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SFD Report Yaoundé Cameroon

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SFD Report Yaoundé Cameroon SFD Report Yaoundé Cameroon Final Report This SFD Report - SFD comprehensive - was prepared by GFA Consulting Group GmbH Date of production: 21/09/2018 Last update: 26/09/2018 SFD Report Yaoundé, Cameroon, 2018 Produced by: GFA Consulting Group GmbH Authors’ names: Dr. Roger Feumba, Alejandra Burchard Levine ©Copyright All SFD Promotion Initiative materials are freely available following the open-source concept for capacity development and non-profit use, so long as proper acknowledgement of the source is made when used. Users should always give credit in citations to the original author, source and copyright holder. This Executive Summary and SFD Report are available from: www.sfd.susana.org Yaoundé Produced by: GFA Consulting Executive Summary Cameroon Group GmbH 1. The SFD Graphic 2. Diagram information the administrative boundaries as the city developed peripherally in an unregulated SFD Level: manner. Nonetheless, the slums and This is a Comprehensive level SFD report. peripheral area are still under Yaoundé Municipality’s control or included in the Produced by: Mfoundi Department. As for the growth rate of this area, it was nearly 5.3% per year between This SFD report was produced by 2001 and 2015 and 5.7 between 2015 and GFA Consulting Group GmbH. 2020 (CUY, 2015). Collaborating partners: Three types of important housing features exist o GIZ in Yaoundé, being informal housing arrangements (slums), middle housing o AfWA arrangements, and high housing arrangements o City Councils of Yaoundé (CUY and RASOP, 2016). The average household size is 4.7 with a cohabitation rate Status: of two households per house. This a final SFD report. The city of Yaoundé is called “city of seven Date of production: 21/09/2018 steep hillsides”. The morphological features consist of hills (>700m and < 1200m) and 3. General city information valleys (<700m and >600m). Almost 20% of its area is flood prone with a geology made up of The political capital of Cameroon, Yaoundé faulted metamorphic rocks (Tabué Youmbi, had 3,660,082 inhabitants with 775,911 house- 2012). holds in 2017 (updated from RGPH, 2010). For the elaboration of this SFD, the area of Yaoundé covered is 310km², which is beyond Last Update: 6 November 2018 I Yaoundé Produced by: GFA Consulting Executive Summary Cameroon Group GmbH 4. Service outcomes Treatment: Among the 13 wastewater treatment stations2 which existed between This section presents an overview of 1967 and 1990, almost all are dysfunctional. Yaoundé’s sanitation systems through the However, since 2010, the Municipality of sanitation service chain: Yaoundé with the financial support of the Containment: A decentralised separate sewer Ministry of Housing and Urban Development covers 0.6% of the population (Mbée, 2011). restored three of them (Grand Messa, Cité The rest, more than 90% of sewage, is Verte and Biyem-Assi). Nonetheless, these contained in latrines followed by septic tanks, remain poorly constructed. In Yaoundé, there and public toilets at a marginal proportion (56 are no treatment plant stations for faecal public toilets exist in Yaoundé). The city’s sludge. inhabitants are mostly dependent on VIP, traditional pit latrines and septic tanks. Either the faecal sludge from pit latrines flows to a water body, to open drains or have no outlet or overflow. The effluent from the septic tank flows into a soakpit with low risk of contamination to groundwater. However, according to CUY and RASOP (2016), 0.6% of the population practices open defecation. Emptying: In Yaoundé, three types of faecal sludge desludging exist: o Mechanical emptying which represents 60%; o Directly to open ground which Fig. 2: Current faecal sludge desludging site in represents 0.6%; Nomayos (Mbankomo City Council) o Manual emptying assumed to be Disposal/End-use: This is not documented for approximately 30%. Yaoundé. However, some people use faecal sludge from manual emptying as manure in A dumping site exists in Mbankomo, a city farms (MAFADY, 2013). council located 25km far from Yaoundé. In summary, the most common sanitation Transport: According to the Municipality of technology used in Yaoundé is on-site Yaoundé, about 16 trucks, which are 20 to 40 sanitation: years old, were operational in July 2017. Sixteen companies exist and created an o About 98% of households use on-site association called ROCOBY1 to better manage sanitation systems their activities. o 0.6% use off-site sanitation systems, i.e. decentralised separate sewers o 0.6% practice open defecation 53.6% use pit latrines meanwhile 29.2% use toilets with septic tank and soakpit. Many types of latrines are found in Yaoundé such as VIP latrine (7.6%), Pit latrines all types (53.6%), latrines with sealed containment and a hole towards water body (8.5%), and toilets with septic tank (29.2%). Only 36% of wastewater reaches the three wastewater treatment plants restored in 2010, but only 64% are treated. Fig. 1: Private Vacuum on the road to the desludging site in Nomayos (Mbankomo City Council) 2 Nsam, Grand Messa, Biyem-Assi, Cité Verte, Hôpital général, hôpital Essos, Lycée technique de Nkolbisson, 1 Réseau des opérateurs de collecte des boues de CHU, Université de Yaoundé 1, Aéroport de Nsimalen, vidange à Yaoundé Palais de l’Unité, garde présidentielle et Nlongkak. Last Update: 6 November 2018 II Yaoundé Produced by: GFA Consulting Executive Summary Cameroon Group GmbH In Yaoundé, the specific challenges according o Updating in 2015 the wastewater to CUY and RASOP (2016) are, that only 15% component of the 1995 Sanitation of households have direct access to their Master Plan; homes through paved roads, 40% live in o Agreement between the Municipality slums, about 20% of the population live in and AfWA4 on a sanitation diagnosis steep hillsides and 80% of its area is and performance improvement plan for characterised by low groundwater. faecal sludge management followed by As for groundwater contamination, at least an ONAS audit; 40% of sanitation systems in Yaoundé have a o Acceptance of the Ministry of Territorial high risk and 60% a low risk. Administration which allowed the 5. Service delivery context Municipality to sign an MoU with a Norwegian company called INRIGO; In Cameroon, between 2007 and 2009, over 80% of the population lived slums with poor o Preparation of a faecal sludge sanitation systems, due to the lack of clear treatment plant in Etoa with AIMF5 and institutional roles between actors and the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation. permanent financing. The updated master plan has made it possible Between 1967 and 1990 the government built: to develop the following: o Four (04) treatment stations to equip o Intervention strategy that proposes a residential areas in the city centre. gradual evolution towards an off-site However, the network was not built sanitation system by 2035; and the station was included in the o Short-term implementation of two 3 SCDP . priority programs; o Six (06) treatment stations for general o Two sewage systems: one sewage hospitals, schools, universities and the network for wastewater and one for airport. faecal sludge collection; o Two (02) administrative sanitation o Three faecal sludge treatment plant facilities: Presidential House and stations for on-site sanitation systems Presidential Guard. in the peripheral and slums. Most stations used activated sludge. Three of The wastewater and faecal sludge challenges these stations have been rehabilitated in in Yaoundé include management failures, Yaoundé, but they have several dysfunctions socio-economic constraints, inadequate and the effluents from these stations do not techniques and lack of maintenance. In order meet the MINEPDED discharge standards. to restore the shortcomings and ensure the Several texts and laws exist for environmental development of this sector, the Yaoundé Liquid protection, but none effectively frame faecal Sanitation Strategy (2015) proposes a dual sludge management. A Sanitation Master Plan system. was developed in 1994 with three components: The institutional arrangement proposes the wastewater, solid waste and rainwater clarification of roles and reinforcement of skills drainage. However, its implementation is for faecal sludge Liquid Sanitation practically inexistent and the wastewater management stakeholders. component is being updated. The financing mechanism proposes initial The sludge sector is managed by the private investments by the Government or Donors, the sector, which negotiated with a dumping site in application of OBA (Output Based Aid) and Nomayos, 25km far from the city of Yaoundé. Public Private Partnership (PPP) models. This dumping site is, however, located PPPs are financing household connections to upstream Yaoundé’s drinking water source. off-site sanitation systems. Another source is a In order to achieve the MDGs, Cameroon's fee based on the drinking water bills where the goal in the field of sanitation is to increase the households will pay a fee of US$0.58/m3 of rate of access to improved sanitation facilities drinking water consumed and a solidarity from 15% to 60 % by 2035. The actions carried contribution of US$40/month per subscriber to out by Yaoundé Municipality are: the drinking water network. 4 African Water Association 3 Société Camerounaise de dépôts pétroliers 5 Association Internationale des Maires Francophones Last Update: 6 November 2018 III Yaoundé Produced by: GFA Consulting Executive Summary Cameroon Group GmbH 6. Overview of stakeholders In 2004, a set of laws on the decentralization department organized the transfer of power to local and regional authorities, including municipalities, urban cities and districts councils. Until 2008, the effects of these laws remained unseen, however, later the adoption of several Decrees allowed the actual transfer of power to municipalities. The following stakeholders are those Fig. 3: Actors involved in liquid sanitation responsible for sanitation service delivery in management in Yaoundé (ENSP/L3E, 2014) Yaoundé (Cameroon): 7. Process of SFD development Key Institutions/Organizations Stakeholders Overall, 49% of excreta are safely managed in the city and 51%, are discharged untreated to Ministry of Water Resources and Energy; the environment.
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