E1634 Revised Emerald Biology and Integrated Management in North Dakota

Janet J. Knodel, Extension Entomologist The Emerald ash borer (EAB), planipennis, is an invasive, Joseph D. Zeleznik, Extension Forester metallic, wood-boring (Coleoptera: ) that is a major Gerald M. Fauske, Collection Manager cause of ash tree decline and mortality in the Midwest. This highly Patrick B. Beauzay, Research Specialist destructive pest attacks only species of ash ( spp.). Charles R. Elhard, Plant Protection Officer, Emerald ash borer was introduced to North America accidentally in the North Dakota Department of Agriculture mid-1990s and was detected first in southeastern in 2002. Unlike native borer , which typically only attack trees already in Cover photograph – Emerald ash borer adult decline, EAB attacks stressed and healthy trees. Emerald ash borer has (L. Bauer, USDA Forest Service Northern Research been responsible for killing more than 25 million ash trees in less than a Station, Bugwood.org) decade.

United States Department of Cooperative Emerald Ash Borer Project May 1, 2018 Agriculture EAB County Detections

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Stevens k afford Pope Mari nette Charl evoi x Wind sor Str Stearns Isanti Rusk Big S tone Pol k Al pena Rutland Emerald ash borer is native Sherb urne Chi sago Barron Mon tmorency e Jefferson Me rrim ack l li van Lincol n Antri m Otsego Su Langl ade Ham il ton Warren Swi ft Lewi s H i ngham Anoka Tayl or Wash- Rock n o Wright t Oconto Al cona ington g NY Kandi yohi Me nomi nee Leel anau Me eker n Chi ppewa Ra i Benni ngton m h Crawford u Hi l sborough s s St. Croi x Kalk aska Lac q ui Parl e Chi ppewa Hennepi n e a Oscoda y Mara thon Grand Cheshi re Essex W Dunn Door Wind ham Shaw ano Benzi e Traverse r io Saratoga Carver Iosco r McL eod o Osw ego e ta Clark e Ogem aw n Fulton Eau Clai re n Onei da Renvi l l e Pierce u Mi ddl esex a O Yel low Medi ci ne Mi ssaukee Roscom m on Dakota w WI e e Scott Pepi n K Wexford n k y n Herki m er ad Frankl i Suffol k Si bl ey Portage Waupaca Brown Mon tgom ery ct to Asia, where it can be Wood Outagam i e n Man istee Renssel aer a e n Arenac he Sc cester Wor rfol k Lincol n Lyon L No

a Gl adwi n Wayne Onondaga Redw ood Buffal o Jackson Mad ison Al bany Le S ueur Goodhue Trem - Clare Huron Orl eans pshi re Ni col l et Rice Osceol a Mon roe Ham m outh Wabasha pealeau Man itowoc Lake Ply

g Mason Cayuga Schoh ari e Brown Calu m et Ni agara Waushara Otsego Berkshi re

Winne bago i Bay MA Barnstabl e pden Ham istol Genesee Ontari o Colu m bi a Br Mi dl and Seneca Pipestone Blue E arth Dodge Adam s h Cortl and Greene Murray Cottonwood Waseca Steel e Ol msted Winona Mon roe Juneau Me costa Isabel l a Chenango d ham Watonwan Tuscol a Win La C rosse Green Sani l ac

Marq uette c Oceana Yates Fond du Lac Sheb oygan Tol land Lake New aygo Livi ngston ukes tucket

i Eri e Wyom i ng Tom pki ns Del aware tford D Nan Sagi naw Har Lapeer Fil l m ore Houston Grati ot Schuyl er el d found on several species of Rock Nob l es Jackson Marti n Farib aul t Freeborn Mow er n Litch fi o Vernon t New L ondon g

n Broom e Ul ster Dutchess Colu m bi a i M Mon tcal m St. Cl ai r Dodge h Ti oga Mi ddl esex s Musk egon Steuben Sauk a Genesee Ozaukee Chem ung

Rich l and W e H aven Lyon Shi awassee Al legany Sul li van New Osceol a Di ckinson Emm et Winne bago Worth Mi tchel l How ard Kent Cli nton Winne shi ek Al lam akee Ioni a

Crawford Cattaraugus Susquehanna CT k MI Mac om b Putnam Chautauqua f i el d Kossuth Ottawa e Wayne Fair

Dane Waukesha Oakl and Bradford Jefferson Mi l waukee a i Orange Si oux O'Bri en Clay Westchester

Palo A l to Hancock Cerro Gordo Floyd Chi ckasaw Iowa Livi ngston

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Adam s Brown Cass il Fayette Uni on Barbour enne C Chey l Parke Athens Fauqui er l i ns a Raw Andrew Mac on i Rush Ritchi e Shenandoah Prince lv Wicom i co e Davi ess o Wood Dorchester tur r Deca Dougl as n Putnam Cli nton Ross Rappa- Pitki n orton Warren Vin ton Wil li am t Me sa N hil l i ps publ i c DeKal b Linn Edgar Butl er Lewi s P Sm ith Jewel l Re Mac on Mari on Sangam on Shel by hannock Worcester Lake Dougl as Brown Shel by Charl es Washi ngton Marshal l Nem aha Morgan Mou ltri e Johnson Frankl i n Me igs Wirt Upshur DE ni phan lb ert Do Livi ngston Morgan Randol ph Page E Hi ghl and Gi lm er Som erset Park Scott Pendl eton Rocki ngham Stafford el ta Chri sti an Coles Culp eper King St. Mary's D Cald wel l Pike Vigo Decatur Cler m ont Pike Jackson Calh oun Buchanan Clay Ham il ton Kit Carson Cli nton Dear- Mad ison George Sherm an Ral s Ow en Jackson WV We Thom as Shel by Braxton st Cloud Atchi son Chari ton Mon roe Clark Barthol om ew born mo Sheri dan Brown Roane rel Graham Mon roe Rip l ey Gal l i a Mason Orange Spotsyl vani a and oks o rne chel l C k Ro Osb Mi t Randol ph Cumb erl and K Brown Sci oto Greene son a c Jack Carrol l Greene e North- l l er lay atom i e lh a on ee Te C Pottaw Platte Pike Boone n Camp- Adam s Webster i s ff t Gunn Cha Ray o Hi ghl and Rich m ond m incol n o Carol i ne CO L u Mac oupi n Jenni ngs Ohi o Augusta umbe rl and o Ril ey Clay Sul li van n bel l El Paso Leaven- n Mon tgom ery Greene Essex c rose nd c or pupae embedded in ash Mon t l a Clay Pocahontas A Jefferson Audrai n zer Lawrence worth ILEffi ngham Crawford wi t Pe Putnam Loui sa Lancaster Ottawa Jasper Lawrence Jackson Jefferson S i n nd Bracken Wal ace How ard Jersey lat l e Kin King Sal i ne Fayette al to Ni chol as g Cheyenne Logan Lincol n Wyandotte Lincol n G n Greenup Kanawha W n l i o Gove T l Grant Mason Cabel l Al bem arl e l and Shaw nee Lafayette r ro Lewi s Hanover l i Mi ddl esex t Trego Mon t- Scott i ar Bath Fluvanna am p Frem ont El i s Russel l Geary Jackson Boone Bond mb C Robertson Queen Marti n l m Ouray Wabaunsee gomery Davi ess e Boyd Rockbri dge Goochl and Math ews Mad ison Lawrence Ow en Fayette a San Miguel Di ckinson Clay Rich l and Knox Washi ngton Harri son Fle mi ng Carter New K ent h Dougl as Johnson Lincol n Nel son Rich mon d Ci ty Gl oucester t Cooper Cal away St. Ch arl es Henry Greenbri er r Sal i ne Warren Clark Ni chol as Al leghany Powhatan o Mari on N St. Loui s Orange Wayne Henri co Jam es Ci ty Kiowa El sworth Johnson Ol dham Rowan Boone Bucki ngham Charl es Ci ty Saguache Crowl ey Greel ey Morri s Petti s Cli nton h Scott Cumb erl and York h i ta s Wic City s Floyd Bourbon Bath El i ott Lawrence ott a Sc d Am herst Chesterfi el d Wil li am sburg s b Dol ore Custer Puebl o Lane Osage Cass Mon iteau St. Loui s r Frankl i n Hopewel l Poquoson Ness Rush a Pike Duboi s e e Wayne a Crawford Shel by g New port W r Hi nsdal e Barton Frankl i n Mi am i d St. Cl ai r w Mon t- Rale i gh Am el i a a o n Juan d Wood- Logan Botetourt Petersburg e Surry Ham pton Sa n VA Col e Osage o E Gi bson Harri son Jefferson Fayette Lynch- G News c gomery Appom attox e Lyon s Frankl i n Washi ngton ford Me nifee Morgan Johnson Marti n c Isle McP herson Morgan a Jefferson Clark Mi Sum mers Mon roe burg in G Spencer Ande rson n Crai g r Norfol k neral Rice ari on go Prince Edward P of pallets, crates or packing Mi M Henry Mon roe Perry Jessa- Wyom i ng Bedford Ci ty Nottoway Di nwi ddi e Virg ini a Jefferson Warri ck Powel l Portsm outh hase Vander- Spencer Bul i tt Wight tero Bent awnee C Benton mi ne Wolfe Mag offi n Camp bel l Sussex Beach O Finney P Bates White Mon tezum a Rio G rande Prowers Ham il ton Coffey MMi l l er O Ham il ton burgh Me ade Me rcer Kearny Hodg em an KS Ande rson Linn Perry Posey on Floyd Me rcer Bedford Chesapeake t Huerfano Mari es Nel son ng Esti l l Charl otte Al amosa Randol ph H i G Mad ison Pike Gi les Roanoke Lunenburg Suffol k Frankl i n a sh a Lee McD owel l La Pl ata Stafford n a r Mon tgom ery Harvey c W r Breathi tt o Brecki nri dge Hardi n ar St. Cl ai r Camden Crawford Washi ngton c Boyl e d Brunswi ck Southam pton urrituck wa rds Reno k C Ed Hend erson amden Ste. G enevi eve Davi ess Ow sl ey Knott Buchanan Bland Frankl i n C Archul eta Hi ckory Gal lati n Mari on Jackson Pulaski Greensvi l l e Gray Greenwood Woodson Phel ps Jackson Sal i ne Larue Lincol n Gates P Al len St. Francoi s Wil li am son Perry Tazewel l Pittsyl vani a Hal ifax Me cklenburg as Bourbon Vernon Pulaski Uni on Floyd q Conejos Costi l l a Ford Rockcastl e uo Stanton Butl er Perry Di ckenson Northa m pton Pe t Grant McL ean r an Haskel l Cedar Webster Grayson Tayl or Casey Letcher Wythe ertford qu k ni m as ratt dgwi ck Ohi o Wise H i Las A P Se Dal l as Iron Hardi n Clay m Kiowa Laclede Lesl i e Marti nsvi l l e a arren ns Baca g m an Dent Russel l W Kin Pol k Hart Green Laurel Sm yth Patri ck Henry Danvi l l e il son eosho Uni on Johnson Pope Pulaski Carrol l ance al ifax howan W N Mad ison Cape Crittenden V H C Crawford Hopki ns Edm onson Gal ax material transported by Barton L Adai r Person Berti e Elk Gi rardeau iv Muh lenberg Butl er Grayson Caswel l Granvi l l e Morton Dade A i Washi ngton Stevens Reynol ds Bol li nger l Massac n Russel l Knox Harl an Sew ard Me ade e g Rocki ngham Dare lark x s rrel l C a Pulaski t Cald wel l Scott Ty Texas n o Me tc al fe Bristol Stokes Barber d n Barren Al leghany Com anche Sum ner Webster Wright e Warren Lee Surry Frankl i n Washi ngton arper owl ey r H C Greene Wayne Whitl ey Bel l Nash ecom be arti n tgom ery Jasper Lyon Cumb er- Ashe Edg M Mon Labette Shannon Wayne McC reary Sul li van Johnson Chautauqua Cherokee Scott Bal ard McC racken KY Orange land Cli nton Lawrence Chri sti an Logan Hancock l amance Durham Todd Forsyth Gui lford A Cim arron pi Marshal l Al len Mon roe Haw ki ns Wil kes si p Si mpson Clai borne Yadki n Beaufort Hyde Carter si s Tri gg Carter tauga il son Texas Chri sti an Stoddard Mi s Carli sl e Wa ake W Pitt Beaver Harper Dougl as Clay Pickett Washi ngton W New ton Scott Camp bel l Woods Grant Kay Graves Mac on n Ottawa Hi ckm an Uni on Grai nger Davi e Greene Al fal fa o Now ata How el l Butl er Cal oway Robertson Fentress Ham bl en Greene Avery Chatham t Crai g Sum ner Uni coi Davi dson g Stone Overton Mi tchel l Al exander n Barry Oregon Rip l ey Mon tgom ery Trousdal e Jackson Cald wel l Randol ph Johnston i Fulton Stew art h Taney Ozark New Iredel l Osage s Wayne cargo ships. As of April a McD onal d Ande rson Dal l am Mad ri d Cheat- Sm ith Morgan Jefferson W ncey Lee noi r aven ml i co Sherm an Ya owan Le Cr Pa Woodward d ison R rnett Hansford Henry Houston ham Putnam Knox Cocke Ma urke tawba Ha Ochi l tree Clay Obi on Wil son B Ca Lipscom b Garfi el d n Lake Weakl ey Davi dson el l Nob l e Del aware Fulto l ph McD ow es Rogers ton Rando Di ckson re Jon Major Ben ol l Cumb erl and om ery Moo eret El i s Pawnee Carr one ter DeKal b Sevi er ol n Mon tg Cart May es Bo i on Bax Benton White Roane om be Linc rrus Mar Bunc Caba anl y Pemi scot Hum phreys St pl i n harp Dunkl i n Loudon erl and m pson Du nsl ow S reene Dyer Blo unt yw ood Cumb Sa O Hartl ey G Gi bson Wil li am son Rutherford Ha Tul sa Izard Carrol l Cannon Rutherford NC Payne lev el and Gaston Hoke Moo re Dew ey Lawrence Van Buren C e cklenburg Hutchi nson Swai n M Rich m ond Roberts Mad ison Hi ckm an Warren Rhea Hend erson Hem phi l l King fi sher Ble dsoe s shi ngton ig Pol k Blai ne Logan Wa Anson Creek Wagoner New ton Searcy Crockett e Mon roe Uni on Cherokee Craig head M Jackson Scotl and Adai r Stone Mi ssi ssi ppi Lauderdal e Mau ry McMi nn Graham Perry Transyl vani a Pender Roger Mi l l s Hend erson Coffee Cherokee laden pendence Decatur Bedford York beson B Inde Mad ison Lewi s Marshal l Sequatchi e Ro 2018, EAB has spread to 33 Ol dham Custer Lincol n Grundy Mac on Potter Musk ogee Hayw ood Okm ul gee ckson insett erokee Spartanburg Marl boro Carson Ja Po Ti pton Chester Ch Chesterfi el d New Gray Canadi an Okl ahom a rawford Johnson an Buren Moo re Ham il ton Bradl ey Pol k Clay Lancaster Wheel er C V Cleb urne TN nover ankl i n Pickens Chester Ha Okfuskee Sequoyah Fr Ti pton Frankl i n Mari on Lawrence Gi les Towns Rabun Greenvi l l e Uni on Di l on Pope Wayne Lincol n Colu m bus nni n Beckham Washi ta McI ntosh ross Hardi n Fa ni on C toosa U Oconee nswi ck Hardem an McN ai ry Dade Ca Darl ington Bru Deaf Sm i th onway hite tenden Fayette Pottawatom i e C W Crit Shel by Randal l Caddo Clev el and Woodruff Whit- Murray Haber- Fairf i el d OK Haskel l Sebasti an Logan Laurens Kershaw Arm stro hite ng Donl ey Sem inol e l kner iel d i lm er W ham Fau alker f G s ephens Ande rson Mari on Col i ngsworth Lauderdal e W St Lee Florence Grady Franci s Lim estone Jackson mp ki n New berry Greer McC lai n Hughes St. Mad ison Lu Horry Kiowa Yel l Perry Frankl i n Hart rdon kens anks Pittsburg Le F lore ttooga Go Pic w son B Rich l and Latim er rairi e Cha Da Abb evi l l e Greenwood states and three Canadian Parm er Harm on Scott AR P Colb ert Hal l Sum ter Castro Lee laski noke DeKal b Swi sher Pu Lo Lawrence rsyth ert Sal uda Briscoe Com anche Garvi n Pontotoc roe rokee Fo d ison Elb Hal l Mon Morgan Che ckson Ma Lexi ngton Marshal l Floyd rtow Ja Chi ldress Jackson al i ne Frankl i n Ba Wil li am sburg S McC orm i ck Clare ndon Coal Garl and tgom ery rrow larke Calh oun Stephens Pol k Mon Cherokee Ba C Georgetown Murray hil l i ps ethorpe incol n Edgefi el d Ti l m an P wi nnett Ogl L G Wil kes SC Pushm ataha Pol k Cobb conee Bail ey Hardem an Atoka Winston Cul m an Etowah O Lam b Cotton Johnston Hot Spri ng Arkansas Mari on Pauldi ng Watl on Ai ken Hal e Grant n Floyd Jefferso Blo unt i a Orangeburg Motl ey Carter DeKal b e Colu m b Cottl e l Haral son a Tal iaferro Berkel ey Wil barger Fulton d Greene Jefferson Pike Dougl as k Morgan McD uffi e Calh oun c McC urtai n o Foard w ard R w ton arren h m ond Barnwel l Bam berg Wich i ta Marshal l Ho Clark Walker Cleb urne Ne W Ric Dorchester Love Choctaw St. Cl ai r lay ton Sevi er C Bryan Dal l as Lincol n Lamar Carrol l k provinces (Figure 1). Henry c Cochran Clev el and Fayette Putnam co Hockl ey Hancock s Lubbock Desha Fayette Jasper l a Clay G Al lendal e Crosby Jefferson Butts Burke Di ckens Coweta King l di ng ferson Col eton Mon tague pstead eard Spa Jef Charl eston Knox Bayl or Archer Hem Tal ladega H Cooke Lamar e Ri ver evada Randol ph ld wi n Ham pton Grayson Littl N Clay Ba Red Ri ver Drew shi ngton Fanni n uachi ta Lamar Jones Wa O Calh oun Shel by Pike Tuscal oosa Mon roe Jenki ns Screven Yoakum riw ether Terry Bradl ey Pickens Troup Me DISCLAIM ER: These data, and all the information contained therein, Lynn Bowi e Wil ki nson Garza Del ta pson Bibb hnson Kent Stonewal l U Jo Haskel l Chi cot Cham bers ma nuel Jasper Throckm orton Jack Mi l l er E n s Young Wise i Bibb Coosa Twi gg Denton l Colu m bi a Ashl ey Crawford Effi ngham Col i n k Ti tus Tal lapoosa have been collected by the U.S. Department of Agriculture's n i s ot n s Uni o Harr Tal b Hopki ns a i Beaufort Hunt r r Chi lton Candl er Bul och F h ns r te Peac Laure en Information on EAB’s most o Lafayet Treutl Gai nes M Cass Greene Tayl or GHouston Ble ckl eyA Daw son Lee Borden Mon t- l Cam p Hal e Musc ogee and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Scurry al ALElm ore Evans Fisher w omery atham Jones k Rains Perry g Ch oc i on house on Shacke l ford R orne Un More est ri on Mac m bs yan Stephens Palo Pi nto Parker Clai b W Autauga tta- Ma laski Too tnal l Br Tarrant Mari on Cha Pu odge eel er Tat Dal l as Wood rrol l ast Mac on chl ey D Wh Upshur Ca E Sum ter ochee S Russel l ho Dool y or by its cooperators on APH IS’ behalf, for restricted government Bossi er arrol l C Libe rty Andrews Kaufm an col n Marti n addo Lin il cox l fai r Van Zandt Harri son C bster Dal l as m ter W Te Long How ard We Mon tgom ery ew art ebster Su eff Mi tchel l achi ta St W J Nol an Hood Gregg Ou h l and Bul ock Crisp pl i ng El Paso Tayl or Ric Mare ngo Lowndes Davi s Ap Johnson Mad ison purposes only and is the sole property of APHIS. Data may be Cal ahan Eastl and Hi l l Sm ith nvi l l e Ben ntosh El i s Bie ckson McI Ja i tm an Lee urner ayne Erath Som ervel l Barbour Qu errel l T W Lovi ng Wil cox T Bacon Hend erson ndol ph Coffee current distribution can be Wink l er Ector rankl i n Choctaw Ra Irwi n F disseminated on a need-to-know basis only and must be used Mi dl and Panol a wel l Pike Gl asscock Ri ver Cald orth rce Rusk Red nsas W Pie Coke Navarro Soto Te h erty Ti ft l ynn Sterl i ng Com anche De Butl er Crenshaw Clay Doug G Hudspeth Hi l l lh oun Runnel s Winn Ca ki nson antl ey Culb erson Bosque Henry At Br for their intended government purpose(s). All information contained Cole m an Brown Clarke Berri en Ward l y Cherokee Ear ker Ande rson Mon roe Dal e Ba are Crane Ham il ton Shel by h itoches ahoul a ook W Natc Cat Coffee tchel l lq ui tt C amden Freestone Conecuh Mi Co C Reeves a S al l e Lani er L Charl ton within these data are subject to required Federal safeguards and Upton i l l er Reagan Nacog doches Grant M Tom G reen McL ennan Washi ngton li nch Mi l l s Lim estone Covin gton Houston C Sabi ne Concordi a Irion wndes Concho San Geneva Lo Coryel l Brooks LA Grady Thom as shall only be shared and/or used consistent with the Trade Secrets Act inol e hol s Augusti ne Escam bi a Sem catur Ec found at these websites: Houston Sabi ne De McC ul och Leon Fal s San Saba Lampasas Angel i na pi des Jeff Davi s Ra [18 U.S.C. 1905], the Privacy Act of 1974, as amended Vernon Pecos TX Avoyel l es Schl ei cher Bel l Robertson Tri ni ty Me nard Mad ison East Mob i l e Crockett West Washi ngton Bald wi n Fel ici ana St. H el ena [5 U .S.C. 552a], the Freedom of Information Act [5 U.S.C. 552], Fel ici ana Burnet Pol k Mason Llano Mi l am Tyl er New ton Walker Jasper Evangel i ne Wil li am son Brazos e Coupee Sutton Al len Point Beauregard East the confidentiality provisions of the Food Security Act of 1985 andry i pahoa Kim bl e St. L est Tang W Baton Gri m es ton Terrel l Burl eson San Jaci nto Ba ouge ngston amm any Presi di o R Livi St. T Rouge Gi l espi e Travi s [7 U .S.C. 2276], Section 1619 of the Food, Conservation, and Blanco Lee Mon tgom ery Hardi n Jefferson Acadi a Ibervi l l e St. Marti n St. Jo hn si eu vi s yette nsi on Washi ngton Calca Da Lafa Asce apti st th e B l eans Brewster Kerr Or Edwa rds Bastrop Libe rty Energy Act of 2008 [7 U .S.C . 8791], and other applicable Federal laws Hays Orange Val V erde St. Ja m es Kendal l beri a h arl es Real I St. C Wal er Assum pti on J www.emeraldashborer. e St. Be rnard Fayette Austi n Came ron f Com al Cald wel l Jefferson St f . M e and im plem enting regulations, as well as with the confidentiality or il i on a Bandera Harri s Verm rt r i n s o . Mary n Cham bers St P Lafourche laq Guadal upe Colo rado ue non-disclosure provisions of any other agreement entered into between m Iberi a i n Kinney Bexar Fort Bend es Uval de rebonne Me di na Gonzal es Ter Lavaca Gal veston APHIS and a cooperator. Wharton Wil son Brazori a info/about-eab.php DeWi tt Zaval a Fri o Atascosa Jackson Karnes Mave ri ck Matag orda Vic tori a

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· Kle berg 2018 EAB County Detections

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0 125 250 Starr EAB County Detections 2002-2017 USDA/APHIS/PPQ Wil lacy Hi dal go 4/30/2018 Miles map by dbopp Came ron

Figure 1. New county detections of emerald ash borer as of May 1, 2018 (USDA APHIS PPQ and USDA Forest Service). In addition, emerald ash borer was recently confirmed in Winnipeg, Canada on December 2017 (not shown on map) and in Sioux Falls, Minnehaha County, South Dakota on May 9, 2018 (added to map).

North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota Revised May 2018 Figure 2. Size of emerald ash borer adult compared with a penny (H. Russell, Michigan Identification State University, Bugwood.org) Adults are recognized as metallic, wood-boring (Family Buprestidae) by their short saw-toothed antennae, blunt head and elongate yet compact body with metallic coloration. The adult EAB is distinguished from other North Dakota Buprestidae by its size (about ½ inch or 13 millimeters [mm]), overall metallic green with coppery reflections on the pronotum (shieldlike body segment behind the head), and the bright metallic red of the upper surface of the abdomen (Figures 2 and 3). The elytra (hard front wing covers) and membranous hind wings must be spread apart completely to view the dorsal surface of the abdomen. The abdomen projects beyond the elytra as a blunt-ended spine. Figure 3. Emerald ash borer adult (D. Cappaert, Eggs are oval to round, less than 0.039 of an inch (1 mm) Bugwood.org) in diameter, and although white when laid, they rapidly turn red-orange (Figure 4). Because eggs are laid Figure 4. Emerald ash borer egg in bark crevices, they are not readily observed. (H. Liu, Michigan State University, Larvae create characteristic serpentine tunnels Bugwood.org) beneath the bark of their host ash trees (Figure 5). Tunnels curve at near right angles so that the tunnel length, as measured in a straight line from start to end point, is less than half of the actual total tunnel distance through the wood. EAB larvae (Figure 6) are recognized by their enlarged and flattened pronotum, elongate body shape with abdominal segments one to seven trapezoidal, abdominal segment eight bell-shaped, and the last abdominal segment round with two spines (urogomphi, Figure 7).

Figure 6. Emerald ash borer larva (Pennsylvania Department of Figure 5. Serpentine tunnel created by Conservation emerald ash borer larva (G. Fauske, NDSU) and Natural Resources – Forestry Archive, Figure 7. Comparison of prepupa of emerald Bugwood.org) ash borer (left) and red-headed ash borer (right). Circle shows two spines (urogomphi) on emerald ash borer larva (G. Fauske, NDSU)

Table 1. Larvae of ash-boring insects in North Dakota: comparison with emerald ash borer.

Red-headed Ash bark Character Emerald ash borer ash borer Carpenterworm Ash/lilac borer beetles Larva Prepupa Larva Larva Larva Larvae Length 0.71 inch 0.51 inch 0.39 inch 3 inches 0.59 inch 0.12 inch (late instar) (18 mm) (13 mm) (10 mm) (75 mm) (15 mm) (3 mm) Shape thin and thick and thick and caterpillarlike caterpillarlike grublike wormlike wormlike wormlike Thoracic legs absent absent present present present absent Prolegs absent absent absent present present absent Urogomphi present present absent absent absent absent 2 Overwintering larvae excavate a deeper chamber at the end of their tunnel and take on a compact appearance, with body segments Life Cycle somewhat telescoped together. At this point, The EAB is a holometabolous , meaning it undergoes they are called prepupae. A comparison of complete metamorphosis. The EAB has four life stages: egg, larva, common wood-boring ash insect larvae is pupa and adult. The life cycle of the EAB is completed in about one provided in Table 1. to two years. In northern states, such as North Dakota, larvae are Pupae have the characteristic shape of the expected to take two years to mature and complete development adult beetle, with short, serrate antennae and due to the colder climate and shorter growing season. blunt spine at the tip of the last abdominal Females can lay 60 to 90 eggs in their lifetime. They deposit segment (Figure 8). Newly formed pupae are individual eggs on the bark surface or in bark cracks and crevices white. from mid-May through July. Eggs hatch one to two weeks later. As the beetle within develops, the pupa takes Larvae bore into the tree by chewing into the inner bark and on the adult form. When the adult emerges, cambium, creating serpentine (S-shaped) galleries. Larvae feed the pupal exuvia (shed skin) remains in the during the summer, usually from late June through October. These pupal chamber. By contrast, two other common galleries increase in size as the larvae grow and feed. Larval ash-boring insects, ash/lilac borer (Podosesia galleries have been found in trunks and branches measuring as syringae) and carpenterworm (Prionoxystus small as 1 inch in diameter. robiniae), have the pupal skin partially or mostly extruded from the adult exit hole. When EAB larval densities are high, the tree’s water and nutrient Buprestids of the genus Agrilus, such as EAB, flow can be interrupted, causing crown dieback and death during leave D-shaped emergence holes (Figure 9). a two- to five-year period, depending on the tree’s size and relative health. Larvae overwinter in a small gallery and pupate in early spring (April or May) of the following year. Based on the degree day (DD) accumulations, adults first emerge at 450 to 550 DD (using a base temperature of 50 F or 10 C), which in North Dakota is from mid- June through mid-July. Peak emergence is at 900 to 1,100 DD, from mid- to late July. Research indicates that winter temperatures colder than minus 30 F will cause about 98 percent mortality of EAB larvae. However, larvae found on the south side of trees often were not dead due to heat from sun in winter. In areas with harsh winter climate, the spread of EAB and time it takes to kill a tree is expected to be longer. Adults live for only three to six weeks and feed on foliage for one to two weeks prior to mating. Foliar feeding by EAB adults causes Figure 8. Emerald ash borer pupa (K. Law, little damage to the ash tree (Figure 10). They mate and repeat the USDA APHIS PPQ, Bugwood.org) life cycle.

Figure 9. D-shaped emergence hole of emerald ash borer Figure 10. Emerald ash borer adult feeding on an ash (D. Miller, USDA Forest Service, leaf (D. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org) Bugwood.org)

3 Potential Hosts Emerald ash borer attacks and kills all of the North Damage American ash species in native woodlands, shelterbelts and urban forests. The vast majority of damage comes from In North Dakota, the most common ash species is green feeding by the larvae in ash (, Figure 11). Black ash (F. the phloem tissue, just nigra, Figure 12), Manchurian ash (F. mandshurica) under the bark. EAB and white ash (F. americana) are uncommon in urban larval galleries (Figure areas; however, these species also are susceptible to 13) also can extend into EAB, although Manchurian ash does have some level of the sapwood. This resistance to this pest. feeding behavior Figure 13. Larval galleries Note that EAB will infest healthy and unhealthy ash trees, damages the vascular of emerald ash borer large and small (down to 1 inch or 2.54 centimeters [cm] system of the tree, (S. Katovich, USDA Forest in diameter), and all of the named cultivars. Mountain-ash blocking water and Service, Bugwood.org) (Sorbus spp.) is not susceptible to EAB because it is not a nutrient transport. true ash tree. Visible symptoms of damage are dieback of the tree crown (Figure 14) and excessive sprouting (epicormic branches) along the main stem of the tree (Figure 15). However, these symptoms are unlikely to be seen during the first year of infestation. Instead, dieback probably will be observed only in trees that have been infested for three years or longer.

Figure 11. Green ash tree (N.D. Tree Handbook, Figure 14. Dieback NDSU) of tree crown (J. Zeleznik, NDSU)

Figure 12. Black ash tree (N.D. Tree Handbook, NDSU)

Figure 15. Epicormic branching from tree attacked by emerald ash borer (Michigan Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org) 4 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT of Emerald Ash Borer

Keep in mind that environmental Integrated pest management involves pest monitoring and the use of multiple stress and diseases, such as control strategies (cultural control, plant resistance, biological control and ash yellows, commonly are pesticides) to mitigate losses from insect pests. responsible for symptoms similar to EAB infestation. Monitoring and Surveying are attracted to EAB-infested Several methods are being used in survey trees, and excessive pecking efforts for EAB. Large purple prism traps damage by woodpeckers may be (Figure 17) are used in government-sponsored another visible symptom of EAB survey programs for EAB and are very visible presence (Figure 16). to the public in parks and recreation areas. The potential economic cost Prism traps are pre-coated with an insect- incurred by EAB is enormous. The trapping adhesive. Lures are attached to the most basic expenses will be those trap and are effective in the field for 20 days of tree removal and replacement. as an attractant. The chemical component of Finding a qualified contractor who the lure has gotten better in recent years but holds a North Dakota contractor’s still has room for improvement. Prism traps license and has liability are hung over sturdy branches in the mid to insurance for tree removal lower canopy of ash trees of at least 8 inches is important. For more information, (20 cm) in diameter before EAB emergence is see “Why Hire an Arborist” at expected. www.treesaregood.org/treeowner/ In addition to the prism traps, girdled “trap whyhireanarborist. trees” also have been used for locating Figure 17. Purple prism trap used Beyond removal and replacement, EAB, but this method is time-consuming and, for surveying for emerald ash the loss of benefits provided by therefore, expensive. Other traps that have borer (K. Law, USDA APHIS PPQ, ash trees will be enormous and been developed included green funnel and Bugwood.org) expensive. Shelterbelts protect prism traps, but these are not widely used in farmsteads, fields and livestock the U.S. from harsh, drying winds in the Simple visual monitoring by the general public is also critical because the trapping summer and they capture snow in materials and techniques have not been perfected yet. If you suspect that EAB is in the winter, acting as living snow your ash trees, contact one of the organizations listed at the end of this publication. fences along highways and around many communities. In urban Cultural Control EAB-infested areas where ash trees have been destroyed, the One of the main cultural methods for preventing the spread of EAB is NOT loss of shade/protection from ash MOVING INFESTED FIREWOOD, LOGS OR NURSERY STOCK to uninfested trees has resulted in increased areas. Much of the rapid spread of EAB outside of its original detection sites near costs associated with summer air , Michigan, was due to direct, human-assisted movement of these products. conditioning and lawn watering, Larvae of EAB are hidden underneath the bark of living trees or boards cut from and home heating in the winter. infested logs where they can be transported easily into non-EAB-infested areas. Another cultural control method is TIMELY REMOVAL OF EAB-INFESTED TREES and then chipping the trees to a small size - less than 1 inch (2.54 cm) - on each of two sides or burning the trees that were removed. This will kill EAB and help prevent further spread. Many cities are proactively removing and replacing diseased or unhealthy ash trees. This has been done to increase diversity of tree species with new plantings to prepare for the arrival of EAB. Plant Resistance In North America, all native species of Fraxinus are susceptible to EAB, although some species are preferred more than others. For example, blue ash (F. quadrangulata) is a less-preferred species. However, researchers have observed that ash trees native to Asia have reduced larval tunneling and only stressed trees (for example, from drought) are colonized. Ash trees in the native range of EAB may be more resistant because their natural defenses have co-evolved throughout time. Researchers are studying Asian ash Figure 16. damage species as a possible source of resistance genes against EAB. Identification of on emerald ash borer-infested resistant ash genotypes is important for reforestation and maintaining a market tree (G. Fauske, NDSU) demand for ash in the nursery industry. 5 INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT of EAB

Biological Control Biological control involves the use of natural enemies (predators or ) to control insect pests naturally. Biological control primarily is being targeted at EAB in forests. The EAB has no known predators other than woodpeckers that occasionally feed on larvae and kill about 30 to 50 percent of large EAB larvae. In 2007, three species of hymenopteran parasitoids (wasps) from were Figure 18. Eulophid wasp, Figure 19. Braconid wasp, released for biocontrol of EAB by the planipennisi, of Atanycolus cappearti, of emerald U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) emerald ash borer ash borer (D. Cappaert, Forest Service and USDA’s Animal Plant (D. Cappaert, Bugwood.org) Bugwood.org) Health Inspection Service (APHIS). Two introduced parasitoids, (Braconidae) and Tetrastichus Control planipennisi (Eupelmidae), attack EAB Research has demonstrated that can protect individual ash trees larvae. The other introduced , from EAB effectively. Insecticides are recommended only if the EAB infestation (Encyrtidae), parasitizes is within 15 miles (24 kilometers), or the ash trees are in an EAB-infested (or EAB eggs. In 2015, an external larval quarantined) area. parasitoid, S. galinae (Braconidae, Figure 18), was released from . Making insecticide applications when EAB has not been detected in your area is a waste of time and money. Trees that show more than a 25 percent Two of the released parasitoids, O. agrili canopy decline are not likely to recover from EAB damage and should not be and T. planipennisi, are established and treated with insecticides. The guidelines in the position statement by the North are being widely released. However, S. Dakota Department of Agriculture, North Dakota Forest Service and NDSU agrili remains unconfirmed in northern Extension Service on the use of insecticide treatment for EAB should be areas. is being followed. Visit the following website for the position statement: observed but this is too early to confirm establishment. www.nd.gov/ndda/sites/default/files/legacy/resource/ Joint_PositionStatementonPesticideUse.pdf In addition, researchers are surveying extensively for indigenous natural Four types of insecticide applications are available for controlling existing enemies of EAB. A native wasp, infestations and/or preventing EAB infestations (Table 2): Atanycolus sp. (Braconidae, Figure 19), n Soil-applied systemic insecticides has been found parasitizing EAB larvae n Trunk-injected systemic insecticides in Michigan. Another native solitary wasp, n Basal trunk sprays of systemic insecticides (Crabronidae), n Broadcast foliar sprays applied to trunk, main captures buprestid beetles, including branches and foliage EAB, as prey and provisions its ground nest with the beetle prey as food for it Results of efficacy testing are available at www.emeraldashborer.info. The developing young. This solitary wasp insecticides available for the homeowner are limited, so tree care professionals also is used as a new biosurveillance may be needed for the application of insecticidal control of EAB. tool for the detection and survey of EAB populations. When using any pesticide, remember to ALWAYS READ, UNDERSTAND AND FOLLOW ALL CURRENT LABEL DIRECTIONS. Parasitism of EAB eggs by O. agrili was observed to be near 22 percent. For T. planipennisi, larval parasitism was at Soil-applied Systemic Insecticides 20 percent in young ash trees and 50 Systemic insecticides are applied to the soil as a drench or through an injection to 80 percent in ash saplings, and it is technique, absorbed by the roots and then translocated throughout the tree. spreading rapidly in all EAB-infested The best timing for soil injection and drenches is likely early to mid-May in parts of North America. Researchers North Dakota. A fall application also can be made as an alternative timing, but are optimistic that a combination of generally is not as effective. introduced and native parasitoids will help reduce EAB densities below a tolerance Insecticide uptake and translocation may take up to four to six weeks in trees threshold so that ash trees can survive in with trunks smaller than 12 inches (30.5 cm) in diameter. Larger trees with the forest ecosystem. trunks greater than 12 inches (30.5 cm) in diameter require more time for uptake, so treatment should be initiated earlier.

6 Table 2. Insecticides registered in North Dakota for control of emerald ash borer by professionals and homeowners.

Life Stage Professional (P) or L - larvae Application Method Active Ingredient Example of Trade Name(s) Homeowner (H) Use A - adult Soil-applied systemic Amdro – Tree & Shrub Care Concentrate P or H L as drench or injection Bayer Advanced Tree & Shrub Insect Control P or H L Bioadvanced – Tree & Shrub Insect Control P or H L Compare-N-Save – Systemic Tree & Shrub Insect Drench P or H L Martin’s – Dominion Tree & Shrub Insect Concentrate P or H L Merit (75WP, 75WSP, 2F) P L Xytect (2F,75WSP) P L dinotefuran Safari 20 SG P L Zylam Liquid Systemic Insecticide P or H L Trunk injection bidrin Inject-A-Cide B P L or A emamectin benzoate Tree-äge or Arbomectin P L or A imidacloprid IMA-jet 10, Imicide P L or A Trunk injection dinotefuran Safari 20 SG P L or A Systemic trunk spray Zylam Liquid Systemic Insecticide P or H L or A Broadcast foliar sprays bifenthrin Onyx P or H A applied to trunk, main carbaryl Sevin SL P or H A branches and foliage cyfluthrin Tempo P or H A permethrin Astro P or H A

Larger trees also may require two Trunk-injected Systemic Insecticides different treatment techniques for effective EAB control. Homeowners Trunk injections are available for use only by tree professionals (Figure 20 trying to treat trees larger than 15 and 21). inches (38 cm) in diameter should Trunk-injected insecticides are used frequently in situations in which soil consider having a professional treat treatments are not practical due to saturated soil conditions, porous sandy soils their trees because higher rates or other sensitive environments. and multiple applications may be The recommended treatment timing is when the ash leaves are starting to necessary for effective EAB control. emerge but before EAB eggs hatch, usually mid-May to mid-June. Although trunk For soil drenches, only a bucket or injections are absorbed quicker than soil treatments, they still require three to watering can is needed for application. four weeks to translocate throughout the tree. Any mulch or leaf debris should be Trunk injections should be performed when temperatures are not hot (greater removed before applying the soil than 90 F or 37 C) and soil conditions are not dry. Morning is typically the best drench because imidacloprid binds to application time. organic materials. One of the negatives of using this technique is that it wounds the tree, which Soil injections place the insecticide can affect the tree’s long-term health. However, researchers found that a single near the root zone 2 to 4 inches (5 injection of emamectin benzoate applied mid-May or early June provided to 10 cm) below the soil surface and excellent (greater than 99 percent) control of EAB for at least two years, even about 18 inches (46 cm) from the under high pest pressures. trunk near the highest density of tree roots. Specialized equipment is Imidacloprid trunk injections resulted in less mortality and varying degrees of needed to perform soil injections, and EAB control. Overall, trunk-injected emamectin benzoate provided the highest applications primarily are conducted level of EAB control when compared with other insecticide products and by professionals. application techniques. Soil drenches/injections should be applied when soils are moist but not saturated or extremely dry. When droughty, water the soil around the base of the tree prior to application. Although soil-applied systemic insecticides have demonstrated effective control of EAB in some studies, results have been inconsistent. Some university studies of soil-applied systemic insecticide have shown poor control due to Figure 20. Trunk injection for Figure 21. Mauget capsule injection differences in pest pressures, tree control of emerald ash borer for control of emerald ash borer sizes and other conditions in field. (D. Cappaert, Bugwood.org) (D. Cappaert, Bugwood.org)

7 Basal Trunk Sprays of What to Do if You Suspect EAB Systemic Insecticides If you suspect that your ash trees are infested with EAB, official confirmation Dinotefuran, a systemic insecticide, is critical. Individuals from the following organizations or agencies are able to is labeled for bark sprays for control help you determine if EAB is infesting trees: of larval or adult stages of EAB. North Dakota Forest Service Applications are made to the lower 5 701-231-5138 to 6 feet of the trunk using a regular garden sprayer. Dinotefuran penetrates North Dakota Department of Agriculture the bark and then is translocated 701-328-4765 or 701-220-0485 throughout the tree. NDSU Extension Service Studies found that efficacy of basal 701-231-8143 trunk sprays of dinotefuran were NDSU Plant Diagnostic Laboratory variable and similar to trunk-injected 701-231-7854 or 701-231-7064 imidacloprid. Efficacy was better and Local city forester control was more consistent on smaller trees than on larger trees. Local county Extension agent Broadcast Foliar Sprays Note that other insect pests, diseases or stresses can cause dieback of tree crowns and sprouting along the main stem. True confirmation of EAB Applied to Trunk, Main can come only by locating insects and having them identified by experts. Branches and Foliage Suspected larvae and adults of EAB will be forwarded from the North Insecticides can be sprayed on the Dakota Department of Agriculture to experts at the USDA-APHIS for trunks, branches and foliage to kill official confirmation. EAB adults as they feed on foliage For additional information on EAB, visit the following: and newly hatched EAB larvae before Websites: they bore into the tree. This technique does not kill larvae already feeding www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/planthealth/plant-pest-and-disease- internally in the tree. They are available programs/pests-and-diseases/emerald-ash-borer/ct_emerald_ash_borer to homeowners and professional www.emeraldashborer.info applicators, depending on the label restrictions. www.dontmovefirewood.org/ For good control, non-systemic www.nd.gov/ndda/plant-industries/pest-survey-and-outreach/emerald- insecticide sprays need to have ash-borer-eab complete coverage and be properly www.cerceris.info/index.html timed for adult EAB emergence. In www.hungrypest.org North Dakota, that means treatments would need to be repeated at least two times per year and as many as four times per year. Therefore, these References treatments are very difficult to apply Herms, D.A. and D.G. McCullough. 2014. Emerald ash borer invasion of North effectively. Using DD accumulations, America: history, biology, ecology, impacts, and management. Annu. Rev. the first applications should occur at Entomol. 59: 13-30. 500 DD and additional sprays should Herms, D.A., D.G. McCullough, D.R. Smitley, C.S. Sadof, R.C. Williamson and P.L. be applied every four weeks to account Nixon. 2009. Insecticide options for protecting ash trees from emerald ash borer. for the long period of adult EAB North Central IPM Center Bulletin. 12 pp. activity. Hahn, J., D.A. Herms and D.G. McCullough. 2011. Frequently asked questions When properly applied, bifenthrin, regarding potential side effects of systemic insecticides used to control emerald cyfluthrin and carbaryl all provided ash borer. University of Minnesota Extension, Michigan State University and The greater than 75 percent mortality of Ohio State University Extension, 4 pp. www.emeraldashborer.info EAB in university studies. No efficacy data was available for permethrin. This publication was also authored by James S. Walker, Graduate Student, NDSU, 2013.

Partial funding for this publication is made available through support from the USDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry Program.

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