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Paweł Jaworski DREAMERS ISTS & OPPOR & TUN POLISH–SWEDISH RELATIONS DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR Paweł Jaworski DREAMERS ISTS & OPPOR & TUN POLISH–SWEDISH RELATIONS DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR Paweł Jaworski Södertörns högskola Author: Paweł Jaworski (ORCID: 0000-0001-5256-1238) Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) This publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License First published 2009 by Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, Poland Original title: Marzyciele i oportuniści. Stosunki polsko-szwedzkie w latach 1939–1945 Translation: Katarzyna Hussar The translation of this volume was financed by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education. Narodowy Program Rozwoju Humanistyki, Project: 31H 13 0148 82 Södertörns högskola (Södertörn University) Library SE-141 89 Huddinge www.sh.se/publications Cover: Jonathan Robson (Illustration by Paweł Jaworski) Graphic form: Per Lindblom & Jonathan Robson Printed by Elanders, Stockholm 2019 Södertörn Academic Studies 73 ISSN 1650-433X ISBN 978-91-88663-35-1 (print) ISBN 978-91-88663-36-8 (digital) Contents Abbreviations ...................................................................................................................... 7 Introduction ........................................................................................................................ 11 PART 1 In the Circle of Politics and Propaganda ........................................................................ 21 1. On the Eve of War.......................................................................................................... 23 2. Aggression of Germany and the Soviet Union Against Poland from the Swedish Perspective ................................................................................................ 35 First reactions ................................................................................................................. 35 Reports from the front .................................................................................................. 44 The picture of total war ................................................................................................ 51 The attack from the East ............................................................................................... 56 The final phase of the campaign.................................................................................. 65 The fate of Swedish diplomats in Warsaw ................................................................. 71 Representation of Polish interests by Sweden in Germany ..................................... 74 3. In the Face of Consequences of the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact ............................... 93 Following the defeat of Poland .................................................................................... 93 During the Winter War .............................................................................................. 107 4. Consolidation of German Hegemony in Europe – Polish Strategy of Maintaining Relations and Swedish Dodging .................................................... 121 A freeze in relations following Hitler’s invasion of Scandinavia .......................... 121 Operation Barbarossa and the apparent improvement in Polish–Swedish relations ....................................................................................... 144 Polish and Swedish federalist concepts for post-war Europe ............................... 166 Overcoming stagnation in bilateral relations following Hitler’s defeat in Moscow ........................................................................................... 177 5. Revival of Bilateral Relations Following the Battle of Stalingrad .......................... 191 Polish diplomatic activity in the period of the Wehrmacht’s failures ................. 191 Swedish public opinion on the situation in occupied Poland and Polish–Soviet relations ............................................................................................... 197 Swedish discussion on Katyń ..................................................................................... 216 6. Sweden’s Return to Strict Neutrality and the Normalisation of Relations with the Polish Government .................................................................... 231 The visit by the Minister of Industry, Trade and Shipping Jan Kwapiński to Stockholm ...................................................................................... 231 Change in the policy of the Swedish government .................................................. 242 Sweden’s position on the Polish matter (January–July 1944) ............................... 246 Swedish reactions to the birth of the Lublin Committee ....................................... 268 Activity of the Union of Polish Patriots (ZPP) in Sweden .................................... 272 7. The Double Game of Swedish Diplomacy ................................................................ 287 The rising in Warsaw from a Swedish perspective ................................................. 287 The propagandist campaign for the recognition of Poland’s right to sovereignty and territorial integrity ..................................................................... 302 Diplomatic chess .......................................................................................................... 315 Around Yalta ................................................................................................................ 325 Sweden’s break-up of diplomatic relations with the Polish government in exile .................................................................................. 355 PART 2 Economic Issues .............................................................................................................. 361 8. Swedish Presence in Occupied Poland ..................................................................... 363 9. Plans of Polish–Swedish Post-War Economic Cooperation ................................. 391 10. The Mission of Brynolf Eng ..................................................................................... 439 PART 3 Humanitarian Mission of Sweden ................................................................................. 447 11. The Fate of Polish Refugee ........................................................................................ 449 12. Swedish Humanitarian Aid for Poland ................................................................... 473 Humanitarian activity 1939–44 ............................................................................ 473 The plans for providing post-war humanitarian aid ........................................... 491 The mission of Sven Hellqvist in the General Government ................................ 498 Swedish transports of humanitarian aid to the Lublin Committee Poland ..................................................................................... 503 Final negotiations regarding humpanitarian aid in the post-war period ........... 508 13. The Problems of Polish Soldiers Interned in Sweden ........................................... 513 Submarine crews .......................................................................................................... 513 Aviators ......................................................................................................................... 540 Soldiers of the 1940 Norwegian Campaign ............................................................. 546 Conclusion ........................................................................................................................ 547 Bibliography ..................................................................................................................... 553 Index .................................................................................................................................. 571 Abbreviations AAN Archiwum Akt Nowych (Central Archives of Modern Records in Warsaw) AK Armia Krajowa (Polish Home Army) AMSZ Archiwum Ministerstwa Spraw Zagranicznych (Archive of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Poland) ARAB Arbetarrörelsens arkiv och bibliotek (Swedish Labour Movement’s Archive and Library) AA Auswärtiges Amt (Federal Foreign Office of the German Empire) BBC British Broadcasting Corporation ČTK Československá tísková kancelář (Czech News Agency) FO British Foreign Office FRA Försvarets Radioanstalt (Swedish National Defence Radio Establishment) IAfÅ Internationella Arbetslag för Återuppbyggnad (International team for reconstruction) KA Krigsarkivet (Military Archive in Stockholm) KBN Komitet Badań Naukowych (State Committee for Scientific Research in Poland) KMW Kierownictwo Marynarki Wojennej (Polish Navy leadership) KRN Krajowa Rada Narodowa (State National Council or Homeland National Council in German-occupied Poland) LO Landsorganisationen (Swedish Trade Union Confederation) MUST Militära underrättelse- och säkerhetstjänsten 7 DREAMERS AND OPPORTUNISTS (Swedish Military Intelligence and Security Service) NA National Archives (London) NSDAP Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers’ Party or Nazi Party) PAT Polska Agencja Telegraficzna (Polish Telegraphic Agency) PCK Polski Czerwony Krzyż (Polish Red Cross) PKWN Polski Komitet Wyzwolenia Narodowego (Polish Committee of National Liberation or the Lublin Committee) PPS Polska Partia Socjalistyczna (Polish Socialist Party) PRL Polska Rzeczpospolita Ludowa (Polish People’s Republic) PRM Prezydium
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