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1993. Multivariate Methods in Aquaculture Research: Case Studies of Tilapias in Experimental and Commercial Systems

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1993. Multivariate Methods in Aquaculture Research: Case Studies of Tilapias in Experimental and Commercial Systems u/ ,t\KiJltivariate Methods in Aquaculture Research: ./ Case Studies of Tilapias in Experimental and Commercial Systems Edited by M. Pre.inoJi~.;j/! G. Hulata D. Pauly 1993 INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR LIVING AQUATIC RESOURCES MANAGEMENT PHILIPPINES AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH ORGANIZATION BUNOESMINISTERIUM FOR WIRTSCHAFTLICHE ISRAEL ZUSAMMENARBEIT UNO ENTWICKLUNG (BMZ) FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY LSf! 201 Multivariate Methods in Aquaculture 5f2J~ Research: Case Studies of Tilapias it~!J in Experimental and Commercial Systems t, I DEC 0 8 \993 EDITED By M. PREIN G. HULATA D. PAULY 1993 Published by the International Center for Living Aquatic Resources Management (lCLAHM), MCPO Box 2631, 0718 Makati, Metro Manila, Philippines; Agricultural Research Organization (AHO). The Volcani Center, P.O. Box 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel; and Bundesministerium fUr Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (BMZ), Karl-Marx-Strasse 4-6, D-5300 Bonn, Federal Republic of Germany. Printed in Manila, Philippines Prein, M., G. Hulata and D. Pauly, Editors. 1993. Multivariate methods in aquaculture research: case studies of tilapias in experimental and commercial systems. ICLARM Stud. Rev. 20, 221 p. ISSN 0115-4389 ISBN 971-1022-85-0 Cover design by Mark Prein and Angela Egold. Picture ofNile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticusJ is a computerized image of this species as provided in FishBase, ICLARM's comprehensive database on fishes of the world (digitization artist: Robbie Cada). ICLARM Contribution No. 669 /OS~F Dedicated to the memory of Dr. Balfour Hepher (1925-1988) Contents ICIARM Foreword -R.S.V. Pullin vii ARO Foreword - Y. Folman .. , viii BMZ Foreword -H.-J. de Haas ix On the Use ofMultivariate Statistical Methods in Aquaculture Research -M. Prein, G. Hulata and D. Pauly 1 Methods of Multivariate Analysis Multiple Regression Analysis of Aquaculture Experiments Based on the "Extended Gulland-and-Holt Plot": Model Derivation, Data Requirements and Recommended Procedures - D. Pauly, M. Prein and K.D. Hopkins 13 Factor and Canonical Correlation Analyses: Basic Concepts, Data Requirements and Recommended Procedures -A Milstein 24 Two New Approaches for Examining Multivariate Aquaculture Growth Data: the "Extended Bayley Plot" and Path Analysis -M. Prein and D. Pauly 32 Applications of Multivariate Analysis to ExperimentalData Multiple Regression and Path Analysis ofNile Tilapia Growth in Integrated Livestock-Fish Culture in the Philippines -M. Prein 50 Factor and Canonical Correlation Analysis ofNile Tilapia Production in Integrated Livestock-Fish Culture in the Philippines -A. Milstein and M. Prein 67 Multivariate Analysis ofTilapia Growth Experiments in Israel, Zambia and Peru. M. Prein 75 Multiple Regression Analysis of Growth of Tilapia rendalli in Polyculture with Oreochromis shiranus as Affected by Water Quality and Pond Inputs • B.A Costa-Pierce, AA. van Dam and M. v: Kapeleta 88 Multivariate Analysis of Growth ofJuvenile Tilapia Oreochromis aureus and O. niloticus, Cichlidae, Reared in Recirculating Systems • G. Mair and D. Pauly 97 Instantaneous Mortalities and Multivariate Models: Applications to Tilapia Culture in Saline Water. K.D. Hopkins and D. Pauly 105 v Multiple Regression Analysis ofRelationships Between Management Inputs and Fish Yield or Profit in Fish Polyculture Experimental Ponds e G. Hulata, A. Milstein and A. Goldman 112 Applications of Multivariate Analysis to Commercial Systems Factor Analysis and Canonical Correlation Analysis of Fish Production in Commercial Farms in IsraeleA. Milstein and G. Hulata 119 Multiple Regression Analysis of Fish Yield and Profit in Commercial Fish Farms in Israel e A. Milstein, A. Goldman and G. Hulata 161 Multiple Regression and Path Analysis ofTilapia Growth in Commercial Fish Farms in Israel eM. Prein and A. Milstein 178 Multiple Regression Analysis of Growth and Production of Oreochromis niloticus in Net Cages in Lake Sampaloc, Philippines e L. V. Aquino-Nielsen, A.S. Manrique-Pempengco and M. Prein 189 Appendices I Reprint of: A method for the analysis of pond growth experiments e D. Pauly and K.D. Hopkins (ICLARM Newsletter 6(1):10-12; 1983),with comments by L. Lovshin and reply by D. Pauly (ICLARM Newsletter 7(2):30; 1984) 199 II Documentation ofAvailable 5-114" MS-DOS Data Dislcettes on the Analyzed Data 204 III Indexes e Prepared by F.S.B. Torres, Jr. Author Index 217 Geographic Index 219 Species Index 220 vi ICLARM Foreword One of the goals ofICLARM is the development of appropriate quantitative methods for the general are~ of tropical fisheries and aquaculture research. Outside oflCLARM, the need for the development of such methods is widely acknowledged with regard to fisheries, but this is not so for aquaculture, perhaps because it is often perceived as requiring methods and approaches that are site- or species-specific. The present volume, the result of fruitful cooperation between the Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) and ICLARM, and of generous support by the German Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), may help redress the methodological imbalance between fisheries and aquacultu.re research, and initiate more work on methods applicable to both fields. This volume emphasizes the following points: • Although aquaculture can be very site-specific, there are many questions that can be tackled on a comparative basis, across sites - given that suitable concepts and quantitative methods are applied. • Aquaculture experimentsand commercial production systems generate a large amount ofdata that are not only suitable for computer-based quantitative analysis, but actually require such analysis,just as with the massive catch and catch composition datasets generated by commercial fisheries. • The standard methods used by aquaculturists to analyze their experimental results - Latin square and related designs for the experimental layout, ANOVA for analysis ofyields, absolute or relative growth rates for analysis offish growth in ponds, etc. - may generally fail to extract important information, mainly because they cannot account for the multifactor, synergistic effects which only the analysis of large datasets with multivariate methods can make visible. ICLARM has given much emphasis, in its various aquaculture projects, to the tilapias, both as crucial elements in aquaculture-agriculture integration schemes, and as test animals for genetic improvement of organisms used in tropical aquaculture. I am therefore particularly pleased to see that this book documents our emphasis on both methodology development and on tilapias in one volume. I hope that the methods illustrated in this book will find wide application and be further developed. To encourage this, a set offour diskettes has been assembled, which contains the data files used by the authors ofthe various contributions assembled here. These diskettes are available for a nominal fee from ICLARM. Finally, I take this opportunity to thank ARO, particularly Gideon Hulata and Ana Milstein, for their cooperation in this project and BMZ for its unflagging support of the project which led to this book. DR. ROGER S.V. PULLIN Director Aquaculture Program ICLARM vii ARO Foreword It is generally considered that aquaculture has the potential to generate additional, diverse sources of proteinfor thegrowinghuman population, particularlyindevelopingcountries. With the aim to strengthenthe research base on tropical pond aquaculture systems, ARO of Israel's Ministry of Agriculture joined in with ICLARM. OntheIsraeli side, thiswork wasperformed by thestaffoftheFishandAquacultureResearch Station at Dor. This work was part ofa larger Aquaculture Project, funded by the Federal Republic ofGermany-Israel Fund for Agricultural Research in Third World Countries (GIARA), which is financed by BMZ. The aim ofthe project was to retrieve available datafrom experiments and commercial fanns from tropical countries and Israel and to analyze these with new multivariate statistical methods. Israel has a long tradition ofpond aquaculture with fish species used in many tropical countries, notably tilapia and carp. The knowledge and expertise gathered in Israel may be valuable for adaptation to the conditions prevailing in developing countries. The results ofthe present analyses may in turn be of interest to Israeli fish fanners. I appreciate, together with the authors, their participation and willingness to make their farm records available to the present project. I thank Dr. Ana Milstein and Dr. Gideon Hulata for their highly successful efforts in coordinating and perfonning this project, and for cooperating so productively with the ICLARM counterparts, Dr. Daniel Pauly and Dr. Mark Prein, to produce this fine volume. Finally, I deeply appreciate the decision of the editors to dedicate this book to the memory ofthe late Dr. Balfour Hepher, who has contributed significantly to the development of aquaculture and has forwarded the idea ofapplying multivariate analysis to aquaculture research. PROFESSOR YESHAY FOLMAN ChiefScientist Ministry ofAgriculture viii BMZ Foreword Research for the benefit of developing countries is being supported by the Bundesministerium fur Wirtschaftliche Zusammenarbeit und Entwicklung (BMZ) in a wide range offields and with a broad range of partners. The incentive behind one line ofsuch activities was the cooperation with Israeli scientists in the field of agriculture, in this particular case of aquaculture, to develop aquaculture systems appropriate for tropical and subtropical countries. This was performed in terms ofthe
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