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INTRODUCTION

mericans have long invested places with meaning. Thomas Jefferson was so impressed with Virginia’s Natural Bridge that he purchased the property in 1774 Awith the hope that it would be forever preserved in the public trust. Such a mag- nificent natural feature, he and early visitors agreed, was symbolic of the bounty and splen- dor of America. Nearly a century and a quarter later, Natural Bridge was designated a National Historic Landmark for its role in the development of a national self-identity tied to the seemingly boundless landscape of the New World. It is difficult to imagine that any one place could come to symbolize our nation today. The diversity that characterizes our nation’s heritage is documented by nearly 2,300 National Historic Landmarks in the 50 states and 7 U.S. jurisdictions, reflecting almost every imaginable important aspect of our nation’s history.The range of properties repre- sented in the program reflects changing perceptions about which events, ideas, and expe- riences have most influenced American history. National Historic Landmarks make tangible the American experience.They are places where significant historical events occurred, where prominent Americans worked or lived, that represent the ideas that shaped the nation, that provide important information about our past, or that are outstanding examples of design or construction.This book includes places reflecting our greatest achievements in areas such as science, literature, arts, architec- ture, and engineering, as well as places associated with struggles that profoundly affected our national course, such as those related to slavery, civil rights, the labor movement, and political reform. Taken as a whole, these historic places chronicle our most important archeological discoveries, chart our progress in areas such as transportation and industry, and document the people and ideas thought to have had the most profound influence on our nation.They reveal a landscape shaped by the multiplicity of cultures and traditions that compose our national identity. Through the National Historic Landmarks Survey and the National Historic Land- marks Initiative, the National Park Service administers the National Historic Landmarks Program for the secretary of the interior. It is a cooperative endeavor of government agen- cies, professionals, independent organizations, and citizens, sharing knowledge with the Service and working jointly to identify and preserve National Historic Landmarks.The

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2 INTRODUCTION National Park Service works alongside a host of partners to identify, evaluate, and docu- ment properties of national significance. It monitors the condition of existing Landmarks and provides technical assistance to the public to preserve them.The National Park Service supports the National Historic Landmarks Stewards Association—comprising Landmark owners, managers, and friends groups — which advocates the preservation of Landmarks and works to promote public awareness of the program.

Origins of the Landmarks Program The earliest legal recognition of the importance of historic preservation to the nation was the passage of the Antiquities Act of 1906, which authorized the president to proclaim as National Monuments places having significance in history, prehistory, or science.The first comprehensive effort to document the nation’s most important historic places began in 1935 with the creation of the Historic Sites Survey.Although the program was primarily instituted to identify properties suitable for inclusion as units of the National Park System, in supporting the Act in his testimony before the House Public Lands Committee, Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes stated that such a survey “would make it possible to call to the attention of States, municipalities and local historical organizations, the pres- ence of historical sites in their particular regions which the National Government cannot preserve, but which need attention and rehabilitation.” Beginning in 1960, historic properties found nationally significant by the secretary of the interior received a new designation: National Historic Landmark. National Historic Landmark designation was seen as a way to encourage their owners to preserve important historic cultural properties. Although some of these places have been added to the National Park System, the National Park Service regards National Historic Landmark des- ignation as an attractive alternative to federal acquisition of historic properties. Currently, a little more than 1 percent of National Historic Landmarks are located within National Park Service units. The passage of the National Historic Preservation Act in 1966 greatly expanded the federal government's role in historic preservation. The Act established the National Register of Historic Places to recognize properties of state and local significance, as well as units of the National Park System.At that time all existing National Historic Landmarks and historic and cultural units of the Park System were listed in the National Register. Since then, any property not already listed in the National Register prior to its designation as a National Historic Landmark is listed when it is designated.

Designating National Historic Landmarks Potential National Historic Landmarks are identified in two ways: through theme studies that examine related properties within specific national historic contexts, and through spe- cial studies of individual properties with high integrity that appear to meet National Historic Landmarks Criteria (see “Specific Criteria for National Significance,”pp.4–5). National Historic Landmark nominations may be prepared by interested individuals; by organizations;by state,federal,or tribal preservation officers;or by National Park Service staff. The National Historic Landmarks Survey staff provides information about theme studies and other comparable properties that may be relevant in the evaluation of particular properties and gives preliminary advice on whether a property appears likely to meet National Historic Landmarks criteria. National Park Service regional and support office staff who administer 1.CHAMB(1-22)AL-AK 12/28/99 12:28 PM Page 3

INTRODUCTION 3

the National Historic Landmarks program in their areas also provide preliminary evaluations and assistance in preparing National Historic Landmark nominations. Once a draft nomination is prepared, it is reviewed by the National Historic Landmarks staff. Following such reviews and any appropriate revisions, owners and elected officials are formally notified and given an opportunity to comment on those nominations that are likely candidates for National Historic Landmark designation. Owners of private property are given an opportunity to concur in or object to designation. In the case of more than one owner, if a majority of private property owners object, the secretary of the interior cannot designate the property but can determine whether it is eligible for desig- nation. Proposed National Historic Landmarks are evaluated at meetings of the National Park System Advisory Board. Based on the recommendation of the Advisory Board, the secretary of the interior considers and designates National Historic Landmarks. Once the secretary designates a Landmark, its owners may receive a bronze plaque attesting to its national significance. Owners of Landmarks may be able to obtain federal assistance from the Historic Preservation Fund (when available), federal investment tax credits for rehabilitation, and other federal tax incentives. Although the National Park Service encourages preservation of National Historic Landmarks, owners are free to man- age their properties as they choose, as long as no federal license, funding, or permit is involved. If there is federal involvement, federal agencies must allow the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation an opportunity to comment on the project and its effects on the Landmark to ensure that historic values are considered in the planning of federally assisted projects.

About This Book The historic places listed in this book include all National Historic Landmarks designated through 1999.The official National Historic Landmark nomination on file at the National Park Service is the source of most of the information included in this publication. Collected over a period of several decades and prepared by countless individuals both within and outside the Park Service, this body of information reflects numerous approach- es to and levels of information regarding the Landmarks. The documentation has been augmented with information of more recent vintage when available. Entries are arranged in alphabetical order by county within each state to allow group- ing by geographic proximity.The District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands are alphabetized along with states, with other jurisdictions grouped together in the final sec- tion. Each entry is headed with the official Landmark name of the property,followed by the address (or location) and town or city.Some large cities, such as Richmond and Saint Louis, are not considered part of any county.In these cases, properties are alphabetized under the city name.An index by subject and National Historic Landmark name is included to help readers locate specific properties. Location information is based on the National Register Information System (NRIS), the official database of all buildings, sites, districts, structures, and objects listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Many entries have no specific street address, but instead contain approximate location information. In some cases the National Park Service restricts certain information, such as property location, when it is necessary to prevent damage to the resource. In these cases,“Address Restricted” appears in the entry heading. Landmarks included within units of the National Park System are identified by“(NPS)” following the property name. All National Park Service units are open to the public. 1.CHAMB(1-22)AL-AK 12/28/99 12:28 PM Page 4

4 NATIONAL LANDMARKS, AMERICA’S TREASURES Although most National Historic Landmarks are in private hands or under state or local government ownership, many are also open to the public or can be viewed from a public thoroughfare.When available, information about public access has been provided. Readers should consult local sources to determine whether and when properties are open to the public.

To Learn More The records of the National Historic Landmarks program are open to the public. Information on Landmark designation is used for planning, public education, and inter- pretation. Copies of the documentation—including physical description, statement of sig- nificance, bibliography, photographs, and map—may be obtained from the National Park Service by writing to National Historic Landmarks Survey National Register, History and Education Division National Park Service 1849 C Street, NW Room NC400 Washington,DC 20240 To learn more about the historic preservation programs of the Park Service that include National Historic Landmarks, such as the National Register of Historic Places travel itin- eraries and Teaching with Historic Places lesson plans, and the Historic American Buildings Survey/Historic American Engineering Record documentation programs, visit the Park Service’s Cultural Resources Programs website, “Links with the Past,” at www.cr.nps.gov.

Specific Criteria for National Significance: The quality of national significance is ascribed to districts, sites, buildings, structures and objects that possess exceptional value or quality in illustrating or interpreting the heritage of the United States in history, architecture, archeology, engineering and culture and that possess a high degree of integrity of location, design, setting, materials, workmanship, feel- ing and association, and: (a)(1) That are associated with events that have made a significant contribution to, and are identified with, or that outstandingly represent, the broad national patterns of United States history and from which an understanding and appreciation of those patterns may be gained; or (a)(2) That are associated importantly with the lives of persons nationally significant in the history of the United States; or (a)(3) That represent some great idea or ideal of the American people; or (a)(4) That embody the distinguishing characteristics of an architectural type specimen exceptionally valuable for a study of a period, style or method of construction, or that rep- resent a significant, distinctive and exceptional entity whose components may lack indi- vidual distinction; or (a)(5) That are composed of integral parts of the environment not sufficiently significant by reason of historical association or artistic merit to warrant individual recognition but col- lectively compose an entity of exceptional historical or artistic significance, or outstand- ingly commemorate or illustrate a way of life or culture; or 1.CHAMB(1-22)AL-AK 12/28/99 12:28 PM Page 5

INTRODUCTION 5

(a)(6) That have yielded or may be likely to yield information of major scientific impor- tance by revealing new cultures, or by shedding light upon periods of occupation over large areas of the United States. Such sites are those which have yielded, or which may rea- sonably be expected to yield, data affecting theories, concepts and ideas to a major degree. (b) Ordinarily,cemeteries, birthplaces, graves of historical figures, properties owned by reli- gious institutions or used for religious purposes, structures that have been moved from their original locations, reconstructed historic buildings and properties that have achieved significance within the past 50 years are not eligible for designation. Such properties, how- ever, will qualify if they fall within the following categories: (b)(1) A religious property deriving its primary national significance from architectural or artistic distinction or historical importance; or (b)(2) A building or structure removed from its original location but which is nationally significant primarily for its architectural merit, or for association with persons or events of transcendent importance in the nation’s history and the association consequential; or (b)(3) A site of a building or structure no longer standing but the person or event associat- ed with it is of transcendent importance in the nation’s history and the association conse- quential; or (b)(4) A birthplace, grave or burial if it is of a historical figure of transcendent national sig- nificance and no other appropriate site, building or structure directly associated with the productive life of that person exists; or (b)(5) A cemetery that derives its primary national significance from graves of persons of transcendent importance, or from an exceptionally distinctive design or from an excep- tionally significant event; or (b)(6) A reconstructed building or ensemble of buildings of extraordinary national signifi- cance when accurately executed in a suitable environment and presented in a dignified manner as part of a restoration master plan, and when no other buildings or structures with the same association have survived; or (b)(7) A property primarily commemorative in intent if design, age, tradition, or symbolic value has invested it with its own national historical significance; or (b)(8) A property achieving national significance within the past 50 years if it is of extra- ordinary national importance. 1.CHAMB(1-22)AL-AK 12/28/99 12:28 PM Page 6 1.CHAMB(1-22)AL-AK 12/28/99 12:28 PM Page 7

ALABAMA

Baldwin County Barbour County BOTTLE CREEK SITE HENRY D. CLAYTON HOUSE Address Restricted, Stockton vicinity 1 mile south of Clayton This “type site” for the Pensacola culture of This antebellum cottage was the home of the Mississippian period on the northern Alabama congressman Henry D. Clayton, Gulf Coast is a key to understanding the his- chairman of the House Judiciary Committee tory and culture of the Mobile-Tensaw Delta and author of the 1914 Clayton Anti-Trust in late prehistoric/protohistoric times. The Act.The Act, which created the Federal Trade site is believed to have been occupied as early Commission, was designed to outlaw a num- as A.D. 1150, but its principal occupation is ber of unfair trade practices and intended to thought to have been from A.D. 1250 to strengthen the earlier Sherman Act. 1550. It appears to have served as a major social, political, religious, and trade center for Colbert County the region.The now isolated spot contains a number of mounds that served as platforms BARTON HALL for houses and temples. 2.5 miles west of Cherokee on Route 72, 0.5 miles south of Route 72 FORT MORGAN The exterior of this ca. 1847–1849 hipped- Western terminus of Alabama Route 180, roof frame house is traditional in form but Mobile Point has exceptionally sophisticated Doric detail- “Damn the torpedoes—full speed ahead!” ing on the entrance portico and in the entab- Admiral David Farragut uttered his immortal lature. Inside is a stunning, almost sculptural, command in August 1864as his Union fleet double stairway that leads from the main hall attempted to capture this Confederate fort to the rooftop deck in a series of flights, land- guarding Mobile Bay and to avoid the mines ings, and reverse flights. The house is not protecting it.When the fort surrendered, the open to the public. bay was opened to the Union Navy and the port of Mobile sealed off from the Confed- IVY GREEN erates. Union troops repaired the damage they 300 West North Commons, Tuscumbia had inflicted on the huge pentagonal brick Helen Keller, born in a cottage here in 1880, stronghold.Fort Morgan was used as a training grew up in the 1820s main house,and learned base in World War I, restored by the Public to communicate at a water pump between the Works Administration in the 1930s, garri- two buildings, thanks to the unceasing efforts soned inWorldWar II, and is now a state park. of Anne Sullivan. Employing a finger lan-

Ivy Green,Tuscumbia, Colbert County. Courtesy of NPS (Fred Myers).

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8 NATIONAL LANDMARKS, AMERICA’S TREASURES

guage, Sullivan spelled out W-A-T-E-R as Tallapossa join to form the Alabama River. she pumped water over the hand of her seven- The “Alabama Fort” also served as a trading year-old charge, who was mute because of a post for commerce with Creek Indians living childhood illness that left her deaf and blind. nearby. In 1814, General Andrew Jackson Helen Keller went on to teach and inspire established Fort Jackson at the site, and the humanity throughout the world. The house treaty ending the Creek War was signed here and cottage are now a museum dedicated to on August 9 of that year. The fort’s recon- Helen Keller's life. struction was one of Alabama’s major projects honoring the nation’s bicentennial in 1976. It WILSON DAM is now a state park open to the public. Tennessee River, Florence vicinity Wilson Dam was begun by the U.S. Army Hale County Corps of Engineers in 1918 to harness ener- MOUNDVILLE SITE gy at the Tennessee River's Muscle Shoals. Near Moundville, Hale County The 4,535-foot-long concrete structure was This site was a center for the southerly diffu- completed in 1925 and became the first sion of Mississippian culture (A.D. 1000– hydroelectric unit of the Tennessee Valley 1500) toward the Gulf Coast.The two dozen Authority (TVA) when it was created in flat-topped mounds that survive served as 1933. One of TVA's cornerstones, Wilson substructures for temples, council houses, and Dam still has the largest hydroelectric-gener- homes of the rulers.The tallest mound rises ating capacity of any of the Authority's 33 58 feet and covers two acres. A replica of a major dams. It is not open to the public. temple has been built on its top to assist in (Also in Lauderdale County.) interpretation at the Mound State Monu- ment. Dallas County BROWN CHAPEL AFRICAN SAINT ANDREW’S CHURCH METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH U.S. Highway 80, Prairieville 410 Martin Luther King, Jr. Street, Selma The sophisticated design of this board-and- Brown Chapel African Methodist Episcopal batten Gothic Revival church is attributed to Church played a major role in events that led the influence of architect Richard Upjohn. to the adoption of the Voting Rights Act of Built by slave labor, it remains virtually unal- 1965. It was headquarters of the SelmaVoting tered since its completion in 1854.Vestibule, Rights Movement and the starting point for nave, and chancel, lit by narrow lancets and the three Selma-to-Montgomery marches. covered with steep gabled roofs, are arranged Media coverage of the violence during the according to tenets espoused by the Ecclesio- marches showed that equal access to the ballot logical movement. Interior woodwork is said was far from being realized.The nation’s reac- to have been colored with a tobacco-based tion to Selma's “Bloody Sunday March” is stain. widely credited with making the passage of theVoting Rights Act politically viable to an Jefferson County otherwise cautious Congress. Built in the SLOSS BLAST FURNACES early 20th century, Brown Chapel is an First Avenue and 32nd Street, Birmingham impressive edifice that displays Byzantine and Romanesque architectural influences. This testament to the South’s post–Civil War efforts to diversify its economy was erected in Elmore County 1881–1882 by industrialist James Withers Sloss. Now a city-owned museum, the mam- FORT TOULOUSE SITE moth complex helped precipitate the indus- 4 miles southwest of Wetumpka trial development of Birmingham, earning it From 1717 until 1763, this was French the sobriquet “Pittsburgh of the South.” Louisiana’s easternmost outpost.The fort was Labor-intensive operations continued at the a stockade, built where the Coosa and blast furnace until 1970. 1.CHAMB(1-22)AL-AK 12/28/99 12:28 PM Page 9

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guished by a tall, spired tower, a narrow nave flanked by low side aisles, and a polygonal chancel.

NEUTRAL BUOYANCY SPACE SIMULATOR George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville Designed to provide a simulated zero-gravity environment, this facility enabled researchers to gain firsthand knowledge of problems that would be encountered in space.The heart of the simulator is a water tank 75 feet in diam- Sloss Blast Furnaces, Birmingham, Jefferson County. eter and 40 feet deep, with portholes and Courtesy of HAER (Jack E. Boucher). four observation levels. Constructed in 1955, this was NASA’s only such facility until the mid-1970s.The simulator contributed to the WILSON DAM success of projects Gemini, Apollo, Skylab Tennessee River, Florence vicinity (Colbert and the space shuttle. It is not open to the and Lauderdale Counties) public. (See entry under Colbert County.) PROPULSION AND STRUCTURAL Macon County TEST FACILITY TUSKEGEE INSTITUTE (NPS) George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, Vicinity of Tuskegee Huntsville Indelibly associated with Booker T. This concrete-and-steel test stand and sup- Washington, who founded it in 1881, and port facilities were built in 1957. During the George Washington Carver, chair of its 1960s, under the direction of Dr.Werner von Agriculture Department,Tuskegee Institute is Braun, the Saturn family of launch vehicles one of the nation’s preeminent African- was developed here. Continually used and American institutions of higher learning. modified to meet new demands, this installa- Under Washington’s aegis, the curriculum tion has played a part in testing every impor- was designed to provide industrial and voca- tant rocket developed by the Redstone tional education to ameliorate economic Arsenal and, later, the Marshall Space Flight conditions of African Americans and improve Center.Years of testing at this site have literal- their way of life. The Oaks, a Queen Anne ly launched the American Space Program. style house built for Washington by students The test facility is included on the U.S. Space in the vocational training program, is part of and Rocket Center public tours of Marshall the Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site. Space Flight Center.

Madison County REDSTONE TEST STAND George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF THE Huntsville NATIVITY This oldest static firing facility at the Marshall 212 Eustis Avenue, Huntsville Space Flight Center was instrumental in Described when completed in 1859 as “a developing procedures that launched the splendid specimen of Gothic architecture,” nation’s first satellite and the first American this Episcopal church was designed by manned space flight. In 1953 the 75-foot-tall, English-born architect Frank Wills.A pristine steel-framed test stand was constructed of example of a design based on ideals promul- reused materials and cost only $25,000. A gated by the Ecclesiological movement to need for more sophisticated test sites resulted improve church architecture, it is distin- in its closing in 1961 and the removal of all 1.CHAMB(1-22)AL-AK 12/28/99 12:28 PM Page 10

10 NATIONAL LANDMARKS, AMERICA’S TREASURES the direction of Dr.Werner von Braun. Seven years later, a Saturn V lifted off with Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin, and Michael Collins aboard, and carried them to their rendezvous with destiny.This first Saturn V was the test vehicle at the Marshall Space Flight Center and is identical to the one that put man on the moon. On display since 1969, the three-stage rocket is a featured exhibit at the U.S. Space and Rocket Center.

Marengo County GAINESWOOD 805 South Cedar Street, Demopolis Construction of this remarkable and complex house, one of America’s most unusual Greek Revival style mansions, took 18 years, from 1842 to 1860. Nathan Bryan Whitfield, owner, architect, and builder, used architec- tural handbooks for inspiration, ordered ornaments from London, and fashioned much of the fabric on-site. The exterior is Doric, but the lavish multicolumned ball- room employs the more elaborate Corinth- Redstone Test Stand, Huntsville, Madison County. Courtesy ian order. Restored by the state, the house is of HAER (Jet Lowe). now a museum, open to the public.

Mobile County usable equipment.Today Redstone Test Stand is open to the public. ALABAMA Battleship Parkway, Mobile SATURN V DYNAMIC TEST STAND This 35,000-ton battleship, commissioned as George C. Marshall Space Flight Center, the USS Alabama in August 1942, is one of Huntsville only two surviving examples of the South This mammoth facility, 360 feet high, was Dakota class. Alabama gave distinguished ser- built in 1964 to conduct mechanical and vice in the Atlantic and Pacific theaters of vibrational tests on fully assembled Saturn V World War II. During its 40-month Asiatic- rockets. Such testing was the last step before Pacific stint, it participated in the bombard- the vehicles were accepted for full flight sta- ment of Honshu, and its 300-member crew tus at the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. earned nine battle stars. Decommissioned in The Apollo and Skylab programs utilized 1947, the ship was transferred to the state of Saturn V rockets, as did the first manned Alabama in 1964 and is now a war memori- lunar landing, and none ever failed in its mis- al, open to the public. sion. The Saturn V Dynamic Test Stand is open for public tours. CITY HALL 111 South Royal Street, Mobile SATURN V LAUNCH VEHICLE Built in 1856–1857 to serve as city hall, Huntsville armory, and market, this building is an In January 1962, the United States launched impressive example of the 19th-century its attempts to achieve a manned lunar land- trend to combine several municipal functions ing by developing the Saturn V rocket under within one building. Its expansive facade has

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Drum, Mobile, Mobile County. Forward torpedo room. Courtesy of the USS Alabama Battleship Commission.

a twin-gabled main building connected to Montgomery County flanking wings by crenellated wing walls. DEXTER AVENUE BAPTIST CHURCH Italianate features include broad, bracketed eaves and an octagonal cupola. 454 Dexter Avenue, Montgomery This eclectically styled brick church, dating from 1878, played a pivotal role in the 1950s DRUM struggle for civil rights. Martin Luther King, Battleship Parkway, Mobile Jr., then pastor, helped organize the Mont- This submarine was launched in 1941, at the gomery Improvement Association after Rosa outset of World War II, as the first of a type Parks was arrested for refusing to obey segre- that became standard. Manned by a wartime gationist policies requiring her to sit in the crew of 85, it was swift and well suited to the rear of a city bus.The Association, which held lengthy underwater patrols typical of duty in its meetings in the church, successfully boy- the Pacific. Drum sank 15 enemy ships and cotted the city’s buses in 1955. Now called was awarded 12 battle stars. It is now moored the Dexter Avenue King Memorial Baptist alongside the USS Alabama (see Alabama) as Church, it is open to the public. part of a war memorial, open to the public. FIRST CONFEDERATE CAPITOL GOVERNMENT STREET East end of Dexter Avenue, Montgomery PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH In February 1861, 37 delegates from six states 300 Government Street, Mobile that had seceded from the Union met here, This exemplary Greek Revival church, com- adopted a constitution,elected and inaugurat- pleted in 1836 from designs by James Gallier in ed Jefferson Davis as president, and flew the association with brothers James and Charles Confederate flag for the first time. In May Dakin, exhibits an early American usage of a 1861,the Confederate seat of government was distyle-in-muris portico: a recessed porch with moved to Richmond, Virginia. With several two columns between flanking end walls.This additions, this Greek Revival building contin- arrangement was adopted in a number of ues to serve as the Alabama State Capitol. Greek Revival churches across the country. Interior details adhere to plates from a hand- MONTGOMERY UNION STATION book by Minard LaFever, a famous 19th-cen- AND TRAINSHED tury architect, with whom Gallier had worked Water Street, Montgomery in New York. The tower was toppled by a Built for the Louisville & Nashville Railroad hurricane in 1852 and not replaced. Other- in 1897–1898, this complex consists of a wise,the church is in largely original condition. metal-and-timber-framed train shed and a 1.CHAMB(1-22)AL-AK 12/28/99 12:28 PM Page 12

Montgomery, Pickensville, Pickens County. Courtesy of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.

handsome brick Romanesque station. The blockhouse at this site in 1690 as their north- train shed is significant for its construction ernmost outpost on the Chattahoochee techniques. Trusses and metal eyebars were River. It was intended to prevent the English adapted from bridge-building techniques for from gaining a foothold among the Lower a structure serving a different purpose, which Creek Indians, who had already accepted represented an important step in the evolu- English traders and rejected Spanish mission- tion of American civil engineering.The sta- aries.The post was garrisoned for only a year tion and shed currently house a bank, restau- and was abandoned and destroyed by its rant, and the Hank Williams Museum. builders in 1691. It is not open to the public.

Pickens County FORT MITCHELL SITE .25 miles east of Alabama Route 165, MONTGOMERY Phenix City vicinity Tom Bevill Visitor Center, Pickensville Protecting an important Chattahoochee Looking more like a showboat than the stal- River crossing of the Federal Road, this site wart workhorse it actually is, this steam-pro- symbolizes three different policies relating to pelled sternwheeler snagboat was designed Native Americans during the early 19th cen- and built in 1925. Snagboats cleared rivers of tury.The first Fort Mitchell (1813) was built countless obstructions, opening previously during the period when the Creek Indian inaccessible regions to navigation. One of Nation was defeated and forced to make land the few of its type left, Montgomery played a concessions.The second Fort Mitchell (1825) key role in the well-known 1970s Tenn-Tom and related structures represented the federal project that created a navigable route government’s attempts to honor its treaty between the Gulf of Mexico and the Ohio obligations.When the Indian removal policy River by deepening the Tennesee and of the 1830s resulted in a final deportation of Tombigbee Rivers. It now rests on its laurels, the Creeks, Fort Mitchell was abandoned.The or at least on its steel-plated hull, at a Corps site is a historical park open to the public. of Engineers visitor center. YUCHI TOWN SITE Russell County Address Restricted, Fort Benning vicinity APALACHICOLA FORT SITE This is the largest known town site associated Address Restricted, Holy Trinity vicinity with the Yuchi tribe, who occupied it from The Spanish completed a wattle-and-daub ca. A.D. 1716 until they and their Creek 12 1.CHAMB(1-22)AL-AK 12/28/99 12:28 PM Page 13

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neighbors were removed to Oklahoma in states.” Through his able administration of 1836. Before the Yuchi occupation, an these funds, Curry encouraged the expan- Apalachicola (ancestral Creek) settlement had sion and improvement of the public school been here.William Bartram, noted explorer system and the establishment of normal and naturalist, described the Yuchi town in schools for training teachers throughout the the late 18th century as “the largest, most South. This antebellum Greek Revival cot- compact, and best situated Indian town [he] tage was his home from 1850 to 1865. ever saw” and lauded its “large and neatly built” habitations. It is not open to the public. SWAYNE HALL Talladega College,Talladega Talladega County Swayne Hall, a three-story building with pedimented portico, was completed in 1857 J.L.M. CURRY HOME by slave labor as a white Baptist school. It was Highway 21, 3 miles east from center of purchased by the American Missionary Talladega Association, with assistance from the Jabez Lamar Monroe Curry was agent for Freedmen’s Bureau, in 1867 to form the both the George Peabody Fund, established nucleus of a black college. Unlike institutions in 1867 to promote education in “the more that emphasized vocational training,Talladega destitute portions” of the South and established a liberal arts program in 1890, Southwest, and the John F. Slaytor Fund, helping to create a black middle class that founded in 1882 to help educate “the lately would lead in the civil rights movement. emancipated population of the southern It is not open to the public.

ALASKA

Aleutian Islands Borough–Census dence of ancient stone core and blade tools, Area which were buried deep beneath many lay- ers of volcanic ash. Radiocarbon tests in ADAK ARMY BASE AND ADAK 1975 dated human occupation as having NAVAL OPERATING BASE occurred about 8,400 years earlier. The Adak Island, Adak Station occupants were Eskimo-Aleuts who had Established in 1942, these World War II migrated along the Alaska Peninsula land installations were the westernmost in the bridge that connected the Asian and North nation for a short while and provided a stage American continents. The occupants' mar- for strikes against the Japanese-held Aleutian itime cultural orientation, tool industry, and Islands, Kiska and Attu. Until very recently, racial resemblance to Eastern Siberians set Adak, located about 1,400 air miles south- them apart from other aboriginal North west of Anchorage, remained an active naval Americans. station. ATTU BATTLEFIELD AND U.S. ARMY ANANGULA SITE AND NAVY AIRFIELDS Address Restricted, Nikolski vicinity Attu Island This island site was of paramount impor- Attu Island, westernmost of the Aleutians, tance in the peopling of North America and was the scene of the only World War II battle represents the earliest known occupation in fought on the North American continent. the Aleutians. Archeologists have found evi- Japanese forces landed in June 1942, which 1.CHAMB(1-22)AL-AK 12/28/99 12:28 PM Page 14

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Church of the Holy Ascension, Unalaska Island, Aleutian Islands Borough–Census Area, 1961. Courtesy of NPS (Charles W. Snell).

marked the apex of their expansion in the to their modern descendants, who continue North Pacific. American troops recaptured to hunt in the same waters. the island after fierce combat in May 1943. During the conflict many Japanese soldiers CHURCH OF THE HOLY ASCENSION took their own lives. The island was subse- Unalaska, Unalaska Island quently used as a launching site for bombing One of the oldest, largest, and most impres- missions to Japan’s home islands. sive of Alaska’s Russian Orthodox churches, this 1894 wood-frame building is fronted CAPE FIELD with a three-story bell tower capped with an Northeast section of Umnak Island, onion-domed cupola. Unalaska had long Fort Glenn been a center of Russian Orthodoxy in Constructed between January and April 1942, Alaska, and a predecessor church on the site Cape Field’s first runway was then the U.S. was built by Father Veniaminov, a missionary Army’s most westerly airfield in the Aleutian assigned to this post in 1824. He translated Islands. In June 1942 aircraft from Cape Field the Bible into the Aleut language and record- participated in a counterattack after the ed Aleut customs and material culture. Japanese attacked the Dutch Harbor naval and army installations on nearby Amaknak DUTCH HARBOR NAVAL Island. Several days later aircraft flew missions OPERATING BASE AND FORT against the Japanese who had occupied Kiska, MEARS, U.S. ARMY another Aleutian Island. By the close of 1942, Amaknak Island, Unalaska Fort Glen had 10,579 personnel, but its role Dutch Harbor, the U.S. Navy’s westernmost as an advanced air base had been supplanted base in Alaska in the 1940s, and Fort Mears by facilities on Adak Island farther to the are on Amaknak Island in Unalaska Bay, off west. Buildings, runways, and World War II the northern coast of Unalaska Island. In artillery emplacements remain. early June 1942, Japanese aircraft attacked Unalaska in a fierce two-day bombardment CHALUKA SITE that resulted in 43 American deaths. At the Address Restricted, Nikolski vicinity time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor This deeply stratified Aleut village site lies at these two bases were the only U.S. defenses the southern end of the modern village of in the Aleutian chain, and they continued as Nikolski on Umnak Island in the Aleutian important coastal defenses throughout the chain.The site has yielded records of approx- war.Fortunately,additional batteries installed imately the last 4,000 years of Aleut history, in anticipation of future raids proved unnec- from the time of early sea mammal hunters essary. 1.CHAMB(1-22)AL-AK 12/28/99 12:28 PM Page 15

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JAPANESE OCCUPATION SITE a site of human habitation for many cen- Kiska Island turies.Twenty well-preserved sites with 960 Kiska, one of the westernmost of the depressions, many of them remains of sub- Aleutian Islands, was, along with Attu Island, stantial semisubterranean houses, span some invaded and occupied by the Japanese in 4,500 years and represent nine cultural phas- June 1942. In the months that followed, they es. Included in the district is the greatest constructed a number of military installa- concentration of Arctic Small Tool Tradition tions, but after the fall of Attu and successful (1800–1100 B.C.) artifacts known in Alaska, American attacks on Japanese submarines, possibly in all of North America. the enemy departed.Their undetected with- drawal in July 1943 proved an embarrass- KIJIK ARCHEOLOGICAL DISTRICT ment when an American force of 34,000 (NPS) troops arrived to invade a deserted island 18 Address Restricted, Nondalton vicinity days later. Located in southwest Alaska on the shore of Lake Clark, Kijik Archeological District SEAL ISLAND HISTORIC DISTRICT comprises an extensive former village of Pribilof Islands, Saint Paul Island Dena’ina Athabaskan Indians, dating from Seal herds on the Pribilof Islands have long pre-European contact to the abandonment attracted fur hunters: first, the native peoples of Kijik village ca. 1910.These sites provide of the Bering Sea area, and since the 18th an incomparable opportunity to recognize and study complex Athabaskan settlements century, people of many other nationalities. within a limited geographical area. An international conservation agreement between the United States, the United Fairbanks–North Star Borough– Kingdom, Russia, and Japan (1911) has Census Area ensured the preservation of the flourishing herds on the islands of Saint Paul and Saint LADD FIELD George, an example of the importance of Fairbanks vicinity international arbitration. This first U.S. Army airfield in Alaska, just east of Fairbanks, was begun in 1938. The SITKA SPRUCE PLANTATION first Army Air Corps troops arrived in 1940. Unalaska vicinity, Amaknak Island During World War II the facility served as a Early Russian explorers noted the absence of cold weather experiment station, air depot trees on the Aleutian Islands, and in 1805 for repair and testing, and principal base for two- and three-year-old spruce trees were the Air Transport Command.This lend-lease shipped from Sitka and planted here on program transferred nearly 8,000 aircraft to Amaknak Island.The project, undertaken to Russian crews for use on the Russian front. make the Unalaska colony more self-suffi- Renamed Fort Wainwright after 1961, it cient, is the first known afforestation project continues as an active base, and many of its on the North American continent. The World War II structures remain. number of trees planted is not known. In 1834 there were 24 trees. Today, 6 original NENANA trees remain, augmented by hundreds of new Alaskaland Park, Fairbanks seedlings. SS Nenana, a five-deck sternwheel steamboat with a length of 237 feet and beam of 42 Bristol Bay Borough–Census Area feet, exemplifies the vessels that played an important part in the exploration, growth, BROOKS RIVER ARCHEOLOGICAL and settlement of vast stretches of America. DISTRICT (NPS) Launched in 1933, Nenana was commis- Address Restricted, King Salmon vicinity sioned by the Alaska Railroad to ply the Brooks River, less than two miles long, con- Yukon, Nenana, and Tanana rivers. Designed nects Brooks and Naknek lakes and has been to carry both freight and passengers, it served 1.CHAMB(1-22)AL-AK 12/28/99 12:28 PM Page 16

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officers quarters and barracks still stand in military precision around the rectangular parade ground.

Juneau Borough–Census Area FORT DURHAM SITE Address Restricted, Taku Harbor vicinity Constructed in 1840, Fort Durham was a log stockade surrounding a number of log hous- es, one of three posts established by the British Hudson’s Bay Company in Russian Alaska.The site represents the British role in the struggle for control of the North Pacific fur trade and was built on land leased from the Russian-American Company.After serv- ing three years, the fort was abandoned in favor of yearly visits by a Hudson’s Bay com- pany ship. Nenana, Fairbanks, Fairbanks–North Star Borough–Census Area, 1971. Courtesy of State of Alaska, Division of Kenai Peninsula Borough–Census History and Archeology. Area

during World War II by transporting military HOLY ASSUMPTION ORTHODOX supplies. Honorably discharged, it now rests CHURCH in drydock as an exhibit in Alaskaland Park. Mission and Overland Streets, Kenai Holy Assumption is the most enduring rep- GEORGE C. THOMAS MEMORIAL resentation of Russian culture and architec- LIBRARY ture in south central Alaska.The church, dat- 901 First Avenue, Fairbanks ing from the 1890s, is fronted by a square This log bungalow, built for a library origi- tower base supporting an octagonal cupola nally established by the Episcopal Church, and an onion dome. Behind the tower, the housed a 1915 meeting between U.S. gov- square nave and polygonal sanctuary also ernment officials and native Alaskans that at- have onion domes. The church is of dove- tempted to settle land and compensation tailed-log construction but was covered with claims. The longstanding dispute that arose beveled siding soon after its completion. was not finally resolved until the Alaska Inside, a richly appointed iconostas contains Native Claims Settlement Act was passed in several icons that predate the church. Nearby 1971. are the 1881–1894 rectory and the small, onion-domed Saint Nicholas Chapel (1906). Haines Borough–Census Area YUKON ISLAND MAIN SITE FORT WILLIAM H. SEWARD Address Restricted, Yukon Island Port Chilkoot, Haines vicinity First excavated in the 1930s, the Yukon Island Fort Seward, established in 1898 as the last Main Site in Kachemak Bay was the first to of 11 Alaskan military posts created in produce artifacts attributable to the response to the 1897–1904gold rushes, also Kachemak tradition of Pacific Eskimo served as a military presence during bound- marine mammal hunters. The Kachemak ary disputes with Canada. Never fortified, it people occupied an area extending from was renamed Chilkoot Barracks in 1922, Kodiak Island to Cook Inlet for about two served as Alaska’s only active military post millennia, from 1500 B.C. to sometime until 1940, and was sold to private owners around A.D. 500. Recent excavations at the after World War II. A number of large, frame site have turned up evidence of an even ear- 1.CHAMB(1-22)AL-AK 12/28/99 12:28 PM Page 17

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lier cultural tradition, Ocean Bay, previously Nome Borough–Census Area known primarily from sites in the Kodiak ANVIL CREEK GOLD DISCOVERY SITE Archipelago dated at ca. 2000–4000 B.C. Combined with Cape Nome Mining District, Nome vicinity Kodiak Island Borough–Census Area Gold was discovered at Anvil Creek on KODIAK NAVAL OPERATING BASE September 20, 1898, the first large placer AND FORTS GREELY AND strike made on the Alaskan mainland. In ABERCROMBIE October, the Cape Nome Mining District Kodiak vicinity was organized and claims were filed on Kodiak Naval Operating Base and Fort 7,000 acres.This gold rush,Alaska’s greatest, Greely were Alaska’s principal advance bases centered on Nome, in a region previously whenWorldWar II broke out.A joint opera- occupied by only a handful of inhabitants. tions center established here directed Alaskan Anvil Creek was designated a National operations in 1942–1943. Ships and sub- Historic Landmark (NHL) in 1965, and in marines from Kodiak played a critical role in 1978 it was incorporated into the larger Cape Nome District NHL. the Aleutian campaign,and Fort Greely stood ready to repel invaders. Fort Abercrombie, CAPE NOME MINING DISTRICT established in April 1943 as a subpost of Fort DISCOVERY SITES Greely, is now a state historical park. Nome vicinity RUSSIAN-AMERICAN MAGAZINE As noted in the discussion of the Anvil Main and Mission Streets, Kodiak Creek Gold Discovery Site, gold was dis- covered there on September 20, 1898. Soon, Built prior to 1808, this is Alaska’s oldest over 12,000 people were in Nome—all Russian building. It was built as a warehouse hoping to strike it rich in one way or for the Russian-American Company,Russia’s another.The fact that the gold fields yielded monopolistic trading company, and is con- more than $57 million between 1898 and structed of logs chinked with moss, then 1910 proved that many of them did. Anvil clapboarded. After the United States Creek was incorporated into the larger acquired Alaska, it was purchased by the Cape Nome District as a National Historic Alaska Commercial Company, which sold it Landmark in 1978. in 1911 to W. J. Erskine. It served as the Erskine family home until 1948. Since 1967, IYATAYET SITE it has been a museum. Address Restricted, Cape Denbigh Peninsula THREE SAINTS BAY SITE Located on the northwest shore of Cape Address Restricted, Old Harbor vicinity Denbigh on Norton Bay, this stratified site This was the site of the first permanent produced the first evidence of the Denbigh Russian settlement in North America, estab- Flint Complex (2000–3000 B.C.) and the lished in August 1784 by Grigorii Shelikhov, Norton Culture (500 B.C.–A.D. 400), both who named it after one of his ships.The set- pivotal for the understanding of Arctic pre- tlement served as a base for further explo- history.Both were first identified here, mak- ration, and in 1793 the colony moved to a ing this the type site for both. Many ele- better harbor, now the city of Kodiak. Like ments of earliest-level artifacts found at the many other migrants, the Russians settled site have affinities with Old World cultures. on land that had attracted prehistoric peo- ples.The site also represents the Three Saints WALES SITE phase of the Kachemak tradition, the zenith Address Restricted, Wales vicinity of this pre-Eskimo culture on Kodiak Located on Cape Prince of Wales, this site Island. contains material that spans the period from 1.CHAMB(1-22)AL-AK 12/28/99 12:28 PM Page 18

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the Birnirk culture, the earliest recognizable dence of the use of iron. Along with other manifestation of modern Eskimo culture in nearby sites, it represents 2,000 years of con- Alaska (A.D. 500–900), to that of the present tinuous occupation of Point Hope. Eskimo inhabitants of the modern settlement of Wales.The Wales Site includes mounds, a LEFFINGWELL CAMP SITE midden, a present-day native Alaskan com- 58 miles west of Barter Island on Arctic coast, munity, and the first site of the Thule culture Flaxman Island discovered by archeologists in Alaska. This small barrier island off Alaska’s Arctic coast served as headquarters for pioneer sci- North Slope Borough–Census Area entific researcher and explorer Ernest de Koven Leffingwell from 1906 to 1914. BIRNIRK SITE Leffingwell produced the first accurate map Address Restricted, Barrow vicinity of the area and was the first person to study Sixteen mounds arranged in three rows par- the phenomenon of ground ice, now known allel to the Arctic Ocean beach mark the as permafrost. Eskimos living on the island type site for the Birnirk culture (A.D. shared their survival skills and acted as 500–900). The site has yielded important guides.Their descendants still use the island information on the Birnirk and its successor, for subsistence hunting and fishing. the Thule culture. Both belong to the North Alaskan branch of the Northern Maritime Northwest Arctic Borough–Census tradition, the earliest manifestation of Eskimo Area culture in North Alaska. The site is near Point Barrow, northernmost point in Alaska. CAPE KRUSENTERN ARCHEOLOGICAL DISTRICT (NPS) GALLAGHER FLINT STATION Address Restricted, Kotzebue ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE Several hundred sites compose this vast Address Restricted, Sagwon vicinity archeological district in northwestern Alaska. This site was discovered in 1970 during The sites are situated along a series of 114 reconnaissance surveys for the trans-Alaska beach ridges, horizontally stratified, with the pipeline. A hunting stand and lithic work- oldest sites farthest from the present coastline shop, it represents one of the earliest dated and the youngest on the most recently archeological sites in Northern Alaska and formed ridges.The sweep of Arctic prehisto- demonstrates strong affinities between ry, dating from about 5,000 years ago indigenous peoples of Alaska and Siberia. It is through cultures ancestral to modern Inupiat located on a prominent glacial kame, a sand- Eskimo occupation of the area, has been and-gravel mound that afforded a command- documented on these ridges, with even earli- ing view of the game-rich tundra, account- er sites identified on the cliffs above. ing for its repeated use and occupation by humans over time. ONION PORTAGE ARCHEOLOGICAL DISTRICT (NPS) IPIUTAK SITE Address Restricted, Kiana vicinity Address Restricted, Point Hope vicinity For thousands of years herds of caribou have This site at Point Hope is the type site for the traversed this bend on the Kobuk River dur- Ipiutak culture that flourished in northwest- ing their seasonal migrations between taiga ern Alaska at about the beginning of the com- (subarctic evergreen forests) and the tundra. mon era. Some 575 house depressions were These animals were crucial to the lives of mapped at the site when it was first excavated ancient hunters who once occupied the in the early 1940s, thus establishing it as one of Onion Portage site. By virtue of its incredi- the largest known prehistoric settlements in ble stratigraphic sequence of cultures, span- the Alaskan Arctic.The site is also significant ning a period of nearly 10,000 years, the for its elaborate burial goods and its early evi- Onion Portage site has proven to be one of 1.CHAMB(1-22)AL-AK 12/28/99 12:28 PM Page 19

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the most important in Alaska for document- RUSSIAN-AMERICAN BUILDING ing the progression of cultural change over a NO. 29 long expanse of time. 202–204 Lincoln Street, Baranof Island, Sitka This mid-19th-century log structure was Sitka Borough–Census Area labeled No. 29 on the 1867 map entitled “The Settlement of New Archangel” that ALASKA NATIVE BROTHERHOOD documented Russian-American Company HALL property transferred to the United States. Katlean Street, Baranof Island With the Bishop’s House, it is one of only The Tlingits founded the Alaska Native two Russian-built structures remaining in Brotherhood/Sisterhood Society in Sitka in Sitka, which, as New Archangel, had been the 1912 to oppose discrimination and to obtain capital of Russian America. Built to house compensation for their lands. In 1914 the company workers, it testifies to Russian Society built this large frame building as a exploration and settlement in Alaska. meeting hall and headquarters. It remains a symbol of the political power the group RUSSIAN BISHOP’S HOUSE (NPS) attained. Lincoln and Monastery Streets, Baranof Island, Sitka AMERICAN FLAG-RAISING SITE In addition to housing the bishop, this two- Lincoln and Katlean Streets, Baranof Island, story clapboarded log structure, built by the Sitka Russian-American Company between 1842 On October 18, 1867, the Russian flag was and 1844, served as a seminary and as offices lowered on Castle Hill, home of Alaska’s for the Russian Orthodox Church in Alaska. Russian governors, and the American flag A 1980s restoration by the National Park was raised.With this ceremony,accompanied Service revealed that it had originally con- by a brief exchange of statements,Alaska was tained a sophisticated heating and ventilation transferred to the United States.This was the system. Now a museum, the Bishop’s House nation’s first expansion into noncontiguous provides an unrivaled glimpse into the life territory.Alaska was admitted to the Union and architecture of Russian Alaska. on January 3, 1959, and on July 4 of that year, the 49-star American flag was flown for SAINT MICHAEL’S CATHEDRAL the first time from the same site. Although Lincoln and Maksoutoff Streets, Baranof no structures remain, the site, rich in histori- Island, Sitka cal archeology, is now a park commemorat- Alaska’s most famous and familiar “ Russian” ing these events. building, the Cathedral of Saint Michael the

Russian Bishop’s House, Baranof Island, Sitka Borough–Census area, 1959. Courtesy of NPS. 1.CHAMB(1-22)AL-AK 12/28/99 12:28 PM Page 20

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Archangel was originally constructed be- NEW RUSSIA SITE tween 1844 and 1848. Built of logs, covered Yakutat vicinity with clapboards, it was an outstanding exam- New Russia was established in 1796, appar- ple of Russian church architecture and the ently as an effort to create a more stable base embodiment of Russian cultural influence in for colonizing efforts than then existed at the North America. The church burned to the empire’s fur trading posts. In 1805,Tlingits, ground in 1966 but has since been recon- who had used the area for otter hunting, structed with fireproof materials.The restora- attacked and destroyed the stockade. tion was based on documentation made in According to a Russian hunter, they left “not 1960–1961 by the Historic American one log...standing on another.”This pivotal Buildings Survey.Fortunately,the cathedral’s event postponed European intrusion in the priceless collection of icons was removed region and helped keep it open for later during the fire and once again embellishes American traders and explorers. the gilded iconostas. SKAGWAY HISTORIC DISTRICT SITKA NAVAL OPERATING BASE AND WHITE PASS (NPS) AND U.S. ARMY COASTAL Skagway vicinity DEFENSES Skagway served as a point of entry for Baranof Island, Sitka prospectors on their way to strike it rich in Formally commissioned as the Sitka Naval the Upper Yukon and Klondike gold fields. Air Station in October 1939, this facility was At first competing with nearby Dyea, redesignated the Naval Operating Base in Skagway overtook its rival in 1900 when the July 1942. During the first months of World White Pass and Yukon Route Railway was War II it was one of the few installations pre- completed. Once Alaska’s largest city,the for- pared to protect the North Pacific against mer boomtown contains the state’s finest enemy incursion. Planes from the base collection of turn-of-the-century commer- patrolled southeast Alaskan waters, tracking cial structures, many of them incorporated in reported submarines and looking for other the Klondike Gold Rush International enemy activity. Historical Park.White Pass Trail, northeast of Skagway, crests at the 3,000-foot pass at the Canadian border. Skagway-Yakutat-Angoon Borough– Census Area Southeast Fairbanks Borough– CHILKOOT TRAIL AND DYEA SITE Census Area (NPS) Dyea to the Canadian border, Taiya River EAGLE HISTORIC DISTRICT Valley Mile 0, Taylor Highway, Eagle The 35-mile Chilkoot Trail, beginning at Fort Egbert and the adjoining town of Dyea and following the Yukon River before Eagle, on the Yukon River close by the ascending to its 3,500-foot summit at Canadian border, were, at the turn of the Chilkoot Pass, was the preferred route by 20th century, interior Alaska’s windows on which thousands of prospectors reached the world.They served as a military,judicial, Canada’s Klondike gold fields from 1897 to transportation, and communications hub, 1899. Chilkoot was far steeper than the and it was from here that Roald Amundsen White Pass Trail that began six miles south- announced the first successful navigation of east at Skagway. After the White Pass and the long-sought Northwest Passage in 1905. Yukon Route Railway was completed in A number of structures from the historic era 1900, Chilkoot was virtually abandoned, and remain. Among them are the U.S. Customs Dyea, once boasting Alaska’s largest brewery, House and U.S. Courthouse, both open as soon became a ghost town. museums. 1.CHAMB(1-22)AL-AK 12/28/99 12:28 PM Page 21

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Kennecott Mines, Kennecott,Valdez-Cordova Borough–Census Area. Concentration Mill. Courtesy of NPS (Robert L. Spude).

Valdez-Cordova Borough–Census Area nation, Kennecott contained some of the country’s highest-grade ore deposits. Still BERING EXPEDITION LANDING remaining at the foot of Bonanza Ridge is a SITE phenomenal industrial complex, little Kayak Island, Katalla vicinity changed since it closed in 1938. Represen- In July 1741, George William Steller disem- tative of mining processes of the era, the barked from the St. Peter to step ashore on camp contains the powerhouse, tramway sta- the northwest coast of Kayak Island. Here, in tion, bunkhouses, and commissary, all domi- a mission to find plants to treat an outbreak nated by a 14-story concentration mill.The of scurvy on board ship, he attempted the world’s first successful ammonia-leaching first contact between Europeans and Alaskan plant, greatly increasing the amount of recov- natives, having “found signs of people and erable copper ore, went into operation here their doings.” Steller served as naturalist and in 1916. surgeon on an expedition commanded by Vitus Bering, and his recorded observations PALUGVIK SITE are among the first contributions to the Address Restricted, Hawkins Island West’s knowledge of the natural and human This well-defined area on Hawkins Island history of the region. contains almost the full range of Pacific Eskimo site types in Prince William Sound. KENNECOTT MINES Located in the traditional cultural area of the North Bank, National Creek, east of Chugach Eskimo, this stratified midden, exca- Kennecott Glacier, Kennecott vated in the 1930s, gives evidence of long- One of the largest copper mines in the established population and cultural traditions. 1.CHAMB(1-22)AL-AK 12/28/99 12:28 PM Page 22

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Wrangell-Peterburgh Borough–Census Yukon-Koyukuk Borough–Census Area Area KAKE CANNERY DRY CREEK ARCHEOLOGICAL SITE 1.5 miles south of Kake Address Restricted, Lignite vicinity Kake Cannery, containing more than a The multilayered Dry Creek site, located dozen buildings constructed from 1912 to near the northern flank of the Alaska Range 1940, demonstrates trends and technology in in the interior of the state, is one of the old- the Pacific salmon canning industry.Largely est radiocarbon-dated sites in Alaska. Its ear- a self-contained facility,the cannery complex liest level, dated at more than 11,000 years includes warehouses, cannery buildings, and ago, has produced bifacial projective points housing for workers, all connected via and the bones of Pleistocene elk.The overly- boardwalks. Utilizing foreign contract labor, ing level dates back more than 10,000 years primarily Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, and, to and has yielded a completely different type a lesser extent, Korean, Mexican, and black of stone tool technology, known primarily workers, salmon canning became Alaska’s for its small microblades.This later technolo- largest industry in the first half of the 20th gy appears to have ties with artifact assem- century. blages excavated in Siberia.

ARIZONA

Apache County Cochise County CASA MALPAIS SITE DOUBLE ADOBE SITE Springerville vicinity Address Restricted, Douglas Situated on terraces of a fallen basalt cliff This is where the distinctive pre-ceramic along the upper Little Colorado River, the Cochise culture, a hunting and gathering site dates from late Pueblo III to early Pueblo society, was first recognized.This culture was IV (A.D. 1250–1325) times. Casa Malpais the base from which a number of ceramic appears to incorporate features of both early cultures, particularly the Mogollon, devel- oped. Double Adobe has yielded information and late Mogollon culture settlement pat- on southern Arizona’s prehistoric climate, terns.Tours are offered by the Casa Malpais ecology, and animal life, all quite different Foundation. from what they are today.

HUBBELL TRADING POST (NPS) FORT BOWIE AND APACHE PASS Hubbell Trading Post National Historic Site, (NPS) Ganado 13–15 miles south of Bowie During the heyday of the Indian trader, this Commanding the eastern entrance to Apache was one of the most important trading posts Pass, Fort Bowie was built in 1862 and was in the American Southwest. Established in replaced in 1868 by a larger post. The fort the 1870s, the still-operating post represents played a vital role in the U.S. Army’s cam- the varied interactions of Navajos and traders paigns against Cochise, chief of the Chiricahua on their reservation. In addition to the actual Apache, and later against Geronimo. Because post, or store, this National Historic Site spring water was available and reliable, the includes the 1890s Hubell house. mountain crossing was used by early settlers