The Case for the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty
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Nuclear Weapons Program," Based on Nine Trips He Made to China from 1990 to 1999
#93 21 Aug 2001 USAF COUNTERPROLIFERATION CENTER CPC OUTREACH JOURNAL Air University Air War College Maxwell AFB, Alabama Welcome to the CPC Outreach Journal. As part of USAF Counterproliferation Center’s mission to counter weapons of mass destruction through education and research, we’re providing our government and civilian community a source for timely counterproliferation information. This information includes articles, papers and other documents addressing issues pertinent to US military response options for dealing with nuclear, biological and chemical threats and attacks. It’s our hope this information resource will help enhance your counterproliferation issue awareness. Established here at the Air War College in 1998, the USAF/CPC provides education and research to present and future leaders of the Air Force, as well as to members of other branches of the armed services and Department of Defense. Our purpose is to help those agencies better prepare to counter the threat from weapons of mass destruction. Please feel free to visit our web site at www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/awc-cps.htm for in-depth information and specific points of contact. Please direct any questions or comments on CPC Outreach Journal to Lt. Col. Michael W. Ritz, CPC Intelligence/Public Affairs or JoAnn Eddy, CPC Outreach Editor, at (334) 953- 7538 or DSN 493-7538. The following articles, papers or documents do not necessarily reflect official endorsement of the United States Air Force, Department of Defense, or other US government agencies. Reproduction for private use or commercial gain is subject to original copyright restrictions. All rights are reserved Baltimore Sun August 18, 2001 Nations To Continue Talks On Biological Weapons Ban GENEVA - Major powers have agreed to more talks on strengthening a ban on biological weapons despite Washington's rejection of a draft protocol at negotiations in Geneva, the negotiating committee chairman said yesterday. -
2017 HPC Annual Report Team Would Like to Acknowledge the Invaluable Assistance Provided by John Noe
sandia national laboratories 2017 HIGH PERformance computing The 2017 High Performance Computing Annual Report is dedicated to John Noe and Dino Pavlakos. Building a foundational framework Editor in high performance computing Yasmin Dennig Contributing Writers Megan Davidson Sandia National Laboratories has a long history of significant contributions to the high performance computing Mattie Hensley community and industry. Our innovative computer architectures allowed the United States to become the first to break the teraflop barrier—propelling us to the international spotlight. Our advanced simulation and modeling capabilities have been integral in high consequence US operations such as Operation Burnt Frost. Strong partnerships with industry leaders, such as Cray, Inc. and Goodyear, have enabled them to leverage our high performance computing capabilities to gain a tremendous competitive edge in the marketplace. Contributing Editor Laura Sowko As part of our continuing commitment to provide modern computing infrastructure and systems in support of Sandia’s missions, we made a major investment in expanding Building 725 to serve as the new home of high performance computer (HPC) systems at Sandia. Work is expected to be completed in 2018 and will result in a modern facility of approximately 15,000 square feet of computer center space. The facility will be ready to house the newest National Nuclear Security Administration/Advanced Simulation and Computing (NNSA/ASC) prototype Design platform being acquired by Sandia, with delivery in late 2019 or early 2020. This new system will enable continuing Stacey Long advances by Sandia science and engineering staff in the areas of operating system R&D, operation cost effectiveness (power and innovative cooling technologies), user environment, and application code performance. -
Bob Farquhar
1 2 Created by Bob Farquhar For and dedicated to my grandchildren, their children, and all humanity. This is Copyright material 3 Table of Contents Preface 4 Conclusions 6 Gadget 8 Making Bombs Tick 15 ‘Little Boy’ 25 ‘Fat Man’ 40 Effectiveness 49 Death By Radiation 52 Crossroads 55 Atomic Bomb Targets 66 Acheson–Lilienthal Report & Baruch Plan 68 The Tests 71 Guinea Pigs 92 Atomic Animals 96 Downwinders 100 The H-Bomb 109 Nukes in Space 119 Going Underground 124 Leaks and Vents 132 Turning Swords Into Plowshares 135 Nuclear Detonations by Other Countries 147 Cessation of Testing 159 Building Bombs 161 Delivering Bombs 178 Strategic Bombers 181 Nuclear Capable Tactical Aircraft 188 Missiles and MIRV’s 193 Naval Delivery 211 Stand-Off & Cruise Missiles 219 U.S. Nuclear Arsenal 229 Enduring Stockpile 246 Nuclear Treaties 251 Duck and Cover 255 Let’s Nuke Des Moines! 265 Conclusion 270 Lest We Forget 274 The Beginning or The End? 280 Update: 7/1/12 Copyright © 2012 rbf 4 Preface 5 Hey there, I’m Ralph. That’s my dog Spot over there. Welcome to the not-so-wonderful world of nuclear weaponry. This book is a journey from 1945 when the first atomic bomb was detonated in the New Mexico desert to where we are today. It’s an interesting and sometimes bizarre journey. It can also be horribly frightening. Today, there are enough nuclear weapons to destroy the civilized world several times over. Over 23,000. “Enough to make the rubble bounce,” Winston Churchill said. The United States alone has over 10,000 warheads in what’s called the ‘enduring stockpile.’ In my time, we took care of things Mano-a-Mano. -
Nuclear Scholars Initiative a Collection of Papers from the 2013 Nuclear Scholars Initiative
Nuclear Scholars Initiative A Collection of Papers from the 2013 Nuclear Scholars Initiative EDITOR Sarah Weiner JANUARY 2014 Nuclear Scholars Initiative A Collection of Papers from the 2013 Nuclear Scholars Initiative EDITOR Sarah Weiner AUTHORS Isabelle Anstey David K. Lartonoix Lee Aversano Adam Mount Jessica Bufford Mira Rapp-Hooper Nilsu Goren Alicia L. Swift Jana Honkova David Thomas Graham W. Jenkins Timothy J. Westmyer Phyllis Ko Craig J. Wiener Rizwan Ladha Lauren Wilson Jarret M. Lafl eur January 2014 ROWMAN & LITTLEFIELD Lanham • Boulder • New York • Toronto • Plymouth, UK About CSIS For over 50 years, the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) has developed solutions to the world’s greatest policy challenges. As we celebrate this milestone, CSIS scholars are developing strategic insights and bipartisan policy solutions to help decisionmakers chart a course toward a better world. CSIS is a nonprofi t or ga ni za tion headquartered in Washington, D.C. The Center’s 220 full-time staff and large network of affi liated scholars conduct research and analysis and develop policy initiatives that look into the future and anticipate change. Founded at the height of the Cold War by David M. Abshire and Admiral Arleigh Burke, CSIS was dedicated to fi nding ways to sustain American prominence and prosperity as a force for good in the world. Since 1962, CSIS has become one of the world’s preeminent international institutions focused on defense and security; regional stability; and transnational challenges ranging from energy and climate to global health and economic integration. Former U.S. senator Sam Nunn has chaired the CSIS Board of Trustees since 1999. -
Nuclear Testing and Proliferation – an Inextricable Connection
Pre-Print Excerpt from Disarmament Diplomacy 91 (Publication date 8 September 2009) NUCLEAR TESTING AND PROLIFERATION – AN INEXTRICABLE CONNECTION Thomas Graham, Jr. and David Hafemeister To achieve a global ban on nuclear testing, my Administration will immediately and aggressively pursue US ratification of the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. After more than five decades of talks, it is time for the testing of nuclear weapons to finally be banned. President Barack Obama, Prague, Czech Republic, 5 April, 2009. I will begin working to build the necessary bipartisan support for US ratification of the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty ... success would be the single greatest arms control accomplishment for the new Senate and it would reestablish America’s traditional leadership role on nonproliferation. Senator John Kerry, Chair, Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Boston Globe, 13 January, 2009. President Obama’s call in Prague to complete the the CTBT came before the Senate, and consider the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) consequences of the Senate vote against CTBT was widely praised on the global stage. But what ratification on 13 October, 1999. Ratification was will be entailed for the United States to ratify the defeated by 48 votes to 51, falling far short of the CTBT and reinvigorate international efforts to secure necessary two-thirds Senate majority. This vote was the remaining signatures and ratifications so that the forced prematurely after a curtailed debate by Treaty can at last enter into force? Senator Jesse Helms (Republican, North Carolina), When deciding whether to vote for or against then Chair of the Senate Foreign Relations international treaties and agreements, Senators need Committee, citing procedural grounds. -
The Uncertain Consequences of Nuclear Weapons Use
THE UNCERTAIN CONSEQUENCES OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS USE Michael J. Frankel James Scouras George W. Ullrich Copyright © 2015 The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory LLC. All Rights Reserved. NSAD-R-15-020 THE UNCERTAIN CONSEQUENCES OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS USE iii Contents Figures ................................................................................................................................................................................................ v Abstract ............................................................................................................................................................................................vii Overview ....................................................................................................................................................................1 Historical Context .....................................................................................................................................................2 Surprises ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 4 Enduring Uncertainties, Waning Resources ................................................................................................................10 Physical Effects: What We Know, What Is Uncertain, and Tools of the Trade .............................................. 12 Nuclear Weapons Effects Phenomena...........................................................................................................................13 -
3 Potential Impact of Foreign Testing: U.S. Security Interests and Concerns
3 Potential Impact of Foreign Testing: U.S. Security Interests and Concerns This chapter addresses the potential impact on U.S. national-security interests and con- cerns of the degree of foreign nuclear testing that could plausibly occur without detection under a CTBT regime, or, alternatively, through overt testing. Our principal focus here is on the techni- cal question of what additions to their nuclear-weapon capabilities other countries could achieve through nuclear testing at yields that might escape detection, but we give some attention as well to the related military and political question of the impact of such additions on the security inter- ests and freedom of action of the United States. These questions are embedded in a wider set of political, military, and diplomatic circumstances which, although not in our charge to analyze here, must be mentioned by way of context for the narrower questions we address. Currently the United States is the preeminent nation in the world, measured in political, economic, and military terms. In the military dimension, the United States possesses dominant conventional forces as well as deployed and reserve nuclear weapons of mature and amply tested design. Should nuclear weapons proliferate widely across the globe, U.S. military pre-eminence will be diminished. Nuclear weapons are the “great equalizer” among the world’s strong and weak military powers. The freedom of action of the United States in exploiting its conventional military superiority will be limited if nations not now possessing nuclear weapons acquire them. The primary diplomatic tool for restraining the proliferation of nuclear weapons has been the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), which entered into force in 1970. -
W80-4 LRSO Missile Warhead
Description Accomplishments As part of the effort to keep the nuclear In 2015, the W80-4 LEP entered into Phase 6.2—feasibility study and down-select— arsenal safe, secure, and effective, the to establish program planning, mature technical requirements, and propose a full U.S. Air Force is developing a nuclear- suite of design options. In October 2017, the program entered Phase 6.2A—design capable Long-Range Standoff (LRSO) definition and cost study—to establish detailed cost estimates for all options and cruise missile. The LRSO is designed to a baseline from which the core cost estimate and detailed schedule are generated, replace the aging AGM-86 Air-Launched with appropriate risk mitigation. The W80-4 team is making significant progress: Cruise Missile, operational since 1982. The U.S. is extending the lifetime of its An effective team that includes the National Nuclear Security Administration warhead, the W80-1, through the W80-4 and the U.S. Air Force is in place; coordination is robust. Life Extension Program (LEP). The W80-1 will be refurbished and adapted to the new An extensive range of full-system tests, together with hundreds of small-scale tests, are in progress to provide confidence in the performance of W80-4 LEP LRSO missile as the W80-4. As the lead design options that include additively manufactured components. design agency for its nuclear explosive package, Lawrence Livermore, working LLNL leads DOE’s effort to develop and qualify the insensitive high explosive jointly with Sandia National Laboratories, formulated using newly produced constituents. Manufacturing of production- is developing options for the W80-4 that scale quantities of the new explosives is underway and on schedule. -
R00456--FM Getting up to Speed
GETTING UP TO SPEED THE FUTURE OF SUPERCOMPUTING Susan L. Graham, Marc Snir, and Cynthia A. Patterson, Editors Committee on the Future of Supercomputing Computer Science and Telecommunications Board Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS Washington, D.C. www.nap.edu THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES PRESS 500 Fifth Street, N.W. Washington, DC 20001 NOTICE: The project that is the subject of this report was approved by the Gov- erning Board of the National Research Council, whose members are drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engi- neering, and the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report were chosen for their special competences and with regard for ap- propriate balance. Support for this project was provided by the Department of Energy under Spon- sor Award No. DE-AT01-03NA00106. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the organizations that provided support for the project. International Standard Book Number 0-309-09502-6 (Book) International Standard Book Number 0-309-54679-6 (PDF) Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 2004118086 Cover designed by Jennifer Bishop. Cover images (clockwise from top right, front to back) 1. Exploding star. Scientific Discovery through Advanced Computing (SciDAC) Center for Supernova Research, U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science. 2. Hurricane Frances, September 5, 2004, taken by GOES-12 satellite, 1 km visible imagery. U.S. National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration. 3. Large-eddy simulation of a Rayleigh-Taylor instability run on the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory MCR Linux cluster in July 2003. -
Newsline Year in Review 2020
NEWSLINE YEAR IN REVIEW 2020 LAWRENCE LIVERMORE NATIONAL LABORATORY YELLOW LINKS ARE ACCESSIBLE ON THE LAB’S INTERNAL NETWORK ONLY. 1 BLUE LINKS ARE ACCESSIBLE ON BOTH THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL LAB NETWORK. IT WAS AN EXCEPTIONAL YEAR, DESPITE RESTRICTIONS hough 2020 was dominated by events surrounding LLNL scientists released “Getting to Neutral: Options for the COVID pandemic — whether it was adapting Negative Carbon Emissions in California,” identifying a to social distancing and the need to telecommute, robust suite of technologies to help California clear the T safeguarding employees as they returned to last hurdle and become carbon neutral — and ultimately conduct mission-essential work or engaging in carbon negative — by 2045. COVID-related research — the Laboratory managed an exceptional year in all facets of S&T and operations. The Lab engineers and biologists developed a “brain-on-a- Lab delivered on all missions despite the pandemic and chip” device capable of recording the neural activity of its restrictions. living brain cell cultures in three dimensions, a significant advancement in the realistic modeling of the human brain The year was marked by myriad advances in high outside of the body. Scientists paired 3D-printed, living performance computing as the Lab moved closer to human brain vasculature with advanced computational making El Capitan and exascale computing a reality. flow simulations to better understand tumor cell attachment to blood vessels and developed the first living Lab researchers completed assembly and qualification 3D-printed aneurysm to improve surgical procedures and of 16 prototype high-voltage, solid state pulsed-power personalize treatments. drivers to meet the delivery schedule for the Scorpius radiography project. -
Benchmark Modeling and Projections Current #1 and #2 Systems in Top500 List Summit and Sierra Supercomputers - from Proposal to Acceptance
Benchmark Modeling and Projections Current #1 and #2 systems in Top500 list https://www.top500.org/ Summit and Sierra Supercomputers - From Proposal To Acceptance Jaime H Moreno IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center Acknowledgements § Multi-year efforts by team of experts from IBM and NVIDIA, with support from Mellanox § IBM – Bilge Acun, David Appelhans, Daniele Buono, Constantinos Evangelinos, Gordon Fossum, Nestor Gonzales, Leopold Grinberg, Apo Kayi, Bryan Rosenburg, Robert Walkup, Hui-fang (Sophia) Wen, James Sexton § NVIDIA – Steve Abbott, Michael Katz, Jeff Larkin, Justin Luitjens, Steve Rennich, G. Thomas-Collignon, Peng Wang, Cyril Zeller § Support from Summit and Sierra System Administrators – Summit: Veronica Vergara (ORNL), Jason Renner (IBM) – Sierra: Adam Bertsch (LLNL), Sean McCombe (IBM) § Hardware and Software development and deployment teams across IBM, NVIDIA, Mellanox § Paper “Benchmarking Summit and Sierra Supercomputers: From Proposal to Acceptance,” 6th Special HPCS Session on High Performance Computing Benchmarking and Optimization (HPBench 2019). JH Moreno, IBM Research 8/27/19 2 June 2018: Fastest Supercomputer in the World Current #1 and #2 systems in Top500 list https://www.top500.org/ JH Moreno, IBM Research 8/27/19 3 Summit’s structure POWER9: Server Converged 2U server 22 Cores 2 POWER9 + 6 Volta GPU (@7 TF/s) drawer for HPC and Cloud Volta: 7.0 DP TF/s Scalable Active Network: 16 Optional Mellanox IB EDR Switch Flash Memory Racks System: 200 PF compute 256 Compute Racks 5 PB Active Flash 4608 servers 120 -
How Much Warhead Reliability Is Enough for a Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty?
How Much Warhead Reliability Is Enough for a Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty? David Hafemeister I. Introduction The National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) selected the winning design from the two nuclear weapons laboratories for the reliable replacement warhead (RRW) on March 2, 2007. The winning design by the Lawrence–Livermore National Laboratory was the more cautious design, and had been tested previously. The Los Alamos design was more creative, but had not been nuclear tested. With the Cold War over, NNSA is planning to make warheads that are less constrained in weight and, in principle, more reliable. The Congress and the Executive Branch have agreed that RRW will not be tested before it enters the stockpile. Of course, this does not guarantee that the decision not to test could not be reversed in the future. The JASON group will comment on the RRW designs during the next year and the American Association for the Advancement of Science will release its report on the RRW in March 2007. Our discussion is intended as background material to help understand the RRW decisions and reports. On March 6, a session at the Denver APS meeting considered the RRW and nuclear missions. Talks were given by John Harvey (Director of NNSA Policy and Planning), Lt. General C. Robert Kehler (Deputy Commander of STRATCOM), Bruce Tarter (Chair of the AAAS–RRW Study), Sidney Drell (Stanford), Ivan Oelrich (Federation of American Scientists). The need for the RRW has been called into doubt by the 2006 JASON report that concluded the following: [1] “Most primary types have credible minimum lifetimes in excess of 100 years as regards aging of plutonium; those with assessed minimum lifetime of 100 years or less have clear mitigation paths that are proposed and/or being implemented...There is no evidence for void swelling in naturally –Pu samples over the actual and acceleratedδaged or artificially aged times scales examined to date, and good reason to believe it will not occur on times scales of interest, if at all.