Groot in De Hasj: Theorie En Praktijk Van De Georganiseerde Criminaliteit’ Werd Als Proefschrift Verdedigd Op 11 Mei 2000 Aan De Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam

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Groot in De Hasj: Theorie En Praktijk Van De Georganiseerde Criminaliteit’ Werd Als Proefschrift Verdedigd Op 11 Mei 2000 Aan De Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam ‘Groot in de hasj: theorie en praktijk van de georganiseerde criminaliteit’ werd als proefschrift verdedigd op 11 mei 2000 aan de Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam. De handelseditie verscheen als deel 26 in de reeks Politiestudies bij Samsom en Kluwer Rechtswetenschappen in Antwerpen. Het boek is sinds 2002 uitverkocht. Dese pdf-versie is samengesteld uit het oorspronkelijke manuscript en verschilt wat betreft lay-out en op inhoudelijke details van de gedrukte versie. Voor professioneel gebruik wordt de gedrukte versie aanbevolen. Het copyright © berust bij Peter Klerks, 2000. Overname van citaten met bronvermelding is toegestaan. Groot in de hasj Theorie en praktijk van de georganiseerde criminaliteit Big in Hash: Theory and Practice of Organized Crime Proefschrift Ter verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Prof.dr. P.W.C. Akkermans M.A. en volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties. De openbare verdediging zal plaatsvinden op donderdag 11 mei 2000 om 16:00 uur door Petrus Paulus Henricus Maria Klerks geboren te Tilburg 2 Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof.dr. C.J.C.F. Fijnaut Overige leden: Dr. A. Cachet Prof.dr. H. de Doelder Dr. E.B.M. Rood-Pijpers 3 Stellingen 1. Zolang niet wordt onderkend dat crimineel actief zijn veel plezier op kan leveren, kan criminaliteit nooit worden begrepen. 2. Het feit dat het standaardwerk ‘Politie. Studies over haar werking en organisatie’ het on- derwerp misdaadanalyse nagenoeg onaangeroerd laat, is kenmerkend voor de huidige status van de inlichtingen- en analysediscipline binnen de Nederlandse politie. 3. Uit oogpunt van strategische informatie-inwinning in het kader van criminaliteitsbeheer- sing is een grotere belangstelling voor helers aan te bevelen. 4. Als intelligence-led policing tot nieuw paradigma wordt verheven terwijl veel onder- zoekers de organisatie verlaten, heeft de Nederlandse politie een strategisch probleem. 5. Het clandestiene maar sinds jaar en dag gedoogde gokken in de vorm van stadslotto’s, voetbaltoto’s en gokhuizen is van substantiële financiële betekenis in criminele netwer- ken. 6. De empirische rijkdom voortgebracht door het werk van onderzoeksbureaus, die veelal verborgen blijft in grijze literatuur, zou van grote betekenis kunnen zijn voor de verdere ontplooiing van de criminologie. 7. In de opleiding van criminologen moet aandacht worden geschonken aan de kunst van het moppen tappen; dit komt het rapport met informanten, en daarmee de kwaliteit van het onderzoek ten goede. 8. Een tekst met voetnoten is een hypertext: ze legt denkprocessen bloot. Ruimtegebrek beperkte tot dusver de omvang van menig notenapparaat. Door HTML gaat de voetnoot dan ook een nieuwe levensfase in. 9. De vergrijzing, tekorten in de zorgsector en de in ernst toenemende jeugdcriminaliteit maken op termijn een sociale dienstplicht onvermijdelijk. Mits doordacht opgezet kan dit een positief effect hebben op maatschappelijke betrokkenheid, de kwaliteit van de sa- menleving en de inburgering van immigranten. 10. De huidige omvang van geweldscriminaliteit kan ten dele worden verklaard door het wegvallen van traditioneel masculien gedrag in de vorm van correctie van branieschop- pers door oudere mannen. Er is dan ook behoefte aan een eigentijdse vorm van het al- oude machismo. 11. Zowel onder politiemensen als beroepscriminelen van boven de 35 telt het boeddhisme relatief veel aanhangers; bij criminologen is dit niet het geval. Dienders en boeven zien kennelijk iets dat criminologen ontgaat. 4 Inhoudsopgave INHOUDSOPGAVE ....................................................................................................... I VOORWOORD............................................................................................................ VI 1.1 ORIGINE VAN HET ONDERZOEK.............................................................................................. 13 1.2 VRAAGSTELLING IN HET ONDERZOEK................................................................................... 14 1.3 AANPAK VAN HET ONDERZOEK............................................................................................... 15 1.3.1 De sociologisch-antropologische benadering................................................................15 1.3.2 De gefundeerde theoriebenadering.....................................................................................................17 1.3.3 Ontwikkeling van een analyse-instrument.....................................................................20 1.4 UITWERKING VAN HET ONDERZOEK...................................................................................... 21 1.4.1 Literatuurstudie........................................................................................................................21 1.4.2 Dossieranalyse..........................................................................................................................24 1.4.3 Interviews...................................................................................................................................29 1.4.4 Consequenties voor het onderzoek ..................................................................................29 1.5 DEONTOLOGISCHE DILEMMA’S .............................................................................................. 30 1.5.1 Onderzoek doen bij afgeschermde diensten.................................................................30 1.5.2 Covert policing....................................................................................................................................32 1.5.3 Persoonlijke betrokkenheid en waarheidsvinding .......................................................33 1.6 REDACTIE EN PUBLICATIE....................................................................................................... 34 1.6.1 Privacybescherming................................................................................................................34 1.6.2 Veiligheids- en opsporingsbelangen.................................................................................36 1.6.3 Uiteenlopend lezerspubliek ..................................................................................................36 1.7 VERDERE OPBOUW VAN DEZE STUDIE .................................................................................. 37 2 THEORIEVORMING ROND GEORGANISEERDE CRIMINALITEIT IN DE VS39 2.1 INLEIDING.................................................................................................................................. 39 2.2 DE PERIODE 1890-1940: ONTSTAAN VAN HET FUNCTIONALISTISCHE PERSPECTIEF41 2.3 DE NAOORLOGSE PERIODE: DE ETNISCHE SAMENZWERING............................................ 43 2.3.1 De jaren vijftig: Kefauver en McClellan ..........................................................................43 2.3.2 De etnische samenzwering geformaliseerd: het ‘Cressey-model’ ........................46 2.3.3 Cressey’s onbekende nuances............................................................................................48 2.3.4 De jaren zeventig en later: drie richtingen ...................................................................51 2.3.5 De orthodoxe visie: voortzetting van het Cressey-model .......................................52 2.3.6 Betekenis voor preventie en bestrijding.........................................................................56 2.4 DE STRUCTUREEL-FUNCTIONALISTISCHE BENADERING................................................... 56 2.4.1 Vier centrale elementen........................................................................................................56 2.4.2 Patronage en vriendschapsbanden als basis.................................................................58 2.4.3 Sociaal-economische oorzaken ..........................................................................................62 2.4.4 Symbiose tussen criminaliteit en gemeenschap..........................................................62 2.4.5 Criminaliteit als queer ladder voor sociale mobiliteit......................................................63 2.4.6 Blinde vlekken...........................................................................................................................64 2.4.7 Betekenis voor preventie en bestrijding.........................................................................65 2.5 HET ENTERPRISE-MODEL ........................................................................................................ 71 2.5.1 Centrale elementen ................................................................................................................71 2.5.2 Monopolies en pseudo-overheid ........................................................................................72 2.5.3 Spectrum van legaliteit .........................................................................................................73 2.5.4 Gefragmenteerde markten...................................................................................................74 2.5.5 Blinde vlekken...........................................................................................................................75 2.5.6 Betekenis voor preventie en bestrijding.........................................................................75 2.6 CONVERGENTIE IN DE THEORIEVORMING ........................................................................... 76 2.6.1 Overeenkomsten tussen de drie richtingen...................................................................76
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