DOCSLIB.ORG

Characterization and Antitumor Activity of Camptothecin from Endophytic Fungus Fusarium Solani Isolated from Camptotheca Acuminate

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Characterization and Antitumor Activity of Camptothecin from Endophytic Fungus Fusarium Solani Isolated from Camptotheca Acuminate Characterization and antitumor activity of camptothecin from endophytic fungus Fusarium solani isolated from Camptotheca acuminate. Xueqin Ran1, Gen Zhang2, Sheng Li2, Jiafu Wang2,3 1. College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; 2. Institute of Agro-Bioengineering, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China; 3. Tongren College, Tongren, 554300, China Abstract Background: Camptothecin (CPT) is a potent drug against cancers, originally from plants. The endophytic fungi could produce the secondary metabolite same as the host and is used as medicine. Objectives:The aim of this paper was to investigate an endophytic fungal CPT with anti-neoplastic activity. Methods: Endophytic fungi were isolated from Camptotheca acuminata in China. CPT from strain S-019 was characterized by TLC, HPLC and EI-MS analysis. Anti-tumor activity of fungal CPT was detected by MTT and fluorescent dye methods using Vero and PC-3 cells. Results: A total of 94 endophytic fungi strains were isolated from tissues of C. acuminata and 16 fungi strains displayed cytotoxic activity on Vero or PC3 cells. Of which, the fungal strain S-019, classified asFusarium solani, displayed impressive cytotoxic activ- ity on cancer cells and was found to produce CPT by analysis of TLC, HPLC and EI-MS methods. Bioassay studies confirmed that the fungi CPT had potent cytotoxicity on Vero cells and induced apoptosis of Vero cells. Conclusion: The endophytic fungi from camptotheca trees are a reliable source for natural anticancer compounds. The endophyt- ic fungi could produce CPT same as plant. The fungal CPT exhibited effective activity at inhibiting cell growth and inducing apoptosis on Vero cells. Keywords: Endophytic fungi, camptothecin, anti-tumor, Camptotheca acuminate. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v17i2.34 Cite as: Ran X, Zhang G, Li S, Wang J. Characterization and antitumor activity of camptothecin from endophytic fungus Fusarium solani isolated from Camptotheca acuminate. Afri Health Sci. 2017;17(2): 566-574. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ahs.v17i2.34 Introduction drug against several types of cancer2-4. It is reported that Camptotheca acuminata is a species of medium-sized decid- CPT can induce apoptosis or death in various cancer cells uous trees indigenous to the Southern China1. It is usually by interfering with the topoisomerase I, an essential en- classified in the tupelo family Nyssaceae, which includes zyme in the DNA replication process5-8. Although CPT two species: Camptotheca acuminata Decne and Camptotheca is present in many plants, but two of the plants used for lowreyana. Camptotheca acuminata has been used as tradition- the commercial isolation of CPT are Camptotheca acuminate ally Chinese medicine for centuries, all parts of this fast and Nothapodytes foetida9. Because the over exploitation has growing tree contain the secondary metabolite, camp- resulted in these plant sources to be endangered in Chi- tothecin (CPT, an indole alkaloid), which is an effective na10. It is indispensable to look for alternate sources for this class of natural products. Endophytic fungi have attracted attention for their po- Corresponding author: tentials for producing the secondary metabolite same as Jiafu Wang, the host plant, or novel metabolites11. Endophytic fungi Institute of Agro-Bioengineering are a large group of micro-organisms colonizing in the Guizhou University tissue of plants without causing overt symptoms or ap- Xueshi Road, Guiyang 550025, China parent injury to the host. The plant is thought to provide Tel: +86-851-88298070 nutrients to the endophytic fungi, while the microbe may Fax: +86-851-88298005 produce factors that protect the host plant from attack by E-mail: [email protected] animals, insects or other microbes12. It has been proven African Health Sciences Vol 17 Issue 2, June, 2017 566 that endophytic fungi are a source of providing second- ing. The endophytes from C. acuminata were examined ary metabolites diverse in structure and biologic activi- under light microscope stained with lactophenol cotton ty13,14. Thus, the endophytic fungi in C. acuminata plant are blue16. The total genomic fungal DNA was then extracted expected to be a potential source for CPT or new natural by CTAB method17. The endophytic fungus was identified bioactive agents. This paper described the screening of by analysis of 18S ribosomal genes with primers 5’-TC- endophytic fungi with antitumor activity isolated from C. CGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3’ and 5’-TCCTCCGCT- acuminata collected from Guizhou province, SouthWest TATTGATATGC-3’. The amplified products were pu- of China, and demonstrated that an endophytic Fusarium rified utilizing Gel Extraction Kit (Omega, USA), and solani was capable of producing camptothecin which pos- sequenced using ABI 3730 DNA Analyzer (ABI, USA) as sessed of inhibitory activity to cancer cells. per the manufacturer’s instructions. The DNA sequenc- es were submitted to Genbank for homology analysis by Materials and methods BLASTN program. The ribosomal gene database (http// Acquisition of C. acuminata ncbi.nim.nih.gov/) was accessed and sequence alignment Samples of C. acuminata were collected in April from the was used as an underlying basis to identify the fungus. Botanical Garden, South of Guiyang, China. Small ter- The sequence data of strain S-019 had been submitted minal, limbs (1×25 cm) from one to two years old were to the GenBank databases under accession number of harvested and stored in a sealed plastic bag at room tem- EF062312. perature and processed within 2 days. Fungal cultivation and extraction Isolation of strains The fungi were statically cultured for 10 days at 28˚C in The endophytic fungi were isolated from different tis- petri dishes. They were incubated into 1000 mL flasks sues of C. acuminata according to a protocol described containing 500 mL of PDA broth. After 7 days of incu- previously15. Briefly, stem fragments were treated by sur- bation at 28 ± 1˚C on rotary shaker at 150 rotations per face disinfection with 70% (v/v) ethanol for 1 minute minute (rpm), mycelia and broth were separated by fil- to kill epiphytic micro-organisms. Epidermis layers of tration. Mycelia were thoroughly washed with sterile dis- tissues were removed with a sharp blade and the layers tilled water and homogenized in a cell disintegrator. Both of phloem-cambium and xylem tissues were cut into pieces cell homogenate and cell-free broths were extracted four and placed in Petri plates. Pieces of rhizome were thor- times with equal volume of chloroform: methanol (4:1 oughly washed using distilled water and followed by 70% v/v). After stripping off the solvent, a small quantity of (v/v) ethanol for 1 minute and 5% sodium hypochlorite the residue was applied on silica gel thin layer chromatog- for 5 minutes to accomplish adequate surface steriliza- raphy (TLC) plates. The chloroform: methanol (9:1 v/v) tion. They were subsequently rinsed in sterile deminer- solvent system was used for TLC. TLC analysis exhibit- alized water thrice for 1 minute. Small pieces (1 cm) of ed spots which were superimposable with the authentic inner tissue of rhizome were placed on aqueous agar in CPT. The spots were visualized under ultra violet (UV) petri plates and incubated at 28 ± 1 ˚C until the fungal light. The rest of the residue was used for quantification growth was initiated. After several days, individual hyphal of CPT by HPLC. tips were removed and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA). They were incubated for 10 days, and periodically High performance liquid chromatographic analysis checked for purity. Again, each culture was transferred, HPLC separation was performed on a LC-8 (A) HPLC by hyphal tipping, to a water agar plate containing gam- of authentic CPT and system (Shimadzu, Japan). The ma-irradiated carnation leaves which usually permit the mobile phase was set as methanol: water, 60:40 (pH ≤ 5) development of fruiting structures. and separation was carried out at a flow rate of 1 mL min- 1 over a period of 30 min. The compounds were detected Identification of the endophytes using a UV detector at λmax of 360 nm. The electron The endophytic fungal strains were identified by the mor- ionization mass spectrometry (EI-MS) DATA were col- phological method and reinforced by 18S rDNA sequenc- lected on an HP 5973 mass spectrometer (Hewlett-Pack- ard, America). 567 African Health Sciences Vol 17 Issue 2, June, 2017 Cell lines and normal culture conditions with fermentation broth and mycelia extraction at vari- The cell lines used in this paper were two cancer cell lines: ous concentrations (2.5 to 50 μg mL-1) and at different Vero cell and human prostate cancer cell line pc-3 (PC3 periods (0 to 60 h), suspended cells and trypsinized ad- cell). The cells were grown in 96-well plates (6000 cells herent cells were harvested at previous determined time per well) in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium contain- periods, washed in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and ing 10% fetal calf serum supplemented with 1000 units centrifuged at 1000 rpm for 10 min to obtain a pellet, and mL-1 penicillin and 100 µg mL-1 streptomycin sulfates, in then resuspended in 0.5 mL of 1% PBS. EB/AO in PBS a humidified atmosphere in 5% CO2 at 37˚C. The expo- (5 µL of a 100 μg mL-1 solution) was added to a 0.1 mL nentially growing cells (1×103) were harvested for next cell suspension, and stained cells were observed by fluo- tests. rescence microscopy (Leica, wetzlar, Germany). A total of 300 cells were counted in multiple randomly selected Analysis of cytotoxic activity fields, and the percentage of apoptotic and dead cells was The cytotoxic effects of fermentation broth and mycelia then calculated. extraction were tested by 3-4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2, 5-di- phenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and conven- Results tional ethidium bromide-acridine orange (EB/AO) stain- Screening of endophytic fungi having cytotoxic activity ing.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Nyssa Aquatica, Water Tupelo1 Michael G
    FOR 262 Nyssa aquatica, Water Tupelo1 Michael G. Andreu, Melissa H. Friedman, Mary McKenzie, and Heather V. Quintana2 Family entire or smooth margins that sometimes have serrations (teeth). The thick leaves are shiny dark green on the topside Cornaceae, dogwood family. and paler and pubescent on the underside. The trunk is buttressed at the base and its bark is dark brown or dark Genus gray and splits into finely scaled ridges. In the spring, green Nyssa was the name of an ancient Greek mythological water flowers appear in clusters on long stalks. Male and female goddess. flowers appear on separate trees. The male flowers are about ¼ inch long and appear in clusters, while the female flowers Species are about ¾ inch long and are solitary. Oblong shaped drupes (fleshy fruits that usually contain one seed) about ½ The species name, aquatica, stems from Latin and means inch to 1½ inches long ripen in early fall and are dark blue “of water.” to dark purple. Common Name Water Tupelo, Cotton Gum The word “tupelo” is said to have stemmed from the language of the Creek tribe and means “swamp tree.” The other common name, “cotton gum,” is thought to come from the cottony feeling one gets in one’s mouth after eating the bitter fruits. Description This native deciduous tree is found in the bottomlands, floodplains, and swamps of southern Virginia, south to northwest Florida, west to southeastern Texas, and north Figure 1. Leaves and fruit of Nyssa aquatica. through the Mississippi River Valley. Mature trees grow Credits: SJQuinney, CC BY-NC-SA 2.0 best in full sunlight and can reach heights of approximately 100 feet.
    [Show full text]
  • De Novo Genome Assembly of Camptotheca Acuminata, a Natural Source of the Anti-Cancer Compound Camptothecin Dongyan Zhao1, John
    Manuscript Click here to download Manuscript Camptotheca_Ms_v15_GigaSci.docx 1 2 3 4 1 De novo genome assembly of Camptotheca acuminata, a natural source of the anti-cancer 5 6 7 2 compound camptothecin 8 9 10 3 Dongyan Zhao1, John P. Hamilton1, Gina M. Pham1, Emily Crisovan1, Krystle Wiegert-Rininger1, 11 12 13 4 Brieanne Vaillancourt1, Dean DellaPenna2, and C. Robin Buell1* 14 15 16 5 1Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824 USA 17 18 19 20 6 2Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 21 22 23 7 48824 USA 24 25 26 8 Email addresses: Dongyan Zhao <[email protected]>, John P. Hamilton <[email protected]>, 27 28 29 9 Gina M. Pham <[email protected]>, Emily Crisovan <[email protected]>, Krystle Wiegert- 30 31 10 Rininger <[email protected]>, Brieanne Vaillancourt <[email protected]>, Dean Dellapenna 32 33 34 11 <[email protected]>, C Robin Buell <[email protected]> 35 36 37 12 *Correspondence should be addressed to: C. Robin Buell, [email protected] 38 39 40 41 13 42 43 44 14 Manuscript type: Data note 45 46 47 48 15 49 50 51 16 Note: Reviewers can access the genome sequence and annotation using the following 52 53 54 17 temporary URL: http://datadryad.org/review?doi=doi:10.5061/dryad.nc8qr. 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 1 64 65 1 2 3 4 18 Abstract 5 6 7 8 19 Background: Camptotheca acuminata is one of a limited number of species that produce 9 10 20 camptothecin, a pentacyclic quinoline alkaloid with anti-cancer activity due to its ability to 11 12 13 21 inhibit DNA topoisomerase.
    [Show full text]
  • Plant Palette - Trees 50’-0”
    50’-0” 40’-0” 30’-0” 20’-0” 10’-0” Zelkova Serrata “Greenvase” Metasequoia glyptostroboides Cladrastis kentukea Chamaecyparis obtusa ‘Gracilis’ Ulmus parvifolia “Emer I” Green Vase Zelkova Dawn Redwood American Yellowwood Slender Hinoki Falsecypress Athena Classic Elm • Vase shape with upright arching branches • Narrow, conical shape • Horizontally layered, spreading form • Narrow conical shape • Broadly rounded, pendulous branches • Green foliage • Medium green, deciduous conifer foliage • Dark green foliage • Evergreen, light green foliage • Medium green, toothed leaves • Orange Fall foliage • Rusty orange Fall foliage • Orange to red Fall foliage • Evergreen, no Fall foliage change • Yellowish fall foliage Plant Palette - Trees 50’-0” 40’-0” 30’-0” 20’-0” 10’-0” Quercus coccinea Acer freemanii Cercidiphyllum japonicum Taxodium distichum Thuja plicata Scarlet Oak Autumn Blaze Maple Katsura Tree Bald Cyprus Western Red Cedar • Pyramidal, horizontal branches • Upright, broad oval shape • Pyramidal shape • Pyramidal shape, develops large flares at base • Pyramidal, buttressed base with lower branches • Long glossy green leaves • Medium green fall foliage • Bluish-green, heart-shaped foliage • Leaves are needle-like, green • Leaves green and scale-like • Scarlet red Fall foliage • Brilliant orange-red, long lasting Fall foliage • Soft apricot Fall foliage • Rich brown Fall foliage • Sharp-pointed cone scales Plant Palette - Trees 50’-0” 40’-0” 30’-0” 20’-0” 10’-0” Thuja plicata “Fastigiata” Sequoia sempervirens Davidia involucrata Hogan
    [Show full text]
  • Systematics, Climate, and Ecology of Fossil and Extant Nyssa (Nyssaceae, Cornales) and Implications of Nyssa Grayensis Sp
    East Tennessee State University Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University Electronic Theses and Dissertations Student Works 8-2013 Systematics, Climate, and Ecology of Fossil and Extant Nyssa (Nyssaceae, Cornales) and Implications of Nyssa grayensis sp. nov. from the Gray Fossil Site, Northeast Tennessee Nathan R. Noll East Tennessee State University Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.etsu.edu/etd Part of the Biodiversity Commons, Climate Commons, Paleontology Commons, and the Plant Biology Commons Recommended Citation Noll, Nathan R., "Systematics, Climate, and Ecology of Fossil and Extant Nyssa (Nyssaceae, Cornales) and Implications of Nyssa grayensis sp. nov. from the Gray Fossil Site, Northeast Tennessee" (2013). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 1204. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/1204 This Thesis - Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Student Works at Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Systematics, Climate, and Ecology of Fossil and Extant Nyssa (Nyssaceae, Cornales) and Implications of Nyssa grayensis sp. nov. from the Gray Fossil Site, Northeast Tennessee ___________________________ A thesis presented to the faculty of the Department of Biological Sciences East Tennessee State University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science in Biology ___________________________ by Nathan R. Noll August 2013 ___________________________ Dr. Yu-Sheng (Christopher) Liu, Chair Dr. Tim McDowell Dr. Foster Levy Keywords: Nyssa, Endocarp, Gray Fossil Site, Miocene, Pliocene, Karst ABSTRACT Systematics, Climate, and Ecology of Fossil and Extant Nyssa (Nyssaceae, Cornales) and Implications of Nyssa grayensis sp.
    [Show full text]
  • Nyssaceae – Sour Gum Family
    NYSSACEAE – SOUR GUM FAMILY Plant: shrubs or mostly trees Stem: Root: Leaves: simple, alternate; no stipules Flowers: perfect, some imperfect; 5 sepals (often reduced) or none; 5 petals (sometimes more or none); 5-10, rarely 12 stamens in 2 series; ovary inferior, 6-10 carpels Fruit: drupe or stone (1-6 seeds) Other: often included in the Cornaceae (Dogwood Family); Dicotyledons Group Genera: Nyssa (sour gum) – some workers put these in the Cornaceae family. WARNING – family descriptions are only a layman’s guide and should not be used as definitive NYSSACEAE – SOUR GUM FAMILY Water Tupelo or Tupelo Gum; Nyssa aquatic L. Black Gum [Sour Gum]; Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Water Tupelo or Tupelo Gum USDA Nyssa aquatic L. Nyssaceae (Sour Gum Family) USDA Otter Slough area, Stoddard County, Missouri Notes: tree; dioecious; staminate flowers in clusters and pistillate flower solitary, 5 petals; leaves fairly large, alternate, simple, mostly ovate and entire or with 1 to few coarse teeth, short tip but fairly sharp, shiny dark green above, paler and finely hairy below; bark thin and grooved, base is quite swollen; twigs chambered with white pith; fruit a blue-black berry (green early) with white spots at maturity; spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2017] Black-Gum [Sour Gum] USDA Nyssa sylvatica Marsh. Nyssaceae (Sour Gum Family) Oak Openings Metropark, Lucas County, Ohio Notes: tree; flowers greenish (dioecious); leaves alternate, mostly entire but a few teeth may be present, short tip but fairly sharp, shiny dark green above, paler and mostly smooth below; bark checkered, often deeply, in swamps base is swollen; twigs chambered with white pith, bends without breaking; buds brown with several scales; fruit a blue-black berry (1-3 on pedicel); spring to early summer [V Max Brown, 2005].
    [Show full text]
  • Nyssa Sylvatica Blackgum1 Edward F
    Fact Sheet ST-422 October 1994 Nyssa sylvatica Blackgum1 Edward F. Gilman and Dennis G. Watson2 INTRODUCTION Sourgum is a hardwood tree which grows to 75 feet tall, has a medium growth rate, pyramidal shape with horizontal branches growing from a typically straight trunk (Fig. 1). But the shape of the crown varies from tree to tree and, unfortunately, this is looked upon by some architects as undesirable. As the tree grows to 10 and 15-years-old, crown form becomes more uniform among trees. Lower branches droop with age and will need to be removed if used as a street tree. Growth habit is similar to pin oak, a tree which many people are familiar with. Providing a brilliant display of red to deep purple foliage in the fall, Sourgum surprises most people since it does not particularly stand out in the landscape until then. The small, blue fruits may be considered a litter nuisance in urban/suburban plantings but are quite popular with many birds and mammals, and they wash away quickly. GENERAL INFORMATION Scientific name: Nyssa sylvatica Pronunciation: NISS-uh sill-VAT-ih-kuh Figure 1. Young Blackgum. Common name(s): Blackgum, Sourgum, Black Tupelo for median strip plantings in the highway; reclamation Family: Nyssaceae plant; shade tree; specimen; sidewalk cutout (tree pit); USDA hardiness zones: 4B through 9 (Fig. 2) residential street tree; no proven urban tolerance Origin: native to North America Availability: somewhat available, may have to go out Uses: large parking lot islands (> 200 square feet in of the region to find the tree size); wide tree lawns (>6 feet wide); medium-sized parking lot islands (100-200 square feet in size); medium-sized tree lawns (4-6 feet wide); recommended for buffer strips around parking lots or 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Nyssa Sinensis
    A Study in Scarlet: Nyssa sinensis Nancy Rose y favorite “old reliables” for fall color borne in axillary clusters and male flowers at the Arboretum include the pure are produced along older branches. The small Mgold foliage of sweet birch (Betula greenish flowers are inconspicuous but they are lenta), the fiery red-orange-yellow display of extremely attractive to honeybees (N. ogeche, Korean maple (Acer pseudosieboldianum), and which has a limited native range primarily in the glossy burgundy leaves of Euonymus carno- southern Georgia and northern Florida, is the sus. That’s just a start, though, and one of the source for prized tupelo honey). The fruit of delights of wandering the Arboretum repeatedly Chinese tupelo is a dark blue oblong drupe that in autumn is discovering new spots of color. is readily eaten by birds. A few years ago, on a gray mid-November day Taxonomy references place Nyssa either in when many trees were already bare, I was drawn Cornaceae (the dogwood family) or in its own to a cluster of brilliant scarlet and orange leaves family, Nyssaceae. The genus name Nyssa remaining on a tree branch. The tree, it turned comes from Greek mythology and refers to a out, was Chinese tupelo, Nyssa sinensis. water (or rain) nymph named Nyssa (or Nysa), This was a new species to me, but I certainly one of the nymphs who cared for Dionysus, knew another species in the genus, Nyssa syl- god of wine, as a child (the location where the vatica, known by the common names sour gum, water nymphs sheltered Dionysus and where black gum, tupelo, black tupelo, pepperidge, or, he invented wine is known as Mount Nyssa).
    [Show full text]
  • Vegetation Community Monitoring at Congaree National Park: 2014 Data Summary
    National Park Service U.S. Department of the Interior Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Vegetation Community Monitoring at Congaree National Park 2014 Data Summary Natural Resource Data Series NPS/SECN/NRDS—2016/1016 ON THIS PAGE Tiny, bright yellow blossoms of Hypoxis hirsuta grace the forest floor at Congaree National Park. Photograph courtesy of Sarah C. Heath, Southeast Coast Network. ON THE COVER Spiraling compound leaf of green dragon (Arisaema dracontium) at Congaree National Park. Photograph courtesy of Sarah C. Heath, Southeast Coast Network Vegetation Community Monitoring at Congaree National Park 2014 Data Summary Natural Resource Data Series NPS/SECN/NRDS—2016/1016 Sarah Corbett Heath1 and Michael W. Byrne2 1National Park Service Southeast Coast Inventory and Monitoring Network Cumberland Island National Seashore 101 Wheeler Street Saint Marys, GA 31558 2National Park Service Southeast Coast Inventory and Monitoring Network 135 Phoenix Drive Athens, GA 30605 May 2016 U.S. Department of the Interior National Park Service Natural Resource Stewardship and Science Fort Collins, Colorado The National Park Service, Natural Resource Stewardship and Science office in Fort Collins, Colorado, publishes a range of reports that address natural resource topics. These reports are of interest and applicability to a broad audience in the National Park Service and others in natural resource management, including scientists, conservation and environmental constituencies, and the public. The Natural Resource Data Series is intended for the timely release of basic data sets and data summaries. Care has been taken to assure accuracy of raw data values, but a thorough analysis and interpretation of the data has not been completed.
    [Show full text]
  • Black Gum and Tupelo FNR-298-W Daniel L
    PURDUE EXTENSION Hardwood Lumber and Veneer Series Black Gum and Tupelo FNR-298-W Daniel L. Cassens, Professor and Extension Wood Products Specialist Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907 Black gum, or black tupelo (Nyssa sylvatica Marsh.), a variety called swamp tupelo, or swamp black gum (Nyssa sylvatica var biflora (Walt.) Song., and water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica L.) are a group of closely related and confusing species and varieties. They are usually thought of as southern species because most grade lumber is produced in the south. Black gum is a medium-sized, wide ranging tree that makes its best development on moist alluvial soils, but it also grows on dry upland sites. It can be associated with numerous hardwood and softwood species. Swamp black gum grows in southern swamps and is probably the source of most black gum lumber produced. Water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica L.) is a large tree with a buttressed base and grows in deep water swamps with cypress. The buttressed portion of the tree develops very light-weight wood. The largest reported water tupelo is nearly 9 feet in diameter at 4½ feet above the ground. Black gum ranges from southern Maine to nearly the tip of Florida to east Texas and north across southern Illinois, nearly all of Indiana to central Michigan and back east, except in the lower Mississippi River bottom. The largest reported black gum is a little over 6.1 feet in diameter at 4½ feet above the ground. By comparison, swamp black gum Dan Cassens Black gum tree has a much more restricted range.
    [Show full text]
  • Southwestern Oregon Tree Selection Guide for Coos, Curry, Douglas, Jackson, and Josephinedate
    EC 1505 • January 1999 $5.50 Southwestern Oregon Tree Selection Guide for Coos, Curry, Douglas, Jackson, and JosephineDATE. counties OF OUT IS information: PUBLICATIONcurrent most THIS For http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog OReGON STATE UNIVERSITY EXTENSION SERVICE Contents How to use this guide 1 Trees in the home landscape 2 Tree selection—the right tree in the right place 2 Buying trees 3 For more information 4 Part I: Tree lists Trees for sites with partial sun DATE. 7 Trees with moderate drought tolerance 10 Trees with good drought tolerance OF 14 Short trees (up to 35' mature height) 17 Trees with narrow spread (up to 30') 20 Trees for spring flowers OUT 25 Trees for summer flowers 27 Trees for fall color IS 28 Trees that create shade 32 Deer-resistant trees 34 Trees that attract wildlife 36 Trees resistant to armillaria root rot 37 Trees resistant to verticillium wilt information: 38 Part II: Tree descriptions Evergreen and deciduous broadleaf trees 41 Conifer trees current 63 Hardy palmsPUBLICATION 68 most THIS For http://extension.oregonstate.edu/catalog Written by Jerry Maul, Extension horticulture agent, Douglas County, Oregon State University. Illustrations courtesy of Gary Whitley and Pacific Power; Laura Lynn, Oregon Department of Forestry; and Edward Jensen, Manual of Oregon Trees and Shrubs (Oregon State University, revised 1990). Southwestern Oregon Tree Selection Guide for Coos, Curry, Douglas, Jackson, and Josephine counties Selecting the right tree for the right place is the most important decision to How to use this guideDATE. make in the planting process. If you Most people select trees for a particular choose your tree wisely, you'll enjoy it for many purpose or function, such as flowers, fruit, years.
    [Show full text]
  • Nyssa Aquatica L. Water Tupelo
    Nyssa aquatica L. Water Tupelo Cornaceae Dogwood family R. L. Johnson Water tupelo (Nyssa aquatica), also called cotton- base that tapers to a long, clear bole and often occurs gum, sourgum, swamp tupelo, tupelo-gum, and in pure stands. A good mature tree will produce com- water-gum, is a large, long-lived tree that grows in mercial timber used for furniture and crates. Many southern swamps and flood plains where its root kinds of wildlife eat the fruits and it is a favored system is periodically under water. It has a swollen honey tree. Figure l-The native range of water tupelo. The author is Principal Silviculturist (retired), Southern Forest Experiment Station, New Orleans, LA. 474 Nyssa aquatica Southeast, such as the Roanoke and Santee, and in the large swamps of southwestern Louisiana and southeastern Texas. On some sites water may reach a depth of 6 m (20 ft) during rainy seasons and may remain as high as 4 m (13 R) for long periods (21). Surface water may disappear from water tupelo areas in midsummer or fall, but on better sites soil moisture remains at or near saturation level throughout most of the growing season. Soils that commonly support water tupelo range from mucks and clays to silts and sands and are in the orders Alfisols, Entisols, Histosols, and Incep- tisols. Most are moderately to strongly acidic; subsoil frequently is rather pervious. Site index of water tupelo for several Midsouth soils ranges from 21 to 27 m (70 to 90 ft) at 50 years (4). Associated Forest Cover Figure !2-Water tupelo in Attala County, MS.
    [Show full text]
  • A Chromosome-Level Genome Assembly of the Chinese Tupelo Nyssa Sinensis
    www.nature.com/scientificdata OPEN A chromosome-level genome DATA DESCRIPTOR assembly of the Chinese tupelo Nyssa sinensis Xuchen Yang1,3, Minghui Kang1,3, Yanting Yang1,3, Haifeng Xiong1, Mingcheng Wang1, Zhiyang Zhang1, Zefu Wang1, Haolin Wu1, Tao Ma1, Jianquan Liu1,2 & Zhenxiang Xi 1* The deciduous Chinese tupelo (Nyssa sinensis Oliv.) is a popular ornamental tree for the spectacular autumn leaf color. Here, using single-molecule sequencing and chromosome conformation capture data, we report a high-quality, chromosome-level genome assembly of N. sinensis. PacBio long reads were de novo assembled into 647 polished contigs with a total length of 1,001.42 megabases (Mb) and an N50 size of 3.62 Mb, which is in line with genome sizes estimated using fow cytometry and the k- mer analysis. These contigs were further clustered and ordered into 22 pseudo-chromosomes based on Hi-C data, matching the chromosome counts in Nyssa obtained from previous cytological studies. In addition, a total of 664.91 Mb of repetitive elements were identifed and a total of 37,884 protein- coding genes were predicted in the genome of N. sinensis. All data were deposited in publicly available repositories, and should be a valuable resource for genomics, evolution, and conservation biology. Background & Summary Nyssa sinensis Oliv., commonly known as Chinese tupelo, is a deciduous tree with ovate leaves, which turn bril- liant red, orange, and yellow in autumn. It belongs to the family Nyssaceae within the order Cornales, and is native to southern China and Vietnam. Te genus Nyssa comprises three species in North America (i.e., N.
    [Show full text]