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The Story of the Edmonton Young Men's Christian Association 1898-1920 Western University Scholarship@Western Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository 5-15-2015 12:00 AM Muscular Christian Edmonton: The Story of the Edmonton Young Men's Christian Association 1898-1920 Courtney Hope van Waas The University of Western Ontario Supervisor Dr. Kevin B. Wamsley The University of Western Ontario Graduate Program in Kinesiology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the equirr ements for the degree in Master of Arts © Courtney Hope van Waas 2015 Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd Part of the Leisure Studies Commons, Other Kinesiology Commons, and the Sports Studies Commons Recommended Citation van Waas, Courtney Hope, "Muscular Christian Edmonton: The Story of the Edmonton Young Men's Christian Association 1898-1920" (2015). Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository. 2874. https://ir.lib.uwo.ca/etd/2874 This Dissertation/Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Scholarship@Western. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Thesis and Dissertation Repository by an authorized administrator of Scholarship@Western. For more information, please contact [email protected]. MUSCULAR CHRISTIAN EDMONTON: THE STORY OF THE EDMONTON YOUNG MEN’S CHRISTIAN ASSOCIATION 1898-1920 Monograph by Courtney van Waas Graduate Program in Kinesiology A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment Of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts Sport History The School of Graduate and Postdoctoral Studies The University of Western Ontario London, Ontario, Canada © Courtney van Waas 2015 Abstract From its initial conception as the EYMI in 1898 to its emergence as the Edmonton YMCA through 1920, the institution always had a distinct purpose. The absence of a Muscular Christian agenda in the EYMI, coupled with a purposive refocusing of programming within the YMCA towards what was directed towards the public interest, religion within this institution waned following World War I. Newspapers and executive minute notes demonstrate the EYMI focus on producing the next generation of respectable businessmen. The Edmonton YMCA attempted to fulfill the task of ‘saving’ young men by distracting them from social vices. As a result of the far-reaching social influences of the First World War, the YMCA significantly turned away from its religious practices. Indeed, the YMCA shifted emphasis from its religious-oriented Muscular Christian emphasis towards providing more secular, athletic programs and services to its members. Keywords Edmonton Young Men’s Institute (EYMI), Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), Edmonton Bulletin Newspaper, Executives EYMI and YMCA Minutes Books, Muscular Christianity ii Acknowledgments For Elijah Paul van Waas The man who showed me true Muscular Christianity A special thank-you to Henk and Sylvia van Waas For your tireless reading and helpful suggestions Candace and Ryan Kraushaar For your encouragement to take a Masters in the first place And my supervisor Dr. Kevin B. Wamsley Your help, guidance, and advice will never be forgotten Thank-you iii Table of Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................... iv List of Appendices ...........................................................................................................................v Chapter One .....................................................................................................................................1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................1 Literature Review ........................................................................................................................5 Statement of Purpose ..................................................................................................................23 Justification/Rationale ...............................................................................................................24 Method .......................................................................................................................................25 Limitations .................................................................................................................................29 Delimitations ..............................................................................................................................30 Chapter Outline ..........................................................................................................................30 Chapter Two...................................................................................................................................39 2 From Fur Trade Fort to Victorian City for Boys’ Salvation .....................................................39 Chapter Three.................................................................................................................................72 3 Transitions: 1903 – June 1914 ..................................................................................................72 Chapter Four ................................................................................................................................115 4 The War Years: July 1914 – November 1918 .........................................................................115 Chapter Five .................................................................................................................................172 5 The Fallout: December 1917 - 1920 .......................................................................................172 Chapter Six...................................................................................................................................199 Conclusion ...............................................................................................................................199 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................209 Appendix A .................................................................................................................................217 Table 1: Newspaper Reports by year and topic .......................................................................217 Table 2: Minute Reports by year and topic .............................................................................217 Appendix B .................................................................................................................................218 Table 3: Thematic Associations ..............................................................................................218 Curriculum Vitae ........................................................................................................................221 iv List of Appendices Appendix A Table 1: Newspaper Reports by Year and Topic Table 2: Minute Reports by Year and Topic Appendix B Table 3: Thematic Associations v 1 Chapter One Introduction Muscular Christianity and the Young Men’s Christian Association (hereafter YMCA) have been inextricably linked since the creation of the YMCA by George Williams on the 6th of June 1844. Traditionally, the notion of Muscular Christianity was created to encourage men’s participation in what were perceived by Muscular Christians to be highly-feminized Protestant Churches1 of the Victorian era and, as such, has been studied under the lens of male participation and its effects on masculinity within the Church and general society in either North America or Britain. While such studies are insightful and informative, they do not historically examine Muscular Christianity at specific locations in northwestern Canada. This study examines the YMCA in Edmonton, Alberta, where it was considered to be a successful institution, having social influence upon the city and its participants. Utilizing Muscular Christianity to inspire men to participate, the greater YMCA from 1880 through 1920, transformed itself from an evangelical organization to a social service provider. This thesis analyzes the influence of Muscular Christianity to determine the founding principles of the YMCA in Edmonton. To do so, Muscular Christianity will be examined in three different phases of shifting principles. Historically, three periods can be identified which characterize the changing principles of Muscular Christianity: the 1840s through 1879; the 1880s through 1918; and, lastly, 1919 and 1920. Changes in Muscular Christianity during these three periods had a direct influence on the organizational approach of YMCAs and the programs they offered. Shifts in Muscular Christian ideals and principles during these periods had direct effects on the Edmonton YMCA, between 1898 and 1920. A retrospective look into Muscular Christianity as it shifted in both purpose and effect during the above three time periods will serve to classify the main ethos and principles of 2 the movement, thereby distinguishing one period of time from another. Meanwhile, comparing such guiding principles to the institution of the Edmonton YMCA will serve to evaluate the influences
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