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School of Humanities Language Education for Refugees and Migrants Postgraduate Dissertation Identity and Culture in the Arab World: The Views of Amin Maalouf Aikaterini Giagkoudaki Supervisor: Theodora Zampaki Patras, Greece, July 2018 Aikaterini Giagkoudaki, Identity and Culture in the Arab World: The Views of Amin Maalouf. © Hellenic Open University, 2017 The content of this thesis/dissertation along with its results is owned by the Hellenic Open University and his/her author, where each of them has the sole and exclusive right to use, reproduce, and publish it (totally or partially) for educational or research purposes, with the obligation to make reference to the thesis’s title, the author’s name and to the Hellenic Open Universtiy where the thesis / dissertation was written. Postgraduate Dissertation ii Aikaterini Giagkoudaki, Identity and Culture in the Arab World: The Views of Amin Maalouf. Identity and Culture in the Arab World: The Views of Amin Maalouf Aikaterini Giagkoudaki Supervising Committee Supervisor: Co-Supervisor: Theodora Zampaki Nektaria Palaiologou Hellenic Open University Hellenic Open University Patras, Greece, July 2018 Postgraduate Dissertation iii Aikaterini Giagkoudaki, Identity and Culture in the Arab World: The Views of Amin Maalouf. I would like first to thank my Master’s thesis supervisor Prof. Theodora Zampaki for her support. Her guidance helped me in all the time of research and writing of this thesis. This dissertation is dedicated to my husband who read my drafts and encouraged me to pursue my dreams and reach my goals. He is my ‘rock’! Also, I am grateful to my sister for supporting me spiritually throughout writing this thesis and my life in general. I must express my very profound gratitude to my parents for providing me with constant support and continuous encouragement throughout my life and through the process of writing this thesis. Finally, I can not forget my colleagues who inspired me over the two years: Anastasia Papapostolou, Athanasia Tsinafournioti, Avgi Vafeidou, Vasiliki Kalpaki, Paraskevi Sarantopoulou, Varvara Vasileiadi, Vasiliki Bourozika and Kerasoula Patsatzi. This accomplicement would not have been possible without them. Thank you, Giagkoudaki Aikaterini Postgraduate Dissertation iv Aikaterini Giagkoudaki, Identity and Culture in the Arab World: The Views of Amin Maalouf. Abstract The present dissertation devised from the postgraduate student of Hellenic Open University of Patra, Giagkoudaki Aikaterini, during the Spring Semester 2018, in the course “Introduction to Arabic Language and Culture” (LRM60) of the Postgraduate Programme “Language Education for Refugees and Migrants”. Supervisor of the particular dissertation was the professor Mrs. Zampaki Theodora of Hellenic Open University of Patra. The dissertation was written in order to be examined the concepts of identity and culture and also, Amin Maalouf’s point of view about these two concepts. Specifically, the first part of the dissertation dealt with the aforementioned concepts that examined through various definitions. Moreover, was examined the relationship between identity and culture. Additionally, the second part operated as transient part of the dissertation. The transition from the first theoretical part to the third and more critical part was made smoothly due to the contribution of this intermediate part. Especially, this part concerned the life and work of Amin Maalouf. The information that derived from these sections were valuable and contributed to the better apprehension of the book’s content. The third part of the dissertation concerned firstly the examination of the book’s title and also, this part had as an ultimate aim to examine thoroughly the terms identity and culture at the book of Maalouf “In the Name of Identity: Violence and the Need to Belong”. Particular emphasis was given on how the concepts of identity and culture derived from Maalouf’s work and how and to what extent they are connected, interrelated and interdependened. Worldwide, many scholars have dealt with the terms identity and culture. Also, Maalouf, an Arab and Christian at once, dealt with identity and culture. His identity contributed to the composition of his book and to the articulation of his perspective about the two terms beyond the limits of Lebanon. There was the need to be made the research based on Maalouf’s book. Specifically, the present research emphasized on Maalouf’s work, shed light on how the author used the terms identity and culture and also, in which extent they were interrelated. Through comments on various quotes were illustrated Maalouf’s views and beliefs. The fact that the dissertation focused on particular points, constituted the innovation to the field. The research employed analytical, comparative and synthetic approach. Finally, the research tools were the relevant literature and the book of Maalouf. Postgraduate Dissertation v Aikaterini Giagkoudaki, Identity and Culture in the Arab World: The Views of Amin Maalouf. Keywords Identity, Culture, Arab identity and Arab Culture, Amin Maalouf Postgraduate Dissertation vi Aikaterini Giagkoudaki, Identity and Culture in the Arab World: The Views of Amin Maalouf. Περίληψη Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία εκπονήθηκε από τη μεταπτυχιακή φοιτήτρια του Ελληνικού Ανοιχτού Πανεπιστημίου της Πάτρας, Γιαγκουδάκη Αικατερίνη, κατά τη διάρκεια του Θερινού Εξαμήνου 2018, στα πλαίσια της Θεματικής Ενότητας «Εισαγωγή στην αραβική γλώσσα και τον αραβικό πολιτισμό» (LRM60) του Μεταπτυχιακού Προγράμματος «Γλωσσική Εκπαίδευση για Πρόσφυγες και Μετανάστες». Επιβλέπουσα της συγκεκριμένης εργασίας ήταν η καθηγήτρια Ζαμπάκη Θεοδώρα του Ελληνικού Ανοιχτού Πανεπιστημίου. Η συγγραφή της διπλωματικής έγινε προκειμένου να εξετασθούν οι έννοιες της ταυτότητας και της κουλτούρας και επίσης, η άποψη του Amin Maalouf σχετικά με αυτές τις δύο έννοιες. Συγκεκριμένα, το πρώτο μέρος της διπλωματικής αφορούσε τις προαναφερθείσες έννοιες, οι οποίες εξετάσθηκαν μέσω διάφορων ορισμών. Επιπλέον, εξετάσθηκε η σχέση μεταξύ ταυτότητας και κουλτούρας. Επιπρόσθετα, το δεύτερο μέρος λειτούργησε ως μεταβατικό τμήμα της διπλωματικής. Η μετάβαση από το πρώτο θεωρητικό μέρος στο τρίτο και πιο κριτικό μέρος έγινε ομαλά χάρη στη συμβολή του ενδιάμεσου μέρους. Ειδικά, αυτό το μέρος αφορούσε τη ζωή και το έργο του Amin Maalouf. Οι πληροφορίες που προήλθαν από αυτά τα τμήματα ήταν πολύτιμες και συνέβαλαν στην καλύτερη κατανόηση του περιεχόμενου του βιβλίου. Το τρίτο μέρος της διπλωματικής αφορούσε αρχικά την εξέταση του τίτλου του βιβλίου και ακόμη, αυτό το τρίτο μέρος είχε ως απώτερο σκοπό να εξετάσει εξονυχιστικά τους όρους ταυτότητα και κουλτούρα στο βιβλίο του Maalouf “In the Name of Identity: Violence and the Need to Belong”. Ιδιαίτερη έμφαση δόθηκε στο πως αυτές οι έννοιες της ταυτότητας και της κουλτούρας προέκυψαν από το έργο του Maalouf και πως και σε τι βαθμό αυτές είναι συνδεδεμένες, συσχετισμένες, και αλληλένδετες. Παγκοσμίως πολλοί ακαδημαϊκοί έχουν ασχοληθεί με τους όρους ταυτότητα και κουλτούρα. Ακόμη ο Maalouf, Άραβας και Χριστιανός συγχρόνως, ασχολήθηκε με την ταυτότητα και την κουλτούρα. Η ταυτότητά του συνέβαλε στη σύνθεση του βιβλίου του και στην άρθρωση της άποψής του σχετικά με τους δυο όρους πέρα από τα όρια του Λίβανου. Υπήρχε η ανάγκη να γίνει η έρευνα που βασίζεται στο βιβλίο του Maalouf. Συγκεκριμένα, η παρούσα έρευνα έδωσε έμφαση στο έργο του Maalouf, έριξε φως στο πως ο συγγραφέας χρησιμοποίησε τους όρους ταυτότητα και κουλτούρα και επίσης, σε Postgraduate Dissertation vii Aikaterini Giagkoudaki, Identity and Culture in the Arab World: The Views of Amin Maalouf. ποιο βαθμό είναι συσχετισμένες. Μέσω σχολιασμών σε διάφορες φράσεις του βιβλίου αποτυπώθηκαν οι απόψεις και οι πεποιθήσεις του Maalouf. Δεδομένου ότι η διπλωματική εστίασε σε συγκεκριμένα σημεία, αποτέλεσε την καινοτομία στον τομέα. Η έρευνα επιστράτευσε αναλυτική, συγκριτική και συνθετική προσέγγιση. Τέλος, τα ερευνητικά εργαλεία ήταν η σχετική βιβλιογραφία και το βιβλίο του Maalouf. Λέξεις – Κλειδιά Ταυτότητα, Κουλτούρα, Αραβική Ταυτότητα και Αραβική Κουλτούρα, Amin Maalouf Postgraduate Dissertation viii Aikaterini Giagkoudaki, Identity and Culture in the Arab World: The Views of Amin Maalouf. Table of Contents Abstract ................................................................................................................................. v Περίληψη.............................................................................................................................vii Table of Contents ................................................................................................................. ix Introduction .......................................................................................................................... xi 1 Literature Review .......................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Identity .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1.1 Theories about identity .................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Definitions and clarifications about identity ................................................... 3 1.1.3 Classes of identities and forms of identity ...................................................... 5 1.1.3.1 Personal identity ...................................................................................... 6 1.1.3.2 Social identity .........................................................................................
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    SIGNATURE COCKTAILS SIGNATURE COCKTAILS LEAD MIXOLOGISTS LEAD MIXOLOGISTS STACEY VOSS & CARLOS PRECIADO STACEY VOSS & CARLOS PRECIADO Costa Verde 13 Costa Verde 13 A savory cocktail with herbal and peppery notes, A savory cocktail with herbal and peppery notes, with just a touch of sweetness. with just a touch of sweetness. GIN, GREEN CHARTREUSE, HONEY, JALAPENO, GIN, GREEN CHARTREUSE, HONEY, JALAPENO, BASIL, CELERY BITTERS BASIL, CELERY BITTERS Airliner 13 13 Airliner 13 13 Aromatic and refreshing bourbon cocktail. Aromatic and refreshing bourbon cocktail. BOURBON, APEROL, AMARO NONINO, BOURBON, APEROL, AMARO NONINO, FRESH SQUEEZED LEMON JUICE, BASIL, FRESH SQUEEZED LEMON JUICE, BASIL, & PEACH BITTERS & PEACH BITTERS Stone & Sage 13 Stone & Sage 13 Sweet with a little spice! Sweet with a little spice! A refreshing peach cocktail with hints of serrano and fresh sage. A refreshing peach cocktail with hints of serrano and fresh sage. VODKA, PEACH, SERRANO & SAGE SYRUP, VODKA, PEACH, SERRANO & SAGE SYRUP, FRESH SQUEEZED LEMON JUICE, RHUBARB BITTERS FRESH SQUEEZED LEMON JUICE, RHUBARB BITTERS Summer Rye 13 Summer Rye 13 A complex yet smooth cocktail. A complex yet smooth cocktail. Rye whiskey & Licor 43 are the star ingredients in this drink, Rye whiskey & Licor 43 are the star ingredients in this drink, making it spirit forward and balanced. making it spirit forward and balanced. RYE WHISKEY, AVUA CACHACA, LIQUOR 43, RYE WHISKEY, AVUA CACHACA, LIQUOR 43, CYNAR, LILLET BLANC VERMOUTH, CYNAR, LILLET BLANC VERMOUTH, CITRUS BITTERS CITRUS BITTERS Blistered Bourbon 13 Blistered Bourbon 13 This cocktail packs some umph! Like a Manhattan This cocktail packs some umph! Like a Manhattan with subtle notes of chili pepper and cherry vanilla.
  • Omar Khayyam's Ruba'iyat and Rumi's Masnavi Interpreted. The

    Omar Khayyam's Ruba'iyat and Rumi's Masnavi Interpreted. The

    Chapter 6 Omar Khayyam’s Ruba’iyat and Rumi’s Masnavi Interpreted. The Politics and Scholarship of Translating Persian Poetry 1Truth and Poetry of TwoPersian Poets In 1072,the youngphilosopher Omar Khayyamenteredthe CentralAsian capital of scholarshipSamarkand.Ashewalkedthroughthe city,hefound amob assault- ingastudentofthe greatphilosopher Ibn Sina (Avicenna).Khayyam intervened to save thestudent.But hisreputationasaphilosopherand poet of hereticmateri- alistverseshad preceded Khayyamand when thecrowd discovered whohewas, they turned on himand roughedhim up.Khayyam wasthen broughtbeforeSa- markand’sleading qadi (judge/magistrate),Abu Taher. Insteadofcondemning thephilosopher,who challenged thestricturesoforthodoxtheology, AbuTaher recognised hisintellect, butwarned Khayyamofutteringhis critical poetry openly. Theqadihandedthe philosopherabeautifulnotebookintowhich he should write hiswitty andthought-provoking quatrains,instead of speaking hispoems openly andthereby endangeringhis ownsafety. This notebook wastobecomethe manu- script that marked thebeginning of the Ruba’iyat of Omar Khayyam, whichwould gain global fame in thenineteenthcentury andbecomefor decadesthe second most printedbookinthe Englishspeakingworld afterthe Bible. This is how Amin Maalouf has it in the opening of his historic fiction novel Samarcande.¹ In areview afew years later,Rashid noted that “Omar Khayyam is treated likeamedieval Salman Rushdie”,onlythat backinthe Middle Ages, dur- ing the days of glorious scientific Islam,hewas not condemned to death by the orthodoxy but protected by an Islamic jurist.² The almostsimultaneous publica- tion of Samarcande and Rushdie’s Satanic Verses in 1988 preclude Maalouffrom having been influenced by Khomeini’sinfamous fatwa against the British Indian author ayearlater,but Rashid’scommentary pointstothe rise of political Islam and its growingintolerance of contrarian views in the 1980s, which had also seen the ban of Khayyam’s Ruba’iyat in Iran after the revolution in 1979.³ Maa- Amin Maalouf, Samarcande (Paris:Jean-Claude Lattès, 1988), 4–17.
  • Myth, History and Literature: Reading Ismail Kadare’S “Essays on World Literature” Through Giorgio Agamben’S “The Coming Community”

    Myth, History and Literature: Reading Ismail Kadare’S “Essays on World Literature” Through Giorgio Agamben’S “The Coming Community”

    World Literature Studies 4 . vol. 12 . 2020 (20 – 34) ŠTÚDIE / ARTIclEs Myth, history and literature: Reading Ismail Kadare’s “Essays on World literature” through Giorgio Agamben’s “The coming community” ADRIANA RADUcANU In 2018, the prestigious Nonino Prize, awarded annually in both national and international categories, was granted to the Italian philosopher Giorgio Agamben and Albania’s best-known novelist, Ismail Kadare. While the two recipients seem unconnected, at a closer look they share a common feature best understood through Agamben’s framework of inclusivity expounded in The Coming Community (1993; La comunità che viene, 1990) as a philosophy for the post-nationalism emerging after the end of the Cold War. His whatever singularities paradigm argues for inclusionary acts, rejects reductionism(s) of all kinds, and promotes an ever-expanding pattern of approaching the political/cultural world. It remains relevant today, as the concept of “national” is metamorphosing into “postnational” and/or “transnational”; politics is still lagging behind and frequently hindering the process but a view to culture’s (relatively) un-hierarchical standpoint is surely to enable it. Kadare ’s Essays on World Literature: Aeschylus, Dante, Shakespeare (2018; Tri sprova mbi letërsinë botërore, 2017) can be read not only as a guide to the three literary masters in the title and to the Albanian writer’s own fiction, but also as an implied but all the more powerful plea for “a coming community”. For Kadare, this term refers to a more inclusionary cultural and political European Union and world, made up of whatever singularities that preserve all of their predicates (with Albania as a case in point), and which can be potentially “reduced” to a love story.