EAB and Other Wood Borers/NPDN Sharpening Observation Skills

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EAB and other wood borers/NPDN Sharpening Observation Skills

Slide 1

Emerald Ash Borer and Other Wood Borers Sharpening Your Observation Skills

The emerald ash borer (EAB) is an invasive wood boring beetle in the family Buprestidae. It was introduced into the United States in the 1990s or earlier, likely in wood packing material, and took years before it was recognized as an invasive species. EAB is responsible for the death and removal of millions of North American native ash trees and more are at risk as it continues to disperse on its own or unknowingly in infested material like firewood and nursery stock.

Early detection of new infestations is critical to management and containment efforts but is not easy. This presentation will show you what symptoms and signs are indicative of EAB and other borer infestations, so you will know better what to look for. Additionally, similar native insects that may be confused with EAB are presented alongside the pest species to assist with identification.

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Slide 2

Objectives

• To learn how to recognize symptoms commonly caused by wood borers • To learn how to recognize and identify signs of buprestid beetles • To learn how to recognize the genus Agrilus including emerald ash borer (EAB) • To learn how to differentiate EAB from other insects

In this presentation you will learn how to recognize symptoms and signs of wood boring beetles; how to recognize and identify individuals in the genus Agrilus like (EAB); and how to differentiate EAB from insects most often confused with it.

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Slide 3

Impact of invasive wood borers

• Invasive pest introductions cost the US over $2 billion annually • Significant economic and ecological impacts to North American forests – The emerald ash borer (Buprestidae) threatens the $280 billion ash industry – The Asian longhorned beetle (Cerambycidae) is responsible for ~$669 billion in urban resource losses

Wood boring beetles are those whose larvae and/or adults, feed on or damage wood. Many native wood borers feed on dead or dying trees and provide necessary ecosystem functions; often native borers are not economic pests.

However, when exotic wood borers are introduced, like the emerald ash borer and the Asian longhorned beetle (ALB), and infest trees that have not co-evolved with them, the impacts are tremendous.

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Slide 4

Introduction to wood borers

• Primary vs secondary invaders • Insect orders • Xylem/phloem feeders • Host specificity

Photo: © Eric R. Day, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Bugwood.org

The next few slides will provide some general information about borers that should help when it comes to identifying signs and symptoms caused by EAB and other borers.

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Slide 5

Primary vs secondary invaders

• Primary invaders—are pests that attack healthy trees. Trees can withstand minor damage from primary invaders. • Secondary invaders—are pests that attack trees that are already stressed. Secondary invaders contribute to the decline and mortality of stressed trees.

Typically wood borers are attracted to weakened trees or dying trees. Weakened trees are under stress—compromised by a disease, cultural or mechanical problem or another insect infestation. Borers that attack weakened trees are known as secondary invaders. Borers which are secondary invaders contribute to the decline and possibly death of stressed trees. Secondary invaders are a symptom of a bigger problem. Carpenter bees and ants are secondary insect invaders that may inhabit dead or dying trees but they are not borers.

Primary invaders, on the other hand, are capable of attacking healthy trees. Infestations of primary invaders may kill the tree. Both EAB and ALB are capable of inhabiting healthy trees.

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Slide 6

Wood boring insect orders

Beetles—Buprestidae (flatheaded borers) Beetles—Cerembycidae (roundheaded borers)

Moths—clearwing moths & carpenterworms Wasps—horntail wasps

Photos: clockwise from top left © D. Cappaert, MSU, Bugwood.org; USDA-beetle busters; Pest and Diseases Image Library, Bugwood.org; J. Berger, Bugwood.org

To recognize borers and damage caused by borers, it may be useful to know the insect orders associated with significant wood boring species. While it is easy to differentiate these orders in their adult stage, it can be a little more challenging to identify the larval stages. Often times it is the larval stage that causes the significant damage to the tree.

If adult insects are present, they should be easy to identify to order. Larval identification is best left to an insect diagnostician but some generalities will be mentioned later in this presentation.

Beetles flatheaded borers (Buprestidae), EAB roundheaded borers (Cerambycidae), ALB Moths—peachtree borer, leopard moth Horntail wasps—sirex woodwasp

Photos: EAB © David Cappaert, Michigan State University, Bugwood.org; Asian longhorned beetle, USDA-beetle busters; Sirex noctilio, Pest and Diseases Image Library, Bugwood.org; and peachtree borer, Joseph Berger, Bugwood.org

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Slide 7

Phloem feeder or xylem feeder

Borers have specific feeding strategies so depending on what type of borer it is, it will be found in a specific part of the tree. Some borers feed primarily in the phloem and some feed on cambial tissue which lies between the phloem and active xylem of trees. Still others feed or bore into the xylem (sapwood) or heartwood. In addition to providing information on what borer you have, location influences some symptoms as we will see later.

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Slide 8

Phloem feeder or xylem feeder

Photos: (left) EAB galleries © Dan Herms, the Ohio State University and (right) ALB damage © E. Richard Hoebeke, Cornell University, Bugwood.org

The images on the left illustrate where phloem and cambium feeders would be found. EAB is particularly damaging to ash because they feed at the phloem/xylem interface damaging the phloem, cambium and scarifying the outer most layer of xylem.

The images on the right illustrate borers which will be present in the xylem (sapwood) and heartwood. Early instars of ALB feed in the phloem before moving into the xylem or sapwood. Later instars tunnel into the heartwood where they will continue to feed, tunnel and eventually pupate.

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Slide 9

Host specificity

EAB—host specific Redheaded ash borer—generalist

Bronze birch borer—host specific ALB—generalist

Photos: clockwise from top left © D. Cappaert, MSU; G. Csoka, HFRI; D. Herms, OSU; and W. Cranshaw, CSU. All images Bugwood.org.

Knowing your trees and whether a borer feeds on one type of host tree or a long list of host trees, will be helpful in identifying the species of borer you may have. In the US, the emerald ash borer only attacks our native ash trees, Fraxinus spp. so if you find an insect or signs of an insect which resembles EAB in or on another tree, it could be another insect and not EAB. Tree identification alone however cannot rule out what borer you may have. The redheaded ash borer feeds on ash, as well as several other hardwood species. Despite the word ash in its name, it is considered a generalist.

Another example of a generalist is the Asian longhorned beetle. ALB feeds on a variety of hardwoods including maple, birch, horsechestnut, willow, elm and sometimes ash.

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Slide 10

Symptoms & signs of a borer infestation

• Woodpecker damage • Canopy dieback • Epicormic shoots—vigorous shoots growing from the base of the tree (from roots) or from trunk • Bark splits and larval galleries • Exit holes • Life stages

Early detection of new infestations is important but challenging because symptoms caused by EAB (and borers in general) can be the same as those caused by other pests, diseases or abiotic problems.

First and foremost you need to know what a healthy tree should look like so you can identify sick or stressed trees more quickly. The symptoms and signs outlined here should provide clues that something is wrong so that you may investigate more closely as to what the cause may be.

Canopy dieback can be caused by many different things and when it comes to borers, dieback symptom tends to occur when the infestation is severe or one that has been there a long time. It is not a good early detection symptom.

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Slide 11

Symptom: woodpecker damage

• Woodpecker damage is easiest to see when it is fresh and the bark is wet • What is the pattern? • How deep is the foraging?

Photo: © Art Wagner, USDA - APHIS, Bugwood.org

When EAB is present, it doesn’t take long for woodpeckers to begin feeding on the larvae concealed under the bark of ash trees. Woodpecker damage is easy to see and is an early symptom of a borer infestation. The pattern and how deep they are foraging will provide clues that may suggest borers or what type of borer.

At first there are just a few flakes removed and patterned around the trunk like a checkerboard. As EAB populations increase the bark will be more thoroughly removed from larger areas and can be easily seen from a distance, especially when the bark is wet.

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Slide 12

Symptom: woodpecker damage

Diagram: © R. McCarthy via wikimedia commons. Photos clockwise from top right: pileated woodpecker damage © J. O'Brien, US-FS; sapsucker damage and woodpecker damage on hemlock © Steven Katovich, US-FS. Photos Bugwood.org.

Remember our phloem/xylem diagram? How deep the foraging is will provide clues like where the insects might be located in the wood.

Are they foraging deep in the wood or remaining in the bark? EAB and other flatheaded borers—like the hemlock borer—are feeding in the phloem or cambium layer, so woodpeckers feeding on this type of borer will only be removing the bark in order to get to them (photo bottom left).

If woodpeckers are foraging in punky, rotten wood they are not feeding on EAB larvae. Pileated woodpeckers (photo of damage top, right) often feed on insects, like carpenter ants, in dead wood.

Woodpecker damage all in a line suggests sapsucker damage (photo bottom right) and not woodpeckers foraging for EAB larvae.

Diagram: © R. McCarthy via wikimedia commons. Photos clockwise from top right: pileated woodpecker damage © Joseph O'Brien, USDA-FS; sapsucker damage and woodpecker damage on hemlock from hemlock borer © Steven Katovich, USDA-FS. Photos Bugwood.org.

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Slide 13

Symptom: canopy dieback Photo: Photo: Eric© R. Day, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and University,State Bugwood.org

Ash trees plagued by EAB may experience canopy dieback, or overall thinning of foliage which progresses from the uppermost portion of the canopy. Many problems cause this symptom so it is not the best for early detection.

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Slide 14

Symptom: epicormic shoots

Epicormic, or odd, random, unnatural shoots may form from the roots and/or the trunk. The presence of these shoots, or large leaves that seem to be unnatural sprouting out of the trunk may be a symptom of borers. Recognizing epicormic shoots and canopy dieback involve noticing changes in, or the addition of foliage in the “wrong” places.

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Slide 15

Symptom: bark splits

Archive and Mark Whitmore, Cornell University

Forestry Forestry

left left ©PDCNR Photos: Photos: from

Bark splitting or cracking is an early symptom of an EAB or borer infestation. Bark cracks form early in an infestation when bark is killed above the spot where the EAB have fed. The surrounding inner bark is perfectly healthy and the tree continues to grow causing the bark to split.

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Slide 16

Signs of a borer infestation

Photos: clockwise from left © Mark Whitmore, Cornell University; J. O’Brien, USDA-FS, Bugwood.org, E. Day, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Bugwood.org

Every year the tree grows after the initial attacks the areas of dead bark will split wider and wider. Feeding larvae create snaking galleries which may not be obvious until the bark splits and the galleries become exposed.

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Slide 17

Sign: exit holes • Exit hole shape is diagnostic • Buprestid beetles or flatheaded borers have D-shaped or oval exit holes • EAB exit holes are D- shaped and 3–4 mm

Photos: from top © Kenneth R. Law, USDA APHIS PPQ; and D. Herms, Ohio State University, Bugwood.org

Exit holes indicate the presence of borers and shouldn’t be confused with woodpecker holes. The shape of the exit hole will provide clues as to what borer caused it. Buprestid beetles or flatheaded borers usually have D-shaped exit holes sometimes the shape may be oval.

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Slide 18

Sign: exit holes

EAB—D-shaped exit holes Bronze birch borer—D-shaped hole

Asian longhorned beetle--rounded Redheaded ash borer-oval to round

Photos: clockwise from top left © D. Herms, Ohio State University; W. Cranshaw, Colorado State Univ; H. Evans, CSU; and D. Herms, Ohio State. All images bugwood.org

The top two images show the characteristic D-shaped exit holes of EAB (top left) and the bronze birch borer (top right). Buprestid exit holes are often very difficult to see!

The shape of borer exit holes will depend somewhat on the age of the tree and the thickness of the bark but often, roundheaded borers have round holes that appear to have been drilled.

Photos: clockwise from top left EAB exit holes © Dan Herms, Ohio State University; bronze birch borer exit holes © Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State Univ; redheaded ash borer with exit hole © H. Evans, CSU; and Asian longhorned beetle exit hole © Dan Herms, Ohio State. All images bugwood.org.

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Slide 19

Sign: life stages

Photos: EAB life stages © Eric R. Day, VPI&SU, Bugwood.org

If you find several of the symptoms described in this presentation and upon closer inspection, find signs of insect life stages, it will be much easier to make an identification.

There are no native Agrilus species that attack ash in North America. Therefore, the presence of dead and dying branches, winding galleries and D-shaped exit holes are a good indicator that A. planipennis may be involved.

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Slide 20

EAB larval identification • Flattened, legless • 1 inch • White or cream colored • Nested bell-shaped segments • Pincer-like appendages on last segment

Photos: from top © PDCNR Forestry Archive, Bugwood.org and Lacy L. Hyche, Auburn University, Bugwood.org

Flatheaded borers are distinctly flat and often have a “head” which is proportionally much bigger than its body. EAB larvae have segments which look like nested bells and two pincer-like appendages on the last segment.

Roundheaded borers, which are also beetles, are much more cylindrical in shape, as are horntail wasp larvae. The larvae of clearwing moths are similar but have legs.

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Slide 21

Beetle identification

• Typically—two pairs of wings elytra • Elytra—hard forewings or wing covers, typically meet in a line down the back • Flight wings generally not visible at rest

Some insects that are commonly confused with EAB are not actually beetles, but are thought to be EAB because of their shiny, green appearances. It can be easy to jump to conclusions when a shiny green insect is found in the field, however, one must be cautioned that many insects are iridescent green. Using the key characteristics present in this slide, it can be a simple measure to recognize a shiny green beetle in the field, immediately eliminating many of the insects commonly mistaken for EAB.

One of the most obvious and diagnostic traits of beetles are the elytra, the hard, modified wings that act as covers to the more flexible, transparent, flight wings.

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Slide 22

EAB identification

elytra • Length: 3/8 – 5/8 in • Bright metallic green elytra (occasionally bluish or reddish) • Coppery-red abdomen

Exposed flight wing

Photo: © Kent Loeffler, Cornell University

EAB adults are about 3/8” long and 1/6” wide, slightly larger than a tic-tac candy. Adults are metallic green in color with bronze undertones. They are elongated, flattened anteriorly (head end) and pointed posteriorly (rear end). EAB are distinctly cylindrical or bullet-shaped.

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Slide 23

EAB identification

Photo: © Kent Loeffler, Cornell University

Once you know the diagnostic features of beetles, most of the green insects can be easily eliminated as potential suspects. Can you eliminate the non-beetles from this image?

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Slide 24

Green look-alikes (non-beetles) Hemiptera (true bugs) Hymenoptera Diptera (true flies) (bees, wasps and ants) No obvious 2 1 antennae 8

Externally obvious wings without wing X formed by cover 9 wing covers

Photo: © Kent Loeffler, Cornell University

These “diagnostic” features should help you identify members of the orders Hemiptera—true bugs, Diptera—true flies and Hymenoptera—bees and wasps; eliminating them as potential EAB. Beetles, at least those which may be confused with EAB, will have elytra that meet in a straight line over the abdomen.

2--Sharpshooter (Draeculacephala spp.) 1--Sweat bee (Augochlorella striata) 8--Common green bottle fly (Lucilia sericata) 9--Green stink bug (Acrosternum hilare)

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Slide 25

Similar beetles

• The beetles on the following slides are known to be confused with EAB • Eliminate false diagnostic characters – “shiny and green” • Eliminate ovoid or round shape

The photos and explanations will help the casual observer immediately recognize why the following are NOT EAB by picking out key diagnostic characters that can be employed not only in the following small selection of beetles, but also on any encountered beetles suspected of being EAB.

The aim is to identify the key diagnostic features of EAB so they can be more readily associated only with EAB. For example, “shiny and green” is a false diagnostic character. It’s true of EAB, but also of many other beetles (and other non-beetles, as seen in the previous slide).

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Slide 26

EAB identification

Photo: © Kent Loeffler, Cornell University

The insects which remain are all green and shiny. EAB has a cylindrical shape which is described as distinctly bullet shaped. Eliminate those beetles which are the wrong shape.

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Slide 27

Similar beetles

10 • Non-Buprestidae – but bright green and metallic • Ovoid to round shape

11 6 7

Photo: © Kent Loeffler, Cornell University

Eliminate any suspicion of EAB if the insect is ovoid. Remember, EAB is distinctly bullet shaped. The other beetles are green but too round to be EAB.

Green insects are quite common, but this coloration coupled with the exaggerated bullet shape is unmistakable.

The June beetle (10) is way to large to be emerald ash borer and it is too round. The Japanese beetle is also too round and has contrasting brown elytra with a green thorax—EAB thorax and elytra colors are essentially concolorous. The small round beetle (7) is too round and the dogbane beetle (6) is getting closer but is still too round and does not have the characteristic bullet shape of EAB. EAB (and other Buprestidae) generally have short legs, not particularly noticeable; this insect has very long legs and its head is tucked under its rounded thorax.

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Slide 28

Similar beetles

• Non-Buprestidae – but bright green and metallic

Distinct mandibles

Long legs

EAB

Beetle (4) is a bark gnawing beetle or trogossitid beetle. It is shiny green and somewhat cylindrical in shape. However, its thorax has a base that is thinner then the anterior of the abdomen—EAB thorax is decidedly squarish with a “dip” into the center of the two elytra halves. (click to animate)

The six-spotted tiger beetle (5) has distinct spots on the elytra and exaggerated mandibles (click to animate)—EAB does not have any spot-like markings. Additionally, this beetle has very long legs, and EAB typically has short legs.

Remember, the EAB is elongated, flattened anteriorly, pointed posteriorly.

4--Trogossitid beetle 5--Six-spotted tiger beetle

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Slide 29

Buprestidae • Somewhat flattened, cylindrical or boat-shaped • Usually dark colored with metallic sheen

• Elytra usually ridged or roughened Photos: Photos: Kent © Loeffler, Cornell University www.nyis.info/eab_identification

Buprestids are common beetles and you will likely encounter some native species inhabiting various hardwoods during your quest for borers. They are rather recognizable among other beetle families, however, to the casual observer, emerald ash borer might not be so different from other buprestids, let alone among other species of the genus Agrilus. Therefore, recognizing buprestids is a key skill in identifying EAB.

Buprestid beetles are generally elongated, somewhat flattened with a squared anterior end, truncating to a point at the posterior end. These traits are especially pronounced in Agrilus spp.

Additional images of common buprestids can be viewed at http://www.nyis.info/?action=eab_identification

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Slide 30

Economically important native species

Only a few buprestid species are considered economically injurious in the United States, e.g., the two-lined chestnut borer, Agrilus bilineatus, and the bronze birch borer, Agrilus anxius.

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Slide 31

Native Agrilus spp. vs EAB

two-lined bronze birch emerald ash

They may not be green but they do have the characteristic shape diagnostic of the genus Agrilus. These species however do not feed on ash.

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Slide 32

Oak splendor beetle (Agrilus biguttatus)

Another non-native Agrilus species poses a threat to North American forests and landscapes— the oak splendor beetle. Although this species has not been reported in the United States, it has the potential to be a severe pest if introduced. The oak splendor beetle has a pair of whitish spots about three quarters along the elytra from the head and thorax. This species feeds on the same host trees as the native two-lined chestnut borer, Agrilus bilineatus.

Essentially all characters used to distinguish EAB from native look-alikes are applicable when identifying the oak splendor beetle. Distinguishing between EAB and the oak splendor beetle, however, should be done by a buprestid taxonomist. To be safe, any green Agrilus species should be sent to your NPDN diagnostic lab or local extension agent for identification.

The oak splendor beetle should be on your radar and immediately reported if you think you find it.

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Slide 33

Oak splendor beetle (Agrilus biguttatus)

Bugwood.org

Slovakia, Slovakia,

, Forest Research Institute Research Forest ,

Zubrik

Milan Milan

Photo

The oak splendor beetle is very similar to EAB in appearance. Unfortunately, recognizing the signs and symptoms of the oak splendor beetle is much more difficult than recognizing those of EAB, mainly due to the former’s association with oak, a group of trees widely used by native Buprestid species. This is unlike the case of EAB which is a host of ash, a group of trees not affected by any native Agrilus borers.

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Slide 34

Review diagnostic features

• The emerald ash borer is a metallic wood boring beetle that feeds on ash trees. Adults are – shiny green (rarely bluish or reddish) – a little larger than a tick-tac candy – distinctly bullet shaped • Insects which are not beetles can be eliminated as potential suspects!

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Slide 35

Review the signs and symptoms

• Recall these signs and symptoms, which may be more immediately apparent than the insect itself • If one suspects that these signs and symptoms are caused by EAB, or if an insect that you believe to be EAB is found in the vicinity, please report it!

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Slide 36

Supporting materials

Visit www.FirstDetector.org for materials to supplement this presentation including posters, diagnostic photo guides and promotional materials.

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Slide 37

Authors

Rachel McCarthy, NPDN Training and Education Coordinator, Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, Cornell University Ryan St. Laurent ‘16, Department of Entomology, Cornell University

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Slide 38

Reviewed by

Dan Herms, PhD, Professor and Chairperson, Department of Entomology, the Ohio State University

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Slide 39

Sources Beyfuss, B., Hargrave, R., & Vandermark, S. (2006, January 1). Tree and forest health. (www2.dnr.cornell.edu/ext/info/pubs/FC factsheets/FCFSTreeForestHealth.pdf) Buckeye Yard & Garden onLine. (April 25, 2013). All borers are not created equal! (http://bygl.osu.edu/content/april-25-2013) Cline A., Ivie, M. A., Bellamy, C. L., Scher, J. (January 2009) A Resource for Wood Boring Beetles of the World: Wood Boring Beetle Families, Lucid v. 3.4. USDA-APHIS- PPQ Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, Montana State University and California Department of Food and Agriculture. Cranshaw, W., & Leatherman, D. (2013, June 1). Shade tree borers. (www.ext.colostate.edu/pubs/insect/05530.html) Drees, B., Jackman, J., & Merchant, M. (n.d.). Wood-boring insects of trees and shrubs. (https://insects.tamu.edu/extension/bulletins/b-5086.html)

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Slide 40

Sources

Hellman, Warren E., and Melissa K. Fierke. “Evaluating Buprestid Preference and Sampling Efficiency of the Digger Wasp, Cerceris Fumipennis, Using Morphometric Predictors.” Journal of Insect Science 14 (2014): 4. Herms, Daniel A. Distinguishing emerald ash borer from native borers. The Ohio State University, College of Food, Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Section of Communications and Technology. (http://ashalert.osu.edu/userfiles/native_borers.pdf) Kalisch, J., & Baxendale, F. (2010, January 1). Insect borers of shade trees and woody ornamentals. Retrieved from http://ianrpubs.unl.edu/live/ec1580/build/ec1580.pdf Minnesota Department of Agriculture Plant Protection. A reference for recognizing insect galleries in ash trees in Minnesota. (n.d.). Retrieved from www.mda.state.mn.us/~/media/Files/plants/eab/eabreference.ashx Parsons, G. (2008, November 1). Emerald ash borer: A guide to identification and comparison to similar species. (www.emeraldashborer.info/files/eab_id_guide.pdf)

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Slide 41

Acknowledgements

Funding for the Sharpening Your Observations Skills project was provided by the USDA 10201 Farm Bill, cooperative agreement 13-8236-0984-CA.

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