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Acta Universitatis Umensis Acta Universitatis Umensis Jörg Lindner Den svenska Tysklands-hjälpen 1945-1954 Universitetet i Umeå Den svenska Tysklands-hjälpen 1945-1954 AKADEMISK AVHANDLING som med tillstånd av humanistiska fakulteten vid Umeå universitet offentligen försvaras för filosofie doktorsexamen i historia i Humanisthuset, hörsal F fredagen den 27 maj 1988 klockan 10.15 av Jörg Lindner Umeå 1988 Jörg Lindner: Den svenska Tysklands-hjälpen 1945-1954 = Swedish postwar aid to Germany 1945-1954. Swedish, Summary in German Department of History. Umeå University. Kungälv 1988, 248 pp. Monograph Acta Universitatis Umensis, Umeå Studies in the Humanities 85. ISSN 0345-0155 ISBN 91-7174-342-1 Abstract Swedish postwar aid to Germany from 1945 to 1954 is described and analyzed, especially as an expression of Swedish attitudes developed over a long period of societal evolution. As early as 1943/44 both Swedish voluntary agencies and the Swedish government began to plan program of postwar aid to Germany. Older and more recent attitudes to Germany, the views of Germans living in exile in Sweden and the intentions of the Western allies toward a conquered Germany were central in determining the nature and scope of Swedish aid. Programs incorporated the values of traditional Christian charity, secularized philanthropy and applied methods developed for emergency aid abroad and for social assistance at home. The new concept of the welfare state, strong in Sweden at the time, led to aid also being aimed toward long-term socio-political goals. Children, young people, mothers, refugees, displaced persons and what was regarded as the German elite were the main recipients of various aid efforts. In the atmosphere of the Cold War, aid came to be increasingly directed to West Germany. Postwar aid, with Germany as the main non-Scandinavian recipient, was Sweden's first experience as a long-term aid donor. While the efforts of voluntary agencies were concen­ trated abroad, the Swedish welfare state developed rapidly at home, leaving no room for privately sponsored social work. Even after 1950/54, therefore, the work of Swedish voluntary agencies was directed at needs abroad, mainly to so-called undeveloped countries outside Europe. The premises underlying such aid and its contents were largely the same as for postwar aid to Germany. Keywords: Germany: Swedish aid to, 1945-1954 - Sweden: foreign relations, voluntary agencies, philanthropy and official social policy - Aid, foreign, emergency, developmental. Den svenska Tysklands-hjälpen 19 45-1954 Jörg Lindner: Den svenska Tysklands-hjälpen 1945-1954 = Swedish postwar aid to Germany 1945-1954. Swedish, Summary in German Department of History. Umeå University. Kungälv 1988, 248 pp. Monograph Acta Universitatis Umensis, Umeå Studies in the Humanities 85. ISSN 0345-0155 ISBN 91-7174-342-1 Abstract Swedish postwar aid to Germany from 1945 to 1954 is described and analyzed, especially as an expression of Swedish attitudes developed over a long period of societal evolution. As early as 1943/44 both Swedish voluntary agencies and the Swedish government began to plan program of postwar aid to Germany. Older and more recent attitudes to Germany, the views of Germans living in exile in Sweden and the intentions of the Western allies toward a conquered Germany were central in determining the nature and scope of Swedish aid. Programs incorporated the values of traditional Christian charity, secularized philanthropy and applied methods developed for emergency aid abroad and for social assistance at home. The new concept of the welfare state, strong in Sweden at the time, led to aid also being aimed toward long-term socio-political goals. Children, young people, mothers, refugees, displaced persons and what was regarded as the German elite were the main recipients of various aid efforts. In the atmosphere of the Cold War, aid came to be increasingly directed to West Germany. Postwar aid, with Germany as the main non-Scandinavian recipient, was Sweden's first experience as a long-term aid donor. While the efforts of voluntary agencies were concen­ trated abroad, the Swedish welfare state developed rapidly at home, leaving no room for privately sponsored social work. Even after 1950/54, therefore, the work of Swedish voluntary agencies was directed at needs abroad, mainly to so-called undeveloped countries outside Europe. The premises underlying such aid and its contents were largely the same as for postwar aid to Germany. Keywords: Germany: Swedish aid to, 1945-1954 - Sweden: foreign relations, voluntary agencies, philanthropy and official social policy - Aid, foreign, emergency, developmental. Acta Universitatis Umensis Umeå Studies in the Humanities 85 Jörg Lindner Den svenska Tysklands-hjälpen 1945-1954 Universitetet i Umeå Almqvist & Wiksell International, Stockholm, Sweden S J- 3 I © Jörg Lindner Redaktion: Per G Råberg Humanistiska fakulteten. Umeå universitet, S-901 87 Umeå Distribution: Almqvist & Wiksell International Box 638, S-101 28 Stockholm Tryckt vid Goterna, Kungälv, 1988 ISSN 0345-0155 ISBN 91-7174-342-1 INNEHÅLLSFÖRTECKNING FÖRORD 7 FÖRKORTNINGAR 9 KARTA ÖVER DET OCKUPERADE TYSKLAND 12 I INLEDNING 13 Tidigare forskning och litteratur 14 Syfte och frågeställningar 18 Utgångspunkt 19 Källor och metod 23 Noter till kapitel I 25 II GAMLA OCH NYA UPPFATTNINGAR OM TYSKLAND 30 Traditionella uppfattningar om Tyskland 31 Diskussionen om efterkrigshjälpen och dess igångsättande 32 Efterkrigsintryck från Tyskland - ursprung och reaktioner 34 Tysklands-hjälpen i siffror 37 Tyskarnas "folkpsykologi" och politiska mentalitet 39 Samarbetskommittén för demokratiskt uppbyggnadsarbete möter tysk ungdom 42 Svenska Scoutrörelsen fostrar tyska scouter 45 Tyskland sett med näringslivets och högerns ögon 48 Sammanfattning 50 Noter till kapitel II 52 III MAT TILL BARNEN 60 Diskussionen kring motiv, mål och medel 61 Välgörenhet, filantropi och socialt arbete 63 Staten och de internationella organisationerna 68 Barnbespisningen - en fråga om samarbete och motsättningar 73 'Svensksoppan' 76 Svenska röda korsets och Rädda Barnens relationer till andra frivilliga organisationer 80 Efterkrigshjälpens svarta får 85 Tysklands-hjälpens relationer till de allierade 86 Berlin-blockaden och Svenska röda korset 89 Bespisningen som ideologiskt-politiskt instrument 91 Noter till kapitel III 94 5 IV TYSKA BARN I SVERIGE 108 Utländska impulser och förebilder 108 Tyska barns föregångare i Sverige 111 Statens restriktiva linje mot överföringen av tyska barn 113 Röster för och emot tyska barn 114 Tyska barn på väg - urval och transporter till Sverige 118 Överföringens kostnader och omfång 123 Barnöverföringens ideologiska och politiska aspekter 125 Den svenska socialstaten - förebild och förpliktelse 126 I "sagolandet Sverige" och hemkomsten till Tyskland 129 Adoption av DP-barn 133 Adoption av tyska barn 139 Noter till kapitel IV 142 V KULTUREXPORT OCH TEKNISKT BISTÅND 154 Sverige och den internationella diskussionen kring Tysklands demokratisering 155 Svenska planer tar form och Samarbetskommitténs grundande 156 Förberedelse inför efterkrigstidens uppgifter 159 Svensk "kulturgods på export" 165 Förhandlingarna med de västallierade och nya verksamheter 168 S verige bj uder in 171 Ett demokratiskt experiment och tysk ungdom som arbetskraft 174 Den övriga kulturella hjälpen och dess effekter 178 Sverige och andra västliga demokratier som förebild 180 Det tekniska biståndet 183 Epilog 186 Noter till kapitel V 187 VI SLUTDISKUSSION 198 Först Norden sedan hela världen 198 Den frivilliga hjälpen, staten och utlandshjälpen - kontinuitet och förändring 204 Noter till kapitel VI 208 VII ZUSAMMENFASSUNG 210 KRONOLOGI ÖVER TYSKLANDS-HJÄLPEN 223 BILAGA I och II 227 KÄLLOR OCH LITTERATUR 229 SAKREGISTER ÖVER PERSONER OCH ORGANISATIONER 242 6 Förord Medan jag skrev på min avhandling kände jag mig många gånger mycket ensam och utlämnad. Då jag nu avslutat boken, och tillvaron åter börjar gå i mera normala banor, vill jag mer än gärna erkänna att utan den hjälp och uppmuntran, som kommit från många håll, hade den aldrig blivit färdig. Först och främst vill jag framföra ett varmt tack till min vän och handledare docent Tom Ericsson. Under alla dessa år har han med sin konstruktiva kritik alltid funnits till hands, när problemen tyckts som mest oövervinneliga. Under det intensiva slutskedet har han med outtröttlig energi granskat mina avhandlingskapitel. Viktiga synpunkter och kritik i avgörande skeden har jag också fått av docenterna David Gaunt och Lennart Lundmark. Deras en­ tusiasm och framförallt idérikedom har betytt mycket. Med rapp penna har Lennart också förstått att befria texten från mycket ovidkommande och många språkliga kullerbyttor. Professor Sune Åkerman har visat ett generöst intresse och kommit med värdefulla synpunkter, vilka varit av betydelse för avhandlingens uppläggning. FD Christina Florin och FK Börje Harnesk har under slutskedet tålmodigt ställt upp som probersten för mina ofärdiga tankegångar och formuleringar. Jag tackar också alla kamrater vid högre seminariet i historia i Umeå - den inspirerande kritiken, som de har framfört under och efter seminarieövningarna, har betytt mycket för mig. Vid olika tillfällen har även personer utanför institutionen blivit indragna i mitt arbete. Docent Klaus Misgeld vid Arbetarrörelsen arkiv och bibliotek i Stockholm har visat ett stort intresse och gett många värdefulla hänvisningar till för mig okända källor och viktig litteratur. Hans kritiska läsning av vissa kapitel har varit betydelsefullt för avhandlingen
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