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Universidade Federal De Santa Catarina Centro De Filosofia E Ciências Humanas Programa De Pós-Graduação Em História UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DE SANTA CATARINA CENTRO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA Karine Lima da Costa CAMINHOS PARA A DESCOLONIZAÇÃO DOS MUSEUS: A QUESTÃO DA REPATRIAÇÃO DAS ANTIGUIDADES EGÍPCIAS Florianópolis 2019 Karine Lima da Costa Caminhos para a descolonização dos museus: A questão da repatriação das antiguidades egípcias Tese submetida ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História da Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina para a obtenção do título de Doutora em História. Orientadora: Prof.ª Dra.ª Maria de Fátima Fontes Piazza Coorientadora: Prof.ª Dra.ª Margaret Marchiori Bakos Florianópolis 2019 Karine Lima da Costa Caminhos para a descolonização dos museus: a questão da repatriação das antiguidades egípcias O presente trabalho em nível de doutorado foi avaliado e aprovado por banca examinadora composta pelos seguintes membros: Profa. Dra. Letícia Borges Nedel Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Profa. Dra. Thainá Castro Costa Figueiredo Lopes Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina Prof. Dr. Gregory da Silva Balthazar Universidade Tiradentes Prof. Dr. Moacir Elias Santos Uniandrade Certificamos que esta é a versão original e final do trabalho de conclusão que foi julgado adequado para obtenção do título de doutora em História pelo Programa de Pós- Graduação em História. ____________________________ Prof. Dr. Lucas De Melo Reis Bueno Coordenador do Programa ____________________________ Profa. Dra. Maria de Fátima Fontes Piazza Orientadora Florianópolis, 2019. Para Susana e Fabiano, com amor. AGRADECIMENTOS “Quando o mundo se torna ‘sombrio’ por causa das opiniões contraditórias e ambivalentes, a estética – a ficção, a arte, a poesia, a teoria, a metáfora – vem iluminar a nossa difícil situação cultural e política”. (BHABHA, 1998). Em primeiro lugar, gostaria de agradecer a minha mãe, Susana, e ao meu amor, Fabiano, não só por estarem ao meu lado no momento de realizar a mudança para Florianópolis em 2015, mas por permanecerem ao longo da vida. Obrigada por tanto! Eu AMO MUITO vocês! Aos meus familiares e amigos de Porto Alegre, por se fazerem tão próximos nesses últimos 4 anos, entendendo a minha distância e o meu afastamento, especialmente no último semestre. À minha tia Janete; aos meus dois afilhados Leonardo´s; à Amanda Eltz; à Ana Amonra; à Fernanda Coelho; à Jacqueline Cardoso; à Kimberly Terrany, pelas trocas e conversas empolgantes sobre os debates da repatriação; à Sibelle Barbosa; a minha best, Vanessa Lima; e à Ysis Freitas. A amizade de vocês faz toda diferença! Aos amigos que eu tive o prazer de conhecer na “Ilha da Magia”, especialmente o Bruno Araújo; a Cecília Ewbank (e sua querida família); a Silvia de Freitas; e a Talita Medeiros. Obrigada pelas cervejas, pelas caipiras, pelos vinhos, pelas pizzas, pelos quitutes vegetarianos, pela virada do ano, pelo amanhecer na praia, pelas conversas e pelas risadas. Obrigada também pela companhia e hospedagem no Campeche, na Lagoa, em Londrina e no Rio de Janeiro. Obs.: vocês ainda me devem um luau na Parainha, hehe. Ao professor Elison Paim e os meus colegas da Educação/UFSC, especialmente o Vavá, pelos dois semestres de intensas discussões e imersões na teoria de Walter Benjamin, foi um ano de muito aprendizado e conhecimento sobre esse autor, que agora me é muito estimado. Agradeço também às professoras e aos colegas do Labharte, pelas reuniões e trocas proveitosas, particularmente à professora Maria Bernardete Ramos Flores. Ao Gregory Balthazar, por anos de amizade e descobertas acadêmicas. Obrigada pelo período em que dividimos o mesmo teto e pelo acesso a sua biblioteca especializada em Michel Foucault. Saibas que eu admiro demais a tua competência intelectual e fico muito orgulhosa de ver onde tu chegaste. Ao Moacir Elias Santos, obrigada por me encher de esperança a cada encontro; pelo brilho nos olhos, entusiasmo e amor a tudo que se relaciona ao Egito. Grata pelas dicas (acadêmicas e turísticas), pelas trocas, pelas considerações e, acima de tudo, pelo trabalho lindo que tu realizas em Curitiba, facilitando a aproximação dos brasileiros com o Egito antigo. À Leticia Nedel, agradeço pela oportunidade de adquirir tanto conhecimento ao longo das disciplinas em que fui sua aluna, bem como na disciplina de estágio docência. Obrigada pelas indicações de sites, pelas recomendações na minha banca de qualificação, pelas sugestões de leitura e por nos brindar com tanta erudição. À Thainá Castro, pela alegria e diversão garantidas a cada encontro; e pelas vezes em que eu pude te ouvir falar tão apaixonadamente sobre a Museologia, seja em sala de aula ou em participações de bancas. À minha orientadora, Fátima Piazza, pela simpatia, alegria e sabedoria. Obrigada por abraçar a “causa” da repatriação, por me enviar notícias diárias sobre esse tema, por ter conhecido o Zahi Hawass comigo e por te encantares com o Museu Egípcio de Turim. Amei o nosso encontro e parceria ao longo desses últimos 5 anos! À minha coorientadora Margaret Bakos, pelos longos anos de estudos sobre o Egito; pela imersão nas obras de Edward Said e de Homi Bhabha; e por ter deixado a “marca” da Egiptomania no Brasil. À CAPES, pela concessão da bolsa de estudos integral que possibilitou a realização da minha pesquisa. À UFSC, que se tornou uma terceira casa e simplificou a minha adaptação em outra cidade, tornando a vida acadêmica do doutorado muito mais leve. Assim que saiu o resultado final da minha aprovação e “caiu a ficha” sobre o meu novo endereço, eu não conseguia entender o motivo da vida estar me “mandando embora” de Porto Alegre. Após conhecer cada um de vocês acima citados e de poder dividir tudo com a minha família e os meus amigos, hoje eu compreendo. Obrigada, Floripa! “Champollion, Richard Lepsius, Auguste Mariette, Gaston-Camille-Charles Maspero, Adolf Erman, Flinders Petrie, Howard Carter, James Breasted e George Reisner desfilam heroicamente pelo palco. Egípcios cintilam nas sombras como confiantes capatazes, servos leais, trabalhadores, ladrões de tumbas, traficantes de antiguidades, funcionários obstrucionistas e nacionalistas ignorantes. Justaposições não-convencionais – Champollion e Rifaa al-Tahtawi, E.W. Lane e al-Tahtawi, Maspero e Ahmad Kamal, Max Herz e Ali Bahgat – são usados neste livro para desafiar tais narrativas. A questão não é subestimar as realizações ocidentais ou exagerar as semelhanças entre egípcios e europeus, mas apontar as desigualdades de poder, desafiar suposições que ‘nunca os dois se encontrarão’ e mostrar que as histórias disciplinares deveriam ser mais do que monólogos ocidentais no silêncio egípcio”. (REID, 2002). RESUMO A presente pesquisa intenciona a apresentação do panorama geral sobre as questões relacionadas ao patrimônio cultural do Egito, desde o final do século XVIII, momento da ocupação francesa, e no decorrer do século XIX, com a ocupação britânica. A atuação desses impérios no Egito foi essencial para o contexto de dispersão de muitas de suas antiguidades para os museus estrangeiros, especialmente os europeus. Com o intuito de verificar a constituição dos acervos museológicos e a formação das coleções de antiguidades egípcias, serão destacados os históricos do Museu Britânico, em Londres, na Inglaterra; do Museu do Louvre, em Paris, na França; e do Museu Egípcio de Turim, na Itália – o primeiro museu especializado na cultura egípcia antiga do mundo (fora do Egito). Esses museus possuem em suas coleções exemplares das antiguidades egípcias que atualmente estão sendo reclamadas pelo Egito para serem repatriadas. Com o objetivo de verificar a viabilidade desses retornos, serão analisados os discursos que envolvem a questão da repatriação dos bens culturais nos museus, englobando os seus principais conceitos, instrumentos jurídicos e percorrendo casos nacionais e estrangeiros, já solucionados ou não. Também serão apontados caminhos que podem auxiliar os países e as instituições nesse debate. Palavras-chave: Egito. Repatriação. Museus. ABSTRACT This research intends to present an overview of the issues related to Egypt’s cultural heritage, since the late 18th century, the moment of the French occupation, and during the 19th century, with the British occupation. The performance of these empires in Egypt was essential to the context of the dispersal of many of their antiquities to foreign museums, especially European ones. In order to verify the constitution of the museum collections and the formation of Egyptian antiquities collections, will be highlighted the history of the British Museum in London, England; the Louvre Museum in Paris, France; and the Egyptian Museum of Turin, Italy - the world’s first museum specializing in ancient Egyptian culture (outside Egypt). These museums have in their collections exemplary Egyptian antiquities that are currently being claimed by Egypt to be repatriated. In order to verify the viability of these returns, will be analyzed the discourses that involve the question of the repatriation of cultural heritage in museums, encompassing its main concepts, legal instruments and going through national and foreign cases, already solved or not. We will also point out ways that can help countries and institutions in this debate. Keywords: Egypt. Repatriation. Museums. LISTA DE FIGURAS Figura 1 – Integrantes da Comissão de Ciência e Artes no Instituto Egípcio ......................... 38 Figura 2 - Boneco com trajes de um soldado inglês pendurado pelo pescoço ........................ 50 Figura 3 - “Cruz copta” ..........................................................................................................
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