meaning

When a new, additional meaning is given to the existing lexical form, we talk about semantic change or semantic shift. Very frequently the old and the new meaning coexist side by side and sometimes the modern meaning can be radically different from the original usage. Palmer (9) adds that “the study of change of meaning can be fascinating” but at the same time states that” there can be no true or original meaning since human language stretches back too far.” (Palmer 11).

From the aspect of logic, Peprník (24) distinguishes these four particularly important categories:

1. widening of the meaning 2. narrowing of the meaning 3. branching 4. transfer of meaning

Metaphor, metonymy and synecdoche are three types of transfer of meaning. They are frequently used to create specialized terms in newly developing terminologies which sports terminologies certainly belong to. They add flavour to the language and avoid the drawback of repetition.

Metaphor means the transferring of words based on exterior similarities, it can concern shape, colour, location, function, extent. Many sports contribute metaphors to the language, for example hat trick (any sequence of three successes), to be on a sticky wicket (in a difficult position) or to be stumped (unable to think of an answer). All these expressions originated from the language of cricket and later became part of the general English. (Rundell).

Metonymy works by the associations between two concepts. “The name of an attribute of a thing is used instead of the thing itself” (Peprník 33), e.g. Hollywood is used as a metonym referring to the film industry. Names of sports teams can be used in place of its individual members, e.g. The White Socks have been throwing the ball really well. The name of the location can refer to the organization, e.g. Berkeley has won the game.

Synecdoche is sometimes regarded as a special type of metonymy and in this figure of speech a part is used to represent the whole, e.g. describing a complete vehicle as wheels and the whole is used to mean a part, e.g. Leeds defeated Manchester. (Peprník 34)

Social differences

Special vocabularies are associated with occupations and with amateur activities. Professionalisms can be found in jargons of students, sportsmen, soldiers, actors, musicians, but they are also connected with activities such as crime, drug addiction and homosexuality. The vocabulary often includes informal and slang words. (Peprník 40) According to Jackson, Amvela (149) “the term jargon often has a pejorative connotation”. And in many cases this causes a barrier to communication with those not familiar with the language of the field. Such an obstacle to our understanding, most notably in advertising or politics, can lead to the hiding of uncertainties and inadequacies and there have been various campaigns for Plain English in recent years. (Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English language 174)

Sport and its terminologies comprise numerous examples of jargon expressions. Such as bidon, hunger knock or rollers from cycling, tutu, plié and frappé from ballet or biscuit, laser, sin bin from ice-hockey terminology. Crystal (The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English language 174) claims that such shared linguistic experience shows professional awareness, creates social unity, and adds tempo, variety and humour to speech.

Hunger knock, hitting the wall, bonking are slang expressions for completely running out of energy on a long ride, words popping, exploding, detonating, blowing up refer to a rider who has gone into oxygen debt and loses ability to maintain pace. These examples show great variety and originality of cycling terminology.

jargon term explanation bidon a water bottle knock running out of energy on a long ride rollers a type of trainers composed of rolling cylinders tutu the classic ballet skirt plié a smooth and continuous bending of the knee frappé hitting the floor or an ankle with a moving foot biscuit the puck laser a very hard and extremely accurate shot sin bin the penalty box

Table 1. Jargon terms from sports terminologies and their explanations

2.4 The structure of the lexicon

Dictionaries

Dictionary is a reference book providing information about phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, context, spelling, etymology and usage. The branch of linguistics which is concerned with writing or compiling dictionaries is called lexicography.

“In seeking guidance about the lexicon of a language, no book is more widely used or appreciated than the traditional dictionary. Its alphabetical organization is – once we have learned to spell – straight-forwardly efficient, and its sense-by-sense entry structure is sensible and succinct.” (Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English language 156)

A macrostructure of a dictionary consists of an overall arrangement of headwords and an individual dictionary entry is called a lemma. A microstructure contains detailed information about dictionary items. Filipec states that microstructure is about association and pervading

14 levels of phonology, orthography, grammar (morphology and syntax), semantics, pragmatics, syntax and etymology. (Manuál lexicografie 23).

The word dictionary usually refers to a monolingual general-purpose dictionary, but there are other types of dictionaries, for instance bilingual (translation) dictionaries or unconventional dictionaries, which suggest different approaches to lexicography. Thesauri wordbooks group lexemes thematically and are unable to see semantic links between words. Such thematic dictionaries reflect the real language system but are less economical.

Samuel Johnson´s A Dictionary of the English Language (1775) represents the first modern English dictionary and remained the standard for over 150 years. The most significant, comprehensive and trusted then became The Oxford English Dictionary, which was completed and released in twelve volumes in 1928. American Noah Webster is the author of An American Dictionary of the English Language. This book, which was completed in 1825, introduced American English spelling and added American words, that did not appear in British dictionaries. (“Dictionary”)

Specialized dictionaries cover the lexicon of a particular subject field or discipline. For studying sports terminology different dictionaries and glossaries can be used. They present an extensive compilation of terms, phrases and acronyms covering the most common vocabulary as well as professional terminology and jargon. The most complex bilingual sports dictionary is Moderní anglicko-český slovník sportovních výrazů compiled by Czech linguist Jaroslav Heřmanský. It includes a wide variety of sports, not just those that are common in the Czech Republic, but also sports typically British and American, such as cricket, bowls and football. It charts the new extreme sports, whose terminology is mostly slang.

Dictionary – Sport, Physical Education, Sport Science compiled by Herbert and Gerald Haag provides a detailed description of the 2000 most relevant sport terms in the English language which are translated into French, German, and Spanish. In a separate CD-ROM the translation is provided in nine other languages including Chinese, Hebrew, Russian or Persian.

Numerous sport dictionaries and glossaries and can be found on the Internet, such as at SportsDefinitions, Sports Dictionary, Merriam Webster´s Visual Dictionary, Sport Spectator, BBC Sport, Wikipedia, Gamerism.

3. Practical part

Oxford Advanced Learner´s Dictionary defines sport or sports as activity that you do for pleasure and that needs physical effort or skill, usually done in a special area and according to fixed rules. This dictionary lists 14 headwords connected with sport and two idiomatic expressions. Etymologically, the term sport comes from O.Fr. desport meaning “pastime, recreation, pleasure”. (“Sport” Online Etymology Dictionary).

3.1 Cycling

History

Beginnings of cycling go back to the 18th century and are mainly associated with inventors from France, Germany and Great Britain. Bicycles were often machines consisting of two wooden wheels joined by a crossbar, the rider saddled the crossbar and then moved the machine by pushing with his feet. Another bicycle which distantly resembled modern bikes was so called penny-farthing bicycle, with a large front wheel and a small rear one. At the end of the 19th century a safety bicycle became very popular. The name suggested that they were safer than the high wheelers they were replacing. And even though modern bicycles use a similar design, the term is rarely used today. (“Bicycle”)

Cycling has been part of the Olympic Games since 1896. One of the most prestigious races- the Tour de France was first held in 1903. The Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), the governing body of the international cycle sport, was formed in 1900. (Engelová et al. 207)

Cycle racing

Along with the development of a bicycle different racing formats evolved. Cycle racing can be divided into road and track racing. “Both categories include a variety of different events over distances ranging from a few hundred metres to several thousand kilometres. Other cycle races are cyclo-cross, mountain-bike racing, cyclo-trial, etc.” (Engelová et al.207)

Bicycle races are popular all over the world, especially in western Europe. The countries most devoted to bicycle racing are Italy, Spain, Belgium, Germany, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. Multi-day road races like Tour de France, Vuelta and Giro d´ Italia attract the most attention from media as well as from fans.

But one does not have to be a racer to enjoy cycling and to benefit from it. People use bicycles to commute to work, to transport cargo or passengers. There are many economic, environmental and health benefits.

3.2 Compilation of Glossary of terms

I have used mainly three book sources and one Internet Wikipedia´s Glossary of Cycling for the compilation of the glossary. The most complex was Moderní anglicko-český slovník sportovních výrazů by Heřmanský. This book provides a very useful tool for anyone interested in sports terminology. The next one was European Cycling Lexicon, a practical illustrated dictionary in 27 languages, including all 23 official EU languages listing cycling vocabulary and useful phrases concerning travelling via bicycle and finally Sport texts by Engelová et al., a study textbook designed for students of the Department of Physical Education. The Internet Glossary of Cycling found in Wikipedia proved to be a very valuable source of slang expressions and terms including racing. For English definitions of cycling terms I referred to Oxford Advanced Learner´s Dictionary (Hornby), online dictionaries: The Free Dictionary, Meriam-Webster Dictionary and Wikipedia´s Glossary of Bicycling.

Harper´s Online Etymology Dictionary and Hoad´s The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology gave the explanation of the origin of English words. Machek´s Etymologický slovník jazyka českého was used for looking up origins of the Czech cycling word stock.

The use of the glossary and practical exercises

The glossary of bicycling attached to this thesis contains a selection of most frequently used terms from cycling terminology. Each glossary entry is provided with a Czech translation, a detailed explanation and data about the etymology of the term. This cycling dictionary could be used as a springboard in order to arouse secondary students´ interest in this highly competitive sport.

Practical exercises contain a picture description, completing of sentences, a word match and a grid. They are aimed at a vocabulary practice and development. The first two exercises were taken from the Bridge magazine, the later ones I created myself.

This glossary and the practical exercises could become a useful tool for further vocabulary practice when expanding students´ sport vocabulary. They are examples of making CLIL (Content and language integrated learning) a reality in the classroom.

3.3 Cycling terminology

Cycling terminology can be divided into several categories.

 bicycle and its parts, e.g. crossbar, frame, handlebars, wheel, chain, brake  accessories, repairs, and tools, e.g. panniers, cyclocomputer, puncture repair kit  cycling disciplines, races, e.g. cyclo-cross, cycle ball, brevet, elimination race, start  cyclist, e.g. climber, pacemaker, servant  items of clothing, e.g. jersey, cycling shorts, shoes, booties, cap  cycling technique, e.g. chase, jump, draft, switch  health and body phenomena, e.g. hunger knock, saddle sore, road rash  racing phenomena, e.g. stage, prime, pit, feeding station  bicycle roads, e.g. bike path, circuit, course, track  individual cases, e.g. puncture, itinerary, energy bar, inflate

Graph 1: Categories of cycling terminology

Category “bicycle and its parts” is the most numerous category including 52 terms. Meronymy of the category ´bicycle´ will demonstrate the part-whole hierarchy of the lexeme bicycle. Table 2. illustrates a meronymy of the category ´bicycle´ and some of its parts, which include the wheels, the frame, and the gearing. All of these main parts consist of further parts: the wheels have tyres and spokes, the frame has a crossbar and a seat stay, the gearing has amongst others a chain and a stick shift.

bicycle

frame wheel gearing

crossbar chain stay seat tube spoke hub rim tyre derailleur sprocket chain

link

steering and seating brakes

fork handlebars saddle cable brake pad

Table 2: Meronymy of the category ´bicycle´

English versus Czech cycling terminology

English term Czech term Origin/direct source of the Czech loan bidon bidon French/French bidon bike, biker bike, biker Greek/English blocking blokování English/ German block collision kolize Latin convoy konvoj French cross-country kros Latin, Norse/ English cyclocomputer cyclocomputer Greek, Latin/ English cyclo-cross cyklokros Greek, Latin/ English domestique domestik Latin dynamo dynamo Greek handicap hendikepový Proto-Germanic, Latin helmet helma French/ Ger. helm itinerary itinerář Latin MTB MTB English pedal pedál Latin peloton peloton French prime prémie Latin prologue prolog Greek pump pumpička Ger. plumpa saddle sedlo Proto-Germanic *sathulaz sprint, sprinter sprint, sprinter Norse spurt spurt German velodrome velodrome French

Table 3. Comparison of English and Czech cycling terminology

Table 3 shows similarity between English and Czech cycling terminology. 25 listed lexemes create 15% of the whole cycling lexicon. It can be seen that six terms entered the Czech lexicon via English and some even gained original pronunciation e.g. biker, kros, MTB. According to Machek´s Etymologický slovník jazyka českého terms such as blokování, helma, pumpička derive their origin directly from German. Origins of the rest of the terms from the table 3, which were not found in Machek´s dictionary, are listed according to Harper´s Online Etymology Dictionary.

3.4 Analysis

Glossary of cycling attached to this work contains 166 lexemes. Lexical units are ordered alphabetically, the most numerous letters are C (31 lexemes), S (27 lexemes), B (20 lexemes) and P (14 lexemes) as shown in graph 2. Under the letter C are included seven expressions derived from the word cycle, such as cycling shoes, cyclist or cyclocomputer. Derivatives from lexemes seat, start, bicycle, break increased the number of words in their categories. The least represented letters are K, O, Q with one word only and letters X, Y and Z are not present.

Glossary terms are going to be analysed from three different perspectives - formal criterion, etymological criterion and semantic criterion.

Graph 2. Numbers of lexemes according to initial letters

3.4.1 Formal criterion

The glossary of cycling contains only two types of word classes – nouns and verbs, there are 142 nouns and 24 verbs listed.

Nouns

All of the nouns are common, there is one example of a common noun derived from a proper noun – jersey, this is its etymological explanation according to Online Etymology Dictionary: jersey comes from Jersey, one of the Channel Islands; its name is said to be a corruption of L. Caesarea, the Roman name for the island, influenced by O.E. ey "island;" but perhaps rather a Viking name (perhaps meaning "Geirr's island") (Online Etymology Dictionary)

Nouns can be further classified as count and noncount. Eleven nouns are uncountable, e.g. suspension, trick cycling, remaining 131 are countable. There are ten animate nouns, e.g. biker, climber, servant or starting judge, the rest of them (93%) are inanimate.

12 % can be considered abstract, e.g. blocking, hunger knock, prime, sprint, and 88% concrete nouns, e.g. bell, fork or servant.

Graph 3: Countable and uncountable nouns

Graph 4: Animate and inanimate nouns

Verbs

The glossary lists 24 verbs, all of them are lexical, dynamic. Four verbs are phrasal (blow up, get off, get on, set off) and one is an idiomatic expression (hit the wall). There are two intransitive verbs (bike, cycle), three transitive verbs (box, chase, overtake). Majority of verbs (79%) can be characterized as ambitransitive.

Graph 5: Transitivity of verbs

Word formation

Derivation

Derivational process influenced 30 lexemes (18%), the most numerous affixes were suffixes --ing e.g. banking, bearing, cycling, slipstreaming, -er e.g. rider, sprinter, trailer. Inflectional suffix -s appeared four times in chain-stays, seat-stays, handlebars and rollers. Others appear individually, such as in- (inflate), dis- (dismount), bi- (bicycle), -ist (cyclist), -ion (suspension), -or (reflector)

Graph 6: Word structure

Compounding

There are 61 compounds present in the glossary, one verb compound – overtake, and 60 noun compounds, which form a very large group within the word class of the nouns. Such a large number (37% of glossary terms) is not surprising in sports terminology, which has the objectives to be explicit and to acquire specialized meanings. They all can be defined as subordinate, attributive - type compounds, formally and semantically endocentric, most of them (43) are open, 10 are solid, e.g. pacemaker, crossbar, and 8 hyphenated, e.g. chain- wheel, water-bottle cage. Majority of compounds consist of two roots and there are only 5 with three elements such as cross-country race or puncture-repair kit. Based on the formal (word-class) criteria, there are three adjective + noun compounds: free wheel, tubular tyre and down tube, the rest belong to noun + noun compounds.

I have found five so called neo-classical compounds: aerotuck, bicycle moto-cross , cyclo- cross , cyclocomputer, velodrome, which are formed from Greek and Latin roots, but the words were constructed in modern times and were never part of the classical languages. I decided to treat them as compounds and not derivatives because their first parts are rather roots than prefixes.

There are 10 derivational compounds, e.g. shock absorber, supporting rider, feeding station, which consist of a compound word and a derivational affix.

BMX and MTB are the only abbreviations present, BMX stands for bicycle moto-cross and MTB for the activity of mountain biking or a mountain bike itself. They are both acronyms pronounced as initialisms.

3.4.2 Semantic criterion

Polysemy

Many lexemes listed in the glossary have multiple meanings, e.g. attack, bell, chain, climb, bar, fork, jersey, kick, link, servant. Lexemes sprint, carrier and rack are examples of polysemous nouns with related senses within cycling terminology. Sprint means 1.the sprint or match sprint is a track cycling event involving between two and four riders, 2.cycling at top speed over short distance. The word carrier is defined as 1.a water-bottle cage, 2.a rack attached to a bicycle. Rack refers to 1.a device attached to a bicycle to which cargo or panniers can be attached, 2.a device attached to a vehicle to which bicycles can be mounted for transport. These additional meanings can give rise to a potential ambiguity which is to be resolved by means of the context.

Synonymy

Synonyms within the cycling glossary can be considered strict synonyms. They are mostly technical terms, describing parts of a bicycle and these terms can be used in any given context without changes of the meaning. Sometimes there are even three terms denoting one phenomenon. Although such redundancy is uneconomical, it is quite common in jargons and technical terminologies. Cycling terminology uses words of different origin, e.g. domestique (from Latin) - servant (from French), luggage carrier (from Scandinavia and Latin) – rack (from Dutch). Pairs of synonyms bidon – water bottle and domestique – supporting rider refer

25 to the fact that words of foreign origin – bidon, domestique have a more specific meaning than their domestic counterparts. In synonymous pairs tubular tyre – tub, gear lever – shifter can be seen that the first lexemes are more technical and the later are more colloquial.

Idioms hit the wall and to have a hunger knock are both examples of slang English and together with synonymous kick and jump represent the only verbs within the glossary.

Spelling variants tyre - tire and tautonyms BrE gear lever – AmE gear shift were not included into the category of synonyms. bidon water bottle brake pad brake block chain-ring chain-wheel cog pinion sprocket crossbar top tube domestique servant supporting rider fender mudguard gear lever shifter stick shift hit the wall have a hunger knock luggage carrier rack nave hub brevet randonneuring sew-up tyre tub tubular tyre slipstreaming drafting kick jump sprint spurt Table 4: Synonyms

Figures of speech

The semantic shift found in the glossary of cycling is metaphor and metonymy. Metaphor means a transfer of meaning on the basis of exterior features. (Peprník 28). It affected approximately 19 lexemes. Many verbs and verbal phrases listed in the glossary are examples of this metaphoric extension. Such similarity often involves function, e.g. jump, kick, pump, attack, blow up, hit the wall and makes the description more powerful. Words as nipple and crankarm transfer the meaning on the basis of shape resemblance.

English term Czech translation Explanation attack pokus o únik to accelerate quickly to box in zavřít jezdce ve skupině to be unable to move ahead of the other riders to blow up vyhořet to lose ability to maintain pace due to an oxygen debt break trhák an attempt to get away from the peloton caravan doprovodná vozidla team cars following the peloton climb jízda do kopce to go uphill climber vrchař(ka) a rider who specializes in riding uphill crankarm klika a bicycle component resembling an arm domestique domestik a supporting rider draft jet v závěsu to ride closely behind another rider in order to take advantage of the slipstream echelon terezín(slang) a diagonal line of riders seeking maximum drafting in a crosswind to hit the wall dostat hlaďák (slang) to run out of energy hunger knock dostat hlaďák (slang) to run out of energy to jump zrychlit to accelerate to kick zrychlit to accelerate nipple matička a bicycle device resembling a nipple pit depo a place where racers can stop for refreshments, new tires during a race to pump šlapat to move quickly servant domestik a supporting rider

Table 5: Examples of metaphor and their explanations

Lexeme jersey belongs to a category called historical (etymological) metonymy. Jersey is one of the Channel Islands where knit products have been made since medieval times. The name of this island – Jersey became a jersey, a term for a knit fabric and in cycling jersey denotes a closely fitting shirt made from this fabric.

3.4.3 Etymological criterion

The most numerous sources of the cycling glossary were Latin (25%), Proto-Germanic (22%) and French (19%) as illustrated in the graph 7.

33 words out of 44 listed in the category of Latin borrowings came to English probably via French language, e.g. station, repair, reflector, mostly during 13th and 14th centuries. Examples of lexemes with Proto-Germanic origin are for example break, ring, feed and start. French provided the cycling lexicon with a considerable number of 32 lexical units, e.g. bidon, brevet, musette, or derailleur.

Borrowing from Old Norse and Dutch, such as e.g. race, gear, bag are included in the group of Scandinavian languages, which provided almost 13% of lexemes. These words are general and became part of common English vocabulary, while many loans of French origin are rather specialized terms. Old English is represented with only 7% of terms, most of them are the common words of the language, such as e.g. bell, shoe, lock and rim.

Greek loans (aero, bicycle, dynamo, energy) are technical terms, prologue was borrowed via Latin and French. German loans, more specifically Low German words, are e.g. spurt, tuck, mud and pump.

Caravan was picked up during the Crusades from Persian word karwan meaning “group of desert travelers” and enriched the English lexicon via French caravane. There are three lexical units which are probably of onomatopoeic, imitative origin – jump, crash and knock. Origins of lexemes hub and sprocket are unknown. Lexeme jersey comes from Jersey, one of the Channel Islands, and it is the only common noun derived from a proper noun in the glossary.

Graph 7: Origins of lexemes

4. Conclusion

My final thesis, Structure and Origins of English Cycling Terminology, is a work analysing a selected sample of cycling vocabulary containing 166 lexemes. They were mostly compiled from Heřmanský´s Moderní anglicko-český slovník sportovních výrazů, European Cycling Lexicon and Wikipedia´s cycling glossary.

These lexical units are ordered alphabetically and placed in the appendix attached to this work. Each term is provided with a Czech translation, a detailed English definition, information about a word class and the etymology of the word. Glossary terms can be divided into several categories of which most are bicycle parts and additional cycling equipment, cycling disciplines, races and racing terminology. The appendix also contains practical exercises aimed at further vocabulary practice. They include word placement, word matching, a grid hiding 20 terms and picture description. The cycling glossary and the practical exercises can equip students when learning curriculum subjects through the medium of English.

The theoretical section starts with the definition of basic linguistic concepts and continues mapping sources of the English lexicon – processes of borrowing and word-building. The work also focuses on semantic changes and the structure of the lexicon. The sources for this section include: English Lexicology (Peprník), The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language (Crystal), Words, Meaning and Vocabulary (Jackson, Amvela).

The practical section analyses the cycling lexicon from three different perspectives – formal, etymological and semantic. Analysis of the number of lexemes according to initial letters shows that the most numerous were the letters C, S and B mostly due to derivatives from the words cycle, seat, start, bicycle and break. The cycling glossary contains only two types of word classes – nouns and verbs. There are 142 nouns and 24 verbs listed. All of the nouns are common with the exception of jersey, which is a common noun derived from a proper noun. Approximately 90% of the nouns can be classified as countable, concrete and inanimate. All verbs present in the glossary are lexical and dynamic and the majority of them can be characterized as ambitransitive. The derivational process influenced 30 lexemes (18%) and the most numerous affixes were suffixes -ing and -er. Compounds form a very large group within the noun word class making 37% of glossary terms. They can all be defined as

30 subordinate, attributive – type compounds, formally and semantically endocentric and the majority of them consist of two bases and are noun + noun compounds.

Latin, Proto-Germanic and French languages were the most important sources of the cycling lexicon followed by Old Norse, Dutch, and Old English. Small groups of words are borrowed from Greek and German sources and a few are onomatopoeic or of unknown origin. Caravan comes from the Persian word carwan and is probably the most exotic example of all lexemes.

Numerous glossary terms are polysemous, e.g. attack, carrier, sprint, fork, servant and also synonymy is a common feature in the cycling terminology. Synonymous lexems are frequently technical terms, e.g. brake pad – brake block, crossbar – top tube and sometimes there are even three terms denoting one phenomenon, such as domestique – servant – supporting rider. These strict synonyms are examples of redundancy of the English language.

The semantic shift found in the glossary of cycling is a metaphor and a metonymy which affected approximately 12% of the glossary terms. Expressions of these figures of speech e.g. pump, jump or hit the wall make the descriptions more powerful and show variability and originality of the cycling terminology.

Cycling is a wonderful individual and team sport that has millions of followers around the world. As more people are becoming cycling enthusiasts, they tend to use this specific cycling terminology comprising many technical, foreign and colloquial terms.

References

"Bicycle." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 29 Sep. 2012. Web. 30 Sep. 2012

Blatná, Renata, and František Čermák. Manuál lexikografie. Jinočany: H&H, 1995. Print.

Cruse, D.A. Lexical Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Print.

Crystal, David. An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Language and Languages. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1992. Print.

Crystal, David. Introducing Linguistics. London: Penguin Group, 1992. Print.

Crystal, David. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Print.

"Dictionary." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 25 Sep. 2012. Web. 30 Sep. 2012.

Engelová, Taťana, et al. Sport texts. Prague: Karolinum, 2002. Print.

European Cycling Lexicon. Belgique: EESC, 2010. Print.

"Glossary of bicycling." Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia, 28 Sep. 2012. Web. 30 Sep. 2012.

“Getting lost!” Bridge, Sep. 2009: 23. Print.

Harper, Douglas. “Sport”, Online Etymology Dictionary. etymonline.com, Web. 29 May 2012.

Hauser, Přemysl. Nauka o slovní zásobě. Praha: SPN, 1980. Print.

Hladký, Josef, and Milan Růžička. A Functional Onomatology of English. Brno: Vydavatelství Masarykovy University, 1996. Print.

Hatch, Evelyn, and Cheryl Brown. Vocabulary, Semantics, and Language Education. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. Print.

Heřmanský, Jaroslav. Moderní anglicko-český slovník sportovních výrazů. Brno: Barrister & Principal, 2003. Print.

Hoad, Terry F. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Etymology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. Print.

Hornby, A. S. Oxford Advanced Learner´s Dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. Print.

Jackson, Howard, and Etienne, Zé Amvela. Words, Meaning and Vocabulary. London: Continuum, 2007. Print.

Machek, Václav. Etymologický slovník jazyka českého. Praha: Nakladatelství Lidové noviny, 2010. Print.

Peprník, Jaroslav. English Lexicology. Olomouc: Universita Palackého, 1992. Print.

Rundell, Michael. “They think it´s all over…”. Macmillan Dictionary blog. 30 Mar. 2011. Web. 3 Nov. 2012.

Resumé

Závěrečná práce English Cycling Terminology je prací analyzující vybraný vzorek slovní zásoby cyklistiky. Teoretická část práce definuje základní lexikální pojmy a zabývá se problematikou tvorby slov, sémantikou, etymologií a lexikografií.

Praktická část kategorizuje cyklistickou slovní zásobu a analyzuje ji z formálního, etymologického a sémantického hlediska. Práce je doplněna abecedně uspořádaným anglicko- českým slovníčkem a cvičeními na procvičení slovní zásoby. cyklistika, kolo, slovníček, slovní zásoba, terminologie

Summary

Final thesis entitled English Cycling Terminology analyses the word-stock of cycling on a selected sample. The theoretical part of the thesis defines the basic lexical terms and introduces the theories behind word-forming processes, semantics, etymology and lexicography.

The practical part categorizes English cycling lexicon and analyses it from three different perspectives - formal, etymological and semantic. The thesis is supplemented by an alphabetically ordered English-Czech Glossary of Cycling and practical exercises aimed at further vocabulary practice. bicycle, cycling, glossary, lexicon, terminology

Appendix

Appendix A: Glossary of cycling

Appendix B: Practical exercises

Appendix A

English-Czech Cycling Glossary

A aerotuck – aerodynamický posed tuck - (n) a body position in which the head is lowered and the thighs held against the chest with the knees bent; aero - comb. from meaning "air, atmosphere," from Gk.; tuck - probably from MLG. tucken ascent - stoupaní

(n) an act of ascending; upward movement; a rising movement; from L. ascendere attack – pokusit se o únik, nástup; pokus o únik fainted a. – fingovaný nástup

(v,n) to quickly accelerate while riding in a pack, or in smaller numbers, with a view to create a gap between yourself and other riders.; from Fr. attaquer axle – osička

(n) pole or pin upon which a wheel revolves; from some combination of OE. eax and ON. öxull

B banking – klopení, náklon trati

(n) bank - a slope or acclivity, from ON. banki bearing – ložisko

(n) a part of a machine that supports a moving part; bear - from PGmc. *beranan bell – zvonek

(n) a hollow metal object, often shaped like a cup, that makes a ringing sound when hit by a small piece of metal inside it; from OE. belle bicycle – (jízdní) kolo; chrono b. kolo pro časovku, cross-country b.krosové kolo, mountain b. horské kolo, road b. silniční kolo, touring b. cestovní kolo, track b. dráhové kolo, women´s/ladies´b. dámské kolo

(n) a vehicle with two wheels in tandem, usually propelled by pedals connected to the rear wheel by a chain, and having handlebars for steering and a saddlelike seat; coined from bi "two" + Gk. kyklos "circle, wheel"

36 bicycle-chain - řetěz

(n) a series of objects connected one after the other, usually in the form of a series of metal rings passing through one another, used either for various purposes requiring a flexible tie with high tensile strength, as for hauling, supporting, or confining; bicycle from Gk. kyklos, chain from OFr. chaeine bicycle moto-cross (also BMX) bikros

(n) stunt riding on rough ground or over an obstacle course on a bicycle; bicycle from Gk. kyklos, motocross from motorcycle + cross-country: motor from L. motor, cross from L.crux bicycle path (also bike path) – cyklistická stezka

(n) a road, way, or track made for a particular purpose; bicycle from Gk. kyklos, path from from WGmc. *patha- bidon (also water bottle) - bidon, plastická láhev na vodu

(n) water bottle; from Fr. bidon bike - hov. kolo; jezdit na kole

(n,v) informal short for bicycle; to ride a bicycle; shortened from bicycle biker – hov. cyklist(k)a

(n) one who rides a bicycle; shortened from bicycle blocking – blokování

(n) riders of one team who set a relatively slow tempo at the front of a group to control the speed, often to the advantage of one of their teammates who may be in a break; from ME. blok box; to box in – zavřít (jezdce v skupině)

(v) to be positioned in a peloton or other pack of riders, regardless of size, such that one is unable to move ahead of the other riders; this usually refers to the sprint where one is unable to improve one‘s finish placing due to the inability to maneuver around other riders; from L. buxes blow up – hov. vyhořet

(v) a rider who has gone into oxygen debt and loses the ability to maintain pace is said to have blown up, variations include popping, exploding and detonating; from PGmc. *blæ-anan

37 booties - návleky na cyklistické boty

(n) fabric shoe covers worn by cyclists to protect their feet from rain; boot from OFr. bote brake – brzda

(n) a device for slowing or stopping a bicycle; from ODu. braeke brake block (also brake pad) – brzdový špalík

(n) a part of a brake holding the brake shoe; brake from ODu. braeke, block from OFr. bloc brake lever - brzdová páčka

(n) are handles usually mounted on the handlebars within easy reach of the rider's hands; they may be distinct or integrated into the shifting mechanism; the brake lever transmits the force applied by the rider through either a mechanical or hydraulic mechanism; brake from ODu. braeke, lever from L. levare brake pad (also brake block) – brzdový špalík

(n) a part of a brake holding the brake shoe; brake from ODu. braeke; pad possibly from LGer. or Flem pad break – únik, trhák

(n) an attempt to get away from the rest of the field in a race; from PGmc. *brekan brevet (also randonneuring) – cyklistický maraton

(n) is a long-distance cycling sport; in randonneuring, riders attempt courses of 200 km or more, passing through predetermined "controls" (checkpoints) every few tens of kilometers; riders aim to complete the course within specified time limits, and receive equal recognition regardless of their finishing order; riders may travel in groups or alone as they wish, and are expected to be self-sufficient between controls; from OFr. brievet

cable – lanko, lanovod

(n) steel or fiber rope; from ML. capulum cap – cyklistická čapka

(n) usually a soft and close-fitting head covering, with a visor; from L. cappa

38 caravan – doprovodná vozidla

(n) the team cars following behind the peloton in support of their racers; from MFr. caravane, picked up during the Crusades from Pers. karwan "group of desert travelers" carrier – 1. nosič na bidon 2. košík, nosič (připevněný na kole)

(n) 1. a water-bottle cage 2. a rack attached to a bicycle; from Fr. carier chain-ring (also chain-wheel) – převodník, přední převodové kolečko

(n) a toothed wheel that meshes with a roller chain to transmit motion; chain from OFr. chaeine, ring from PGmc. *khrengaz chain stays – zadní vidlice

(n) one of the two frame tubes that run horizontally from the bottom bracket shell back to the rear dropouts; chain from OFr. chaeine , stays from MFr.estaie chase – stíhací jízda, stahování náskoku; stíhat, stahovat náskok

(n,v) a group of one or more riders who are ahead of the peloton trying to join the race or stage leader(s); from Fr. chacier chain-wheel (also chain-ring) – převodník, přední převodové kolečko

(n) a toothed wheel that meshes with a roller chain to transmit motion; chain from OFr. chaeine; wheel from from PGmc. *khwekhwlan child seat – dětská sedačka

(n) is a saddle that is designed to be put on a bicycle for children to be transported in; the most common place for child bicycle seats are in the rear of the bicycle; child from PGmc. *kiltham, seat from PGmc. *sæt circuit – okruh, ovál

(n) a circular journey or one beginning and ending at the same place; a round; from L. circuitus cleat – kolík (na podrážce bot)

(n) a projecting piece of metal or hard rubber attached to the underside of a shoe to provide traction; from OE. cleat climb – jízda do kopce; jet do kopce

(n,v) going uphill; from WGmc. *klimbanan

39 climber – vrchař(ka)

(n) a rider who specialises in riding uphill quickly, usually due to having a high power-to- weight ratio; from WGmc. *klimbanan coast – jet; jízda (z kopce) bez šlapání

(v,n) to move without further use of propelling power; from L. costa cog (also pinion, sprocket) – pastorek, zadní převodové kolečko

(n) any of the teeth or projections on the rim of a gearwheel or sprocket; of unkn.orig. but prob. from Scand. collision – kolize

(n) the act or process of colliding; a crash or conflict; from L. collisionem convoy – konvoj (doprovodných vozidel)

(n) a group of motor vehicles, traveling together with a protective escort or for safety or convenience; from OFr. convoier course – trasa, trať

(n) a designated area of land on which a race is held; from L. cursus crank (also crankarm) – klika

(n) one of the two lever components that attach the bottom bracket spindle to a pedal; from OE. cranc crankarm (also crank) – klika (n) one of the two lever components that attach the bottom bracket spindle to a pedal; from OE. cranc, arm from PGmc. *armaz crash – havarovat

(v) to hit another object or another vehicle, causing damage; probably onomatopoeic crossbar (also top tube) – horní rámová trubka, slang štangle

(n) is the main component of a bicycle on to which wheels and other components are fitted; the modern and most common frame design for an upright bicycle is based on the safety bicycle, and consists of two triangles, a main triangle and a paired rear triangle; cross from L. crux, bar from OFr. barre

40 cross-country race – terénní závod

(n) a race on bicycles across a naturally rugged terrain; cross from L. crux, country from L. contra, race from ON. ras cycle – jízdní kolo; jezdit na kole

(n,v) a bicycle; to ride a bicycle, from Gk. kyklos cycle ball – kolová

(n) is a sport similar to football played on bicycles; the two people on each team ride a fixed gear bicycle with no brakes or freewheel; the ball is controlled by the bike and the head, except when defending the goal; cycle from Gk. kyklos, ball from PGmc. *balluz cycling shoes – cyklistické tretry

(n) shoes purpose-built for cycling; cycle from Gk. kyklos, shoe from OE. scoh cycling shorts – cyklistické šortky

(n) are short, skin-tight legwear designed to improve comfort and efficiency while cycling; cycle from Gk. kyklos, shorts from PGmc. *skurta cycling track – cyklistická dráha

(n) is a purpose-built facility for racing of bicycles; cycle from Gk. kyklos, track from OFr. trac cyclist – cyklist(k)a; pursuit.c.stíhač, road-race c. silniční cyklista, track c.dráhový cyklista

(n) one who rides or races a bicycle; cycle from Gk. kyklos cyclocomputer – cyclocomputer

(n) is a device mounted on a bicycle that calculates and displays trip information, similar to the instruments in the dashboard of a car; the computer with display is usually attached to the handlebar for easy viewing; cycle from Gk. kyklos; computer from L. computāre

cyclo-cross - cyklokros

(n) a form of bicycle racing that consists of many laps of a short course featuring pavement, wooded trails, grass, steep hills and obstacles requiring the rider to quickly dismount, carry the bike past some obstacles and remount; cycle from Gk. kyklos, cross from L. crux

derailleur - měnič převodů, přehazovačka hov, front d. přední měnič převodů, rear.d. zadní měnič převodů

(n) a device for shifting gears on a bicycle by moving the chain between sprocket wheels of different sizes; from Fr. dérailler descent - sjezd, jízda z kopce

(n) the act of going downhill; from OFr.descent dismount – sesednout z kola

(v) to get off the bicycle; mount from OFr. munter domestique (also servant, supporting rider) – domestik, nosič vody

(n) a rider on a cycle racing team whose role is to assist the team's designated leaders even if at the expense of his/her own individual performance; from L. domesticus down tube - dolní rámová trubka

(n) the down tube connects the head tube to the bottom bracket shell; down from OE. ofdune, tube from L. tubus draft - vyvážet se, jet v závěsu

(v) to ride closely behind another rider to make maximum use of their slipstream, reducing wind resistance and effort required to ride at the same speed; from OE. *dreaht dynamo – dynamo

(n) is a small electrical generator built into the hub of a bicycle wheel that is usually used to power lights; from Gk. dynamis

E echelon – stupňovitá formace skupiny cyklistů při bočním větru, terezín slang

(n) a line of riders seeking maximum drafting in a crosswind, resulting in a diagonal line across the road; from OFr. eschelon elimination race – vylučovací závod

(n) in bicycle racing it is a form of race wherein during the course of the race, certain participants are eliminated through various criteria; the most common types of elimination

42 races are the Miss and Out and the Win and Out; elimination from L. eliminatus, race from ON. ras energy bar – energetická tyčinka

(n) energy bars are supplemental bars containing cereals and other high energy foods targeted at people that require quick energy but do not have time for a meal; energy from from Gk. energeia, bar from VL. barra

F feeding station – občerstvovací stanoviště

(n) a location along the course of a long race where team personnel hand musettes containing food and beverages to passing riders; feed from PGmc. *fodjan, station from L. stationem fender (also mudguard) – blatník

(n)a term for the part of a bicycle body that frames a wheel well; its primary purpose is to prevent sand, mud, rocks, liquids, and other road spray from being thrown into the air by the rotating tire; from OFr. defendeor fork – vidlice

(n) is the portion of a bicycle that holds the front wheel and allows the rider to steer and balance the bicycle; from L. furca frame – rám

(n) is the main component of a bicycle, on to which wheels and other components are fitted; the modern and most common frame design for an upright bicycle is based on the safety bicycle, and consists of two triangles, a main triangle and a paired rear triangle; from ON. frami free wheel – volnoběh

(n) a ratchet device in the rear hub of a bicycle wheel that permits the wheel to rotate freely while the pedals are stationary; free from PGmc. *frijaz, wheel from PGmc. * khwekhwlan

G gear - převod

(n) a bicycle gear, or gear ratio, or speed refers to the rate at which the rider's legs turn compared to the rate at which the wheels turn; on some bicycles, there is only one gear so the ratio is fixed; most modern bicycles have multiple gears, so multiple gear ratios are possible; from ON. gervi gear lever (also shifter) – páčka přehazovačky

(n) a component used to control the gearing mechanisms and select the desired gear ratio; gear from ON. gervi, lever from L. levare get; to g. off – sesednout (s kola), to g. on - nasednout (na kolo)

(v) to (dis)mount the bicycle; get from ON. geta

H handicap race - hendikepový závod

(n) all participants are clocked in a time trial before the race, known as the handicap; in the race itself, the participants do not all start at "Go"; the starts are staggered, based on the handicaps; the slowest cyclist starts first and the fastest starts last, making the end of the race (hopefully) close; the winner is the person who beats his or her own time; from hand in cap – hand from PGmc. *khanduz, cap from LL. cappa handlebars – řidítka

(n) steering mechanism for bicycle; the equivalent of a steering wheel; besides steering, handlebars also often support a portion of the rider's weight, depending on their riding position, and provide a convenient mounting place for brake levers, shift levers, cyclocomputer, bells, etc.; handlebars are attached to a bike's stem which in turn attaches to the fork; handle OE. handle, formed from hand with instrumental suffix -le indicating a tool, hand from PGmc. *khanduz, bar from VL. barra helmet – helma

(n) is a form of protective gear worn on the head to protect it from injuries; from MFr. helmet hill climb – závod do vrchu

(n) a hill climb is a cycling event, as well as a basic skill of the sport; as events a hill climb may either be an individual time trial or a regular road race; a hill climb usually represents an event which gains altitude continuously, usually terminating at a summit; hill from PGmc. * hulni-; climb from WGmc. klimbanan

44 hit the wall ( also hunger knock) – slang. dostat hlaďák, být vyčerpaný, bez energie (v) to completely run out of energy on a long ride; hit from ON. hitta, wall from L. vallum

hub (also nave) – náboj kola (n) a hub is the center part of a bicycle wheel, it consists of an axle, bearings and a hub shell; the hub shell typically has 2 machined metal flanges to which spokes can be attached; of unknown origin hunger knock (also hit the wall) – slang. dostat hlaďák, být vyčerpaný, bez energie (n) to completely run out of energy on a long ride; hunger from PGmc. *hungruz, knock OE. cnocian, likely of imitative origin

inflate – napumpovat, nahustit (v) to fill the tubes with air; from L. inflatus

inner tube (also tube) – duše (n) inner tubes are torus-shaped balloons made from an impermeable material, such as soft, elastic synthetic rubber, to prevent air leakage, the inner tubes are inserted into the tire and inflated to retain air pressure; inner from OE inra, tube from L. tubus itinerary – popis tratě, itinerář (n) a route or proposed route of a journey in a race; from LL. itinerarium

J jersey – cyklistický dres (n) a shirt worn by a member of a team, typically depicting the biker's name and team number as well as the logotype of the team or corporate sponsor; from Jersey, one of the Channel Islands; its name is said to be a corruption of L. Caesarea, the Roman name for the island , influenced by O.E. ey "island;" but perhaps rather a Viking name (perhaps meaning "Geirr's island") jump – zrychlit (v) to aggressively increase speed without warning, hopefully creating a substantial advantage over your opponents; perhaps onomatopoeic (cf. bump); another theory derives it from words in Gallo-Romance dialects of southwestern France (cf. jumba "to rock, to balance, swing," yumpa "to rock")

K kick - zrychlit

(v) accelerating quickly with a few pedalstrokes in an effort to break away from other riders; of uncertain origin, perhaps from ON. kikna

L lap – kolo, okruh

(n) one complete round or circuit, especially of a racetrack; from PGmc. *lapp- light – světlo; front l.přední světlo, rear l. zadní světlo

(n) a source of light; white light in the front, red lights in the back, with orange reflectors on the side is the most common setup; from PGmc. *lingkhtaz line – čára; finishing l. cílová čára, measuring l. měřící čára, sprinters´l. sprinterská meta, starting l. startovní čára

(n) from L. linea link – článek řetězu

(n) one of the rings of a chain; probably from ON. *hlenkr lock - zámek

(n) a device attached to a bicycle to prevent use by unauthorized persons; from OE. lucan luggage carrier (also rack)– nosič

(n) is a device attached to a bicycle to which cargo or panniers can be attached; luggage from lug (v.) "to drag" + -age, lug from Scand. lugge, lugga, carrier from L. carrum

M mount - nasednout, naskočit na kolo

(v) to get on a bicycle for riding; from OFr. munter mountain bike – horské kolo

(n) a type of sturdy bicycle with at least 16 and up to 21 gears, straight handlebars, and heavy- duty tyres; mountain from from VL. *montanea, bike a shortened form of bicycle

46 mudguard (also AM fender) – blatník

(n) a curved part of a bicycle attached above the wheels to reduce the amount of water or mud thrown up by them; mud probably from MLG. mudde, guard from MFr. garde

MTB – zkratka pro horské kolo; jízdu na horském kole the activity of mountain biking, or a mountain bike itself musette bag (also musette) – ruksáček s občerstvením (n) a small bag used to pass meals to cyclists during a bicycle race; from Fr. musette

N nave (also hub) – náboj kola (n) a hub is the center part of a bicycle wheel; it consists of an axle, bearings and a hub shell; from L. navis nipple – nipl, matička prstu (n) a spoke nipple holds a bicycle wheel's rim to each spoke; from OE. neb

O overtake – předjíždět (v) to pass after catching up with; over from PGmc. *uberi, take PGmc. *tækanan

P pacemaker – tempař, vodič (n) a competitor who enters a race with little or no intention of winning, but purely to set a fast pace for other competitors to follow; pace from L. passus, make from WGmc. makojanan pannier – sedlová brašna (n) a basket, bag, box, or similar container, attached to the sides of a bicycle; from L. panarium pedal – pedál, šlapátko (n) a bicycle pedal is the part of a bicycle that the rider pushes with his or her foot to propel the bicycle; it provides the connection between the cyclist's foot or shoe and the crank allowing the leg to turn the bottom bracket axle; pedals usually consist of a spindle that threads into the end of the crank and a body, on which the foot rests or is attached, that is free to rotate on bearings with respect to the spindle; from LL. pedale pedal - šlapat, jet na kole (v) to ride a bicycle somewhere; to turn or press the pedals on a bicycle; from LL. pedale

47 peloton - peloton

(n) is the large main group in a road bicycle race, may also be called the field, bunch, or pack; from Fr. peleton pinion (also cog, sprocket )- pastorek, zadní převodové kolečko

(n) any of the teeth or projections on the rim of a gearwheel or sprocket; from L. penna pit – depo

(n) a place near the track where cyclists can stop for a meal, a rest, new tyres during a race; from L. puteus prime – prémie (v závodě)

(n) primes are intermediate sprints within a race, usually offering a prize and/or points; primes are a way to encourage more competitive riding, and also an opportunity for companies to gain publicity by sponsoring a prime; from L. primus prologue – prolog (krátká úvodní časovka)

(n) a short individual time trial before a stage race, used to determine which rider wears the leader's jersey on the first stage; from Gk. prologos pump – pumpička, hustilka

(n) a device that is used to inflate an inner tube; from MLG. pumpe pump – šlapat

(v) to move quickly; from MLG. pumpe puncture – prasklá pneumatika, defekt kola

(n) a perforation and loss of pressure in a pneumatic tyre, made by sharp stones, glass etc.; from L. punctus puncture repair kit – souprava na lepení

(n) this kit may contain any combination of a hand pump, tire levers, spare tubes, self- adhesive patches, or tube-patching material, an adhesive, a piece of sandpaper or a metal grater, wrenches, hex keys, screwdrivers, and a chain tool; puncture from L. punctus, repair from L. reparare, kit perhaps from MDu. kitte pursuit ( also pursuit race) – stíhací závod, stíhačka slang

(n) pursuit racing is where two or more competitors (or teams) are either chasing after each other or chasing after a lead competitor or team; from OFr. porsuite

Q quick release skewer – rychloupínák

(n) a quick release skewer is a mechanism for attaching a wheel to a bicycle; it consists of a rod threaded on one end and with a lever operated cam assembly on the other; quick from PGmc. *kwikwaz, release from OFr. relaisser, skewer perhaps from ON. skifa

R rack – nosič zavazadel; střešní nosič auta

(n) ) is a device attached to a bicycle to which cargo or panniers can be attached; a device attached to a vehicle (e.g. to a car or bus) to which bicycles can be mounted for transport; possibly from MDu. rec randonneuring (also brevet) – cyklistický maraton

(n) is a common safety device found on the rear, front and wheels of bicycles; it uses the principle of retroreflection to alert another road user of the bicycle's presence on the road; the reflector is usually manufactured in the form of a moulded tile of transparent plastic; from L. reflectere ride – jízda na kole; jet na kole

(n,v) a journey on a bicycle; to sit on and control a bicycle; from PGmc. *ridanan rider – jezdec, závodník

(n) a person who rides a bicycle; from PGmc. *ridanan rim – ráfek

(n) circular metal structure around which a wheel tire is fitted; from OE. rima road bike – silniční kolo

(n)a bicycle built for traveling at speed on paved roads, the tires are narrow, high-pressure, and smooth to decrease rolling resistance; they usually use multiple derailleur gears; however,

49 single-speed and fixed-gear varieties exist; the bicycle is of a lightweight construction; road from PGmc. *ridanan, bike from bicycle road race – silniční závod

(n) a race on a road; road from PGmc. *ridanan; race from O.N. ras road rash – odřenina, slang silniční lišej

(n) severe skin abrasions caused from sliding on the asphalt in a crash; road from PGmc. *ridanan, rash from OFr. rache rollers – cyklistické válce

(n) a type of trainer composed of rolling cylinders under the rear wheel linked to a single rolling cylinder under the front wheel which allow the rider to practice balance while training indoors; from L. rotula

S saddle – sedlo

(n) the seat of a bicycle; from PGmc. *sathulaz saddle bag – brašna (na nářadí)

(n) a pouch hanging from a saddle or over the rear wheel of a bicycle; saddle from PGmc. *sathulaz, bag from ON. baggi saddle sore - furunkulóza

(n) a sore on a rider caused by the chafing of a saddle; saddle from PGmc. *sathulaz, sore from PGmc. *sairaz sag wagon – koncový vůz, sběrný vůz

(n) support motor vehicle following long races or recreational rides to pick up riders unable to complete the event; sag possibly from a Scandinavian source, SAG is sometimes described as an acronym for 'support and gear', 'gear' referring to: mechanical support; wagon from PGmc. *wagnaz seat post – sedlovka

(n) a bicycle seatpost, seatpin, or saddlepole is a tube that extends upwards from the bicycle frame to the saddle; seat from PGmc. *sæt-, post from L. postis

50 seat stays – podsedlové vzpěry rámu

(n) the seat stays connect the top of the seat tube (often at or near the same point as the top tube) to the rear fork dropouts; a traditional frame uses a simple set of paralleled tubes connected by a bridge above the rear wheel; seat from PGmc. *sæt-; stay from PGmc. *stagaz seat tube – sedlová rámová trubka

(n) the seat tube contains the seatpost of the bike, which connects to the saddle; seat from PGmc. *sæt-, tube from L. tubus servant (also domestique, supporting rider) – domestik, nosič vody

(n) a rider on a cycle racing team whose role is to assist the team's designated leaders even if at the expense of his/her own individual performance; from OFr. Servant set off/out – vyrazit na trať

(v) to position (oneself) in such a way as to be ready to start a race, a ride; set from PGmc. *satjanan sew-up tyre (also tub, tubular tyre) galuzka, všívaná pneumatika

(n) tubular tyres are cycle tyres that have the inner tube permanently stitched inside the casing, they are held in place using glue or glue-tape, and are affixed to rims which lack the sidewalls characteristic of a hook-bead rim; tubulars take very high pressure which reduces their rolling resistance; sew from PGmc. *siwjanan, tyre probably from OFr. atirier shifter (also gear lever, AM gear-shift) – páčka k měniči převodů

(n) a bicycle shifter is a component used to control the gearing mechanisms and select the desired gear ratio; shift from PGmc. *skiftanan shock absorber – tlumič

(n) is a mechanical device designed to smooth out or damp shock impulse; in a vehicle, shock absorbers reduce the effect of traveling over rough ground, leading to improved ride quality and increase in comfort; shock from OFr. choquer, absorber from L. absorbere slipstreaming (also drafting) - jízda v závěsu, v háku slang

(n) slipstreaming is a technique where two bicycles are caused to align in a close group reducing the overall effect of drag due to exploiting the lead object's slipstream; slip probably from MDu. slippe; stream from PGmc. *straumaz spoke – paprsek, drátek

(n) a spoke is one of some number of rods radiating from the center of a wheel (the hub where the axle connects), connecting the hub with the round traction surface; from PGmc. *spaikon

51 sprint – 1. sprint 2. spurt

(n) 1.The sprint or match sprint is a track cycling event involving between 2 and 4 riders, though they are usually run as a one-on-one match race between opponents who, unlike in the individual pursuit, start next to each other. 2.cycling at top speed over short distance; from ON. spretta sprinter - sprinter(ka)

(n) a rider with the ability to generate very high power over short periods (a few seconds to a minute) allowing for great finishing speeds, but usually unable to sustain sufficiently high power over long periods to be a good time triallist, and is usually too big to have a high enough power-to-weight ratio to be a good climber; sprint from O.N. spretta sprocket (also cog, pinion) – pastorek, zadní převodové kolečko

(n) any of the teeth or projections on the rim of a gearwheel or sprocket; of unkn.origin spurt - závěrečný spurt, finiš, nástup; feinted s. fingovaný nástup

(n) a sudden forcible gush or jet; of unkn.origin, perhaps cognate with MHG. spürzen stage - etapa

(n)one part of a multi-day race; from L. statum start – start; interval s. start v časových intervalech, mass(ed) s. hromadný start, rolling/flying s. letmý start, standing s. pevný start.

(n) the beginning of a race; from PGmc. *sturtjan- start gate – startovací zařízení

(n) is a machine used in to ensure a fair start in a race; start from PGmc. *sturtjan-, gate from PGmc. *gatan starting judge – startér

(n) one appointed to start a race; start from PGmc. *sturtjan-, judge from L. iudicare stick shift (also gear lever, AM gear-shift, shifter) – páčka k měniči převodů

(n) a component used by the rider to control the gearing mechanisms and select the desired gear ratio; it is usually connected to the derailleur by a mechanical actuation cable; electronic shifting systems also exist; stick from PGmc. *stikkon-, shift from PGmc. *skiftanan straight – rovinka; finishing s. cílová rovinka

(n) the straight part of a racecourse between the winning post and the last turn; from OE. streht

52 supporting rider (also domestique, servant) – domestik, nosič vody

(n) a rider on a cycle racing team whose role is to assist the team's designated leaders even if at the expense of his/her own individual performance; support from L. supportare, ride from PGmc. *ridanan suspension – odpružení

(n) is the system used to suspend the rider and all or part of the bicycle in order to protect them from the roughness of the terrain over which they travel; bicycle suspension can be implemented in a variety of ways: suspension front fork, stem, seatpost, hub, rear suspension; from L. suspensionem switch – střídat se ve vedení

(v) to exchange, swap in leading; probably from PGmc. *swih-

T time trial – závod na čas, časový závod, časovka slang

(n) a race against the clock where riders are started separately (ranging from 30 seconds to 5 minutes apart); the winner of the race is determined by the fastest person across the course; no drafting may be employed in a time trial as it is a solo race event; time from PGmc. *timon , trial from Anglo-Fr. trial top tube (also crossbar) horní rámová trubka, slang štangle

(n) is a motorless wheeled frame with a hitch system for transporting cargo or children by bicycle; from L. tragula trick cycling – krasojízda na kole

(n) artistic cycling is a form of competitive indoor cycling in which athletes perform tricks (called exercises) for points on specialized, fixed-gear bikes in a format similar to ballet or gymnastics; the exercises are performed before judges in six minute rounds by singles, pairs, four- or six-man teams; from OFr. trique, cycling from Gk. kyklos

53 tub (also sew-up tyre, tubular tyre) galuzka, všívaná pneumatika

(n) inner tubes are torus-shaped balloons made from an impermeable material, such as soft, elastic synthetic rubber, to prevent air leakage; the inner tubes are inserted into the tire and inflated to retain air pressure; from L. tubus tubular tyre (also tub, sew-up tyre) galuzka, všívaná pneumatika

(n) tubular tyres are cycle tyres that have the inner tube permanently stitched inside the casing, they are held in place using glue or glue-tape, and are affixed to rims which lack the sidewalls characteristic of a hook-bead rim; tubulars take very high pressure which reduces their rolling resistance; tubular from L. tubus, tyre probably from OFr. atirier tyre (also AM tire) – pneumatika

(n) a covering for a wheel, usually made of rubber reinforced with cords of nylon, fiberglass, or other material and filled with compressed air; probably from OFr. atirier

V valve – ventilek

(n) a valve is a device that regulates, directs or controls the flow of a gas by opening, closing, or partially obstructing various passageways; from L. valva velodrome – velodrom, cyklistický stadion

(n) a cycling track for races; from Fr. Vélodrome

W water bottle (also bidon) – láhev na vodu, bidon

(n) is a container used to hold water for consumption; water from PGmc. *watar, bottle from VL. butticula

54 water-bottle cage – košík na bidon

(n) is device used to affix a water bottle to a bicycle; water from PGmc. *watar, bottle from VL. butticula, cage from L. cavea wheel – 1.kolo; buckled w. zkroucené kolo, kolo s osmicí, disc w. diskové kolo, front w. přední kolo, rear w. zadní kolo, solid w. plné kolo, spare w. náhradní kolo, w.change výměna kola 2.hov jízdní kolo; 1. 1. a solid disk or a rigid circular ring connected by spokes to a hub, designed to turn around an axle passed through the center 2. Informal a bicycle; from PGmc. *khwekhwlan

A list of used abbreviations:

Anglo-Fr. Anglo-French, the French written in England from the Norman Conquest (1066) through the Middle Ages; the administrative and legal language of England 12c.-17c. Flem. Flemish, West Germanic dialect spoken in Flanders, generally regarded as the Belgian variant of Dutch rather than as a separate tongue. Gk. Greek, Indo-European language spoken in Greece in the classical period, 8c. B.C. -4c. L. Classical Latin, the Italic language of ancient Rome until about 4c.

LL. Late Latin, the literary Latin language as spoken and written c.300-c.700.

MDu. Middle Dutch, the Dutch language as it was spoken and written c.1100-c.1500. ME. Middle English, the English language as written and spoken c.1100-c.1500.

MFr. Middle French, the French language as written and spoken c. 1400-c.1600. MHG. Middle High German, the High German language as written and spoken c.1100- c.1500.

ML. Medieval Latin, Latin as written and spoken c.700-c.1500. MLG. Middle Low German, the Low German language as written and spoken c.1100-c.1500.

ODu. Old Dutch, also known as Old Low Franconian, the Gmc. speech used on the North Sea coast of continental Europe c.700-c.1000. OE. Old English, the English language as written and spoken c.450-c.1100.

OFr. Old French, the French language as written and spoken c. 900-1400.

ON. Old Norse, the Norwegian language as written and spoken c.100 to 1500 C.E.

PGmc. Proto-Germanic, hypothetical prehistoric ancestor of all Germanic languages, including English.

Scand. Scandinavian

VL. Vulgar Latin, the everyday speech of the Roman people, as opposed to literary Latin.

WGmc. West Germanic, the subgroup of Germanic comprising English, Dutch, German, Yiddish, Frisian, etc.

Appendix B

Practical exercises

1. Can you name the different parts of a bike in English? Try to fill in the missing captions to the picture below.

From “Getting lost!” Bridge, Sep. 2009: 23. Print.

2.What equipment can you have on your bike to make your trip safer and easier? Look at the list of things and decide which of them you can find on a bike. Then fill them into the sentences below.

air back bottle cage dashboard seat belt basket cyclocomputer pump steering wheel

1. If you have a …………………………….on your bike, you can carry lots of things without having to hold them in your hands. 2. A……………………………….is useful for holding your drink when you are riding. 3. With a ………………………….you can inflate your tire. 4. A…………………………………..tells you various information about your trip, for example your current speed, your maximum speed, the trip distance and time.

From “Getting lost!” Bridge, Sep. 2009: 23. Print.

3. Match the words

supporting path

water rider

stick tube

hunger carrier

hill shift

free bottle

saddle knock

inner climb

luggage wheel

bicycle sore

4. Find all these 2O words connected with cycling hidden in the grid below. They may be horizontal, vertical, diagonal, backwards or forwards.

brake crossbar cycling shoes dismount mudguard frame gear handlebars inflate helmet jersey lock mountain bike puncture saddle sprint suspension tube tyre wheel

C D L O O B N M H R L O C K T B Q W H K

M O U N T A I N B I K E R I E C N E P M

E N M S X U O A A C F T O F N B L A I C

R A S C V T U D S B G J S E C M C I S S

U W D H G E A E L D D A S E E R O P N U

T C L E L K S W E C G B B T G X C Q E S

C Y C L I N G S H O E S A N I V C E I P

N C C V Q W B I A J D F R T W B T U O E

U H D N O B R A K E P R Z Y C G D R T N

P A D M L M I A A R T J C V N E I P C S

O N X Q U W J K K S B E J N B A N B M I

V D U I B D C X J E H T H S P R I N T O

O L F B N D G O P Y D A F H K L M N V N

O E C N J D F U Z Y B L O Q W R F F V H

K B F U V G F R A M E F U C G S D N R V

P A X Y V H H L C R I N O N B S D V U C

D R E F Z G E T H C D I S M O U N T J T

F S F H U E M Z P G P A H W M B R V Y K

N A G J H F N H E O M Q E B H J I R B T

M O K W I P W Q W X H H B W I O E B U T

Solution

1. Can you name the different parts of a bike in English? Try to fill in the missing captions to the picture below.

1. saddle 2. handlebars 3. frame 4. brakes 5. tyre 6. gears 7. pedal

2. What equipment can you have on your bike to make your trip safer and easier? Look at the list of things and decide which of them you can find on a bike. Then fill them into the sentences below.

air back bottle cage dashboard seat belt basket cyclocomputer pump steering wheel

1. If you have a basket on your bike, you can carry lots of things without having to hold them in your hands. 2. A bottle cage is useful for holding your drink when you are riding. 3. With a pump you can inflate your tire. 4. A cyclocomputer tells you various information about your trip, for example your current speed, your maximum speed, the trip distance and time.

3. Match the words

supporting path

water rider

stick tube

hunger carrier

hill shift

free bottle

saddle knock

inner climb

luggage wheel

bicycle sore

Solution : supporting rider water bottle stick shift hunger knock hill cimb free wheel saddle sore inner tube luggage carrier bicycle carier

4. Find all these 2O words connected with cycling hidden in the grid below. They may be horizontal, vertical, diagonal, backwards or forwards. brake crossbar cycling shoes dismount mudguard frame gear handlebars inflate helmet jersey lock mountain bike puncture saddle sprint suspension tube tyre wheel

L O C K H

M O U N T A I N B I K E R E

E O L

R S M S

U E L D D A S E U

T B T S

C Y C L I N G S H O E S A P

N J R E

U H B R A K E G N

P A M R E S

N U S E A I

D D E T S P R I N T O

L G Y A N

E U L

B F R A M E F

A L R N

R E D I S M O U N T T

S E Y

H R

W E B U T