Ash (Fraxinus Excelsior)

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Tree Pest and Disease Factsheet: Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) What to look out for on Ash 1. Ash Dieback (Hymenoscyphus fraxineus) Key facts • Fungal disease introduced from Asia into Europe • First observed in the UK in 2012 • Young ash trees die from infection faster than mature trees • Trees in ash-dominated woodlands are likely to decline more quickly than trees in open settings • There is no cure, but some trees may be tolerant to the disease Key symptoms - Summer healthy leaf (left); diseased leaf (right) • Blackened and wilting leaves • Dead branches high up in the canopy canopy dieback • Diamond-shaped lesions (wounds) on the bark • Clumps of new growth towards the centre of the canopy Key symptoms - Winter • Diamond-shaped lesions on the bark • Dead branches What to do if you suspect ash dieback on your site • Report your sighting via TreeAlert (see below) • Do not remove your ash trees unless the dieback presents a health and safety risk, as ash trees support many other wilting, dying leaves plant and animal species diamond-shaped stem lesion 2. Emerald Ash Borer (Agrilus planipennis) • NOT thought to be present in the UK yet • It is an exotic beetle native to East Asia, which has now spread as far west as Ukraine. It is also a major pest in North America. • Beetle activity on trees is common and can be caused by several species. If you observe the distinctive green beetle, report your sighting immediately via TreeAlert Pest and Disease Reporting • If you spot a pest or disease, report your concerns through the Forestry Commission’s online reporting tool TreeAlert at treealert.forestresearch.gov.uk • Make sure you clean boots and equipment before and after site visits, to remove any mud and debris that can transmit pests and diseases Produced by the Sylva Foundation education team, with support from the Forestry Commission. Made possible with funding from the Ernest Cook Trust. Photo credits (clockwise from top): Barnaby Wylder/Forestry Commission; Matthew Woodcock/ Forestry Commission; Mick Biddle/Forestry Commission; Leah Bauer (USDA, Bugwood.org); Joan Webber / Forest Research.

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Managing the Emerald Ash Borer
Managing the Emerald Ash Borer Hunterdon County Division of Parks and Recreation Do you have an ash tree on your property? Opposite Branching Compound leaves 5-9 Diamond-patterned bark White Ash trees grow up to 80 feet tall and have a crown spread of about 50 feet. What is the Emerald Ash Borer? The EAB is an invasive flying beetle. Adult beetles are an emerald green brighter than any other beetle in North America It is the size of a penny The adult beetle nibbles on the leaves of an ash tree. Larvae are cream color and have a 10 segmented abdomen The larvae burrow into tree bark and eat the cambium and phloem of a tree Adult beetles are attracted to the colors purple and green How the EAB kills the Ash tree Larvae feed on the cambium and phloem of a tree, critical for nutrient and water transport. The tree starves death 99.9% of untreated ash trees are killed once infested with the EAB Pictured: A sample from the cambium of an ash tree once the bark is removed. Signs of the EAB Vertical split in Epicormic Crown die off D shaped holes Serpentine tracks bark sprouting Can you save your trees? Begin treatment of high value ash trees throughout NJ NOW. Healthy and vigorously growing, with more than half their leaves. Homeowners can treat trees with trunks less than 20 in. at breast They enhance your landscape. height with 1.47% imidacloprid Valuable to the owner Professionals can treat trees with Showing minimal outward signs of a diameter at breast height EAB infestation greater than 20 in.
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Emerald Ash Borer Biological Control
Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team http://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/technology PROVIDING TECHNOLOGY FOR FOREST HEALTH PROTECTION Emerald Ash Borer Biological Control The emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire (EAB) is an exotic invasive wood-boring beetle native to Asia (China, Korea, Japan, and Mongolia) and the Russian Far East and Taiwan. EAB is threatening all species of North America’s ash trees: green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), white ash (F. americana) and black ash (F. nigra). It was first discovered in the United States in Michigan in 2002. It is believed that EAB was accidently introduced in shipping crate materials. By 2008, EAB had been discovered in seven states (Indiana, Illinois, Maryland, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania and West Virginia) as well as parts of Canada. EAB is well suited to US climate conditions and as of 2013, it has Biology and Nature of Ecological Damage now spread to an additional fifteen states. (See map.) Emerald ash borer adults are bright metallic green and about 7.5 to 13.5 mm long and 1.6 mm wide, with the female slightly larger than the male. The adults feed on the leaves of ash trees, but cause little damage. EAB adults mate shortly after emerging. Each female beetle lays 60–90 eggs in their lifetime and the eggs typically hatch in 7–10 days. The dorso-ventrally flattened larvae reach a length of 26 to 32 mm, and are white to cream colored with a brown head. The small larvae bore through the bark and feed on the phloem and young sapwood which inhibits the tree’s ability to transport water and nutrients.
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Exploring How Stakeholders May Respond to Emerald Ash Borer Management in Europe
Review Lessons from the Frontline: Exploring How Stakeholders May Respond to Emerald Ash Borer Management in Europe Mariella Marzano 1,* , Clare Hall 1, Norman Dandy 2, Cherie LeBlanc Fisher 3, Andrea Diss-Torrance 4 and Robert G. Haight 5 1 Forest Research, Northern Research Station, Roslin, Midlothian, Scotland EH25 9SY, UK; [email protected] 2 Sir William Roberts Centre for Sustainable Land Use, School of Natural Sciences, Bangor University, Bangor, Wales LL57 2DG, UK; [email protected] 3 USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, Evanston, IL 60201, USA; cherie.l.fi[email protected] 4 Bureau of Forest Management, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, Madison, WI 53707-7921, USA; [email protected] 5 USDA Forest Service, Northern Research Station, St. Paul, MN 55108, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 3 May 2020; Accepted: 26 May 2020; Published: 1 June 2020 Abstract: The emerald ash borer (EAB) has caused extensive damage and high mortality to native ash trees (Fraxinus; sp.) in North America. As European countries battle with the deadly pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus (ash dieback) affecting European ash (Fraxinus excelsior), there is concern that the arrival of EAB will signal the demise of this much-loved tree. While Europe prepares for EAB it is vital that we understand the social dimensions that will likely influence the social acceptability of potential management measures, and experiences from the USA can potentially guide this. We draw on differing sources including a literature review, documentary analysis, and consultation with key informants from Chicago and the Twin Cities of Minneapolis and St.
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Survival of European Ash Seedlings Treated with Phosphite After Infection with the Hymenoscyphus Fraxineus and Phytophthora Species
Article Survival of European Ash Seedlings Treated with Phosphite after Infection with the Hymenoscyphus fraxineus and Phytophthora Species Nenad Keˇca 1,*, Milosz Tkaczyk 2, Anna Z˙ ółciak 2, Marcin Stocki 3, Hazem M. Kalaji 4 ID , Justyna A. Nowakowska 5 and Tomasz Oszako 2 1 Faculty of Forestry, University of Belgrade, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030 Belgrade, Serbia 2 Forest Research Institute, Department of Forest Protection, S˛ekocinStary, ul. Braci Le´snej 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland; [email protected] (M.T.); [email protected] (A.Z.);˙ [email protected] (T.O.) 3 Faculty of Forestry, Białystok University of Technology, ul. Piłsudskiego 1A, 17-200 Hajnówka, Poland; [email protected] 4 Institute of Technology and Life Sciences (ITP), Falenty, Al. Hrabska 3, 05-090 Raszyn, Poland; [email protected] 5 Faculty of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Cardinal Stefan Wyszynski University in Warsaw, Wóycickiego 1/3 Street, 01-938 Warsaw, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +381-63-580-499 Received: 6 June 2018; Accepted: 10 July 2018; Published: 24 July 2018 Abstract: The European Fraxinus species are threatened by the alien invasive pathogen Hymenoscyphus fraxineus, which was introduced into Poland in the 1990s and has spread throughout the European continent, causing a large-scale decline of ash. There are no effective treatments to protect ash trees against ash dieback, which is caused by this pathogen, showing high variations in susceptibility at the individual level. Earlier studies have shown that the application of phosphites could improve the health of treated seedlings after artiﬁcial inoculation with H.
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Hymenoscyphus Fraxineus
Hymenoscyphus fraxineus Synonyms: Chalara fraxinea Kowalski (anamorph), Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus (teleomorph). Common Name(s) Ash dieback, ash decline Type of Pest Fungal pathogen Taxonomic Position Class: Leotiomycetes, Order: Helotiales, Family: Helotiaceae Reason for Inclusion in Figure 1. Mature Fraxinus excelsior showing Manual extensive shoot, twig, and branch dieback. CAPS Target: AHP Prioritized Epicormic shoot formation is also present. Photo Pest List – 2010-2016 credit: Andrin Gross. Background An extensive dieback of ash (Fig. 1) was observed from 1996 to 2006 in Lithuania and Poland. Trees were dying in all age classes, irrespective of site conditions and regeneration conditions. A fungus, described as a new species Chalara fraxinea, was isolated from shoots and some roots (Kowalski, 2006). The fungal pathogen varied from other species of Chalara by its small, short cylindrical conidia extruded in chains or in slimy droplets, morphological features of the phialophores, and by colony characteristics. Initial taxonomic studies concerning Chalara fraxinea established that its perfect state was the ascomycete Hymenoscyphus albidus (Gillet) W. Phillips, a fungus that has been known from Europe since 1851. Kowalski and Holdenrieder (2009b) provide a description and photographs of the teleomorphic state, Hymenoscyphus albidus. A molecular taxonomic study of Hymenoscyphus albidus indicated that there was significant evidence for the existence of two morphologically very similar taxa, H. albidus, and a new species, Hymenoscyphus pseudoalbidus (Queloz et al., 2010). Furthermore, studies suggested that H. albidus was likely a non-pathogenic species, whereas H. pseudoalbidus was the virulent species responsible for the current ash dieback epidemic in Europe (Queloz et al., 2010). A survey in Denmark showed that expansion of H.
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Emerald Ash Borer Fact Sheet
Symptoms of EAB Infestation WhatWhat to doDo if if you You suspectSuspect a Etreemerald has emeraldAsh ashBorer: borer: If your ash tree exhibits Emerald Ash Borer dieback,If your ashrefer tree to all exhibits possible BE AWISE ASH bioticdieback, and referabiotic to issues all in thispossible guide. biotic For further and abiotichelp, issues in this guide. contact a certified arborist in your area. If you suspect EAB For further help, contact a Emerald Ash Borer, Agrilus planipennis Damage from woodpeckers Thinning in upper D-shaped exit holes in trunk24 on your property or have a feeding on EAB larvae22 canopy23 certified arborist in your area.suspected If you suspectEAB insect EAB on The emerald ash borer (EAB) is a destructive wood- sample,your property contact oryour have local a boring insect that has killed millions of ash trees in suspectedextension EAB agent, insect the North America. It was first discovered in Detroit, Schuttersample, Diagnosticcontact your Lab local at Michigan in 2002, and it likely came from wood Montana State University extension agent, the packaging material imported from Asia. It has become Schutter(406-994-5704), Diagnostic or the Lab at widely established in 35 states and five Canadian MontanaMontana DepartmentState University of provinces. As of March 2020, it has not been detected Agriculture(406-994-5704), (406-444-3790). or the Montana Department of in Montana. Unfortunately, it is easily transported on Bark splitting from EAB Serpentine galleries under Epicormic branches and Agriculture firewood so Montana is always just one visitor’s 27 infestation25 the bark26 shoots at base of tree (406-444-3790).
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Ash Dieback and Dutch Elm Disease: Current Situation and Prospects in Slovenia N
BALTIC FORESTRY ASH DIEBACK AND DUTCH ELM DISEASE: CURRENT SITUATION AND PROSPECTS IN SLOVENIA N. OGRIS Ash Dieback and Dutch Elm Disease: Current Situ- ation and Prospects in Slovenia NIKICA OGRIS * Slovenian Forestry Institute, Veèna pot 2, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia * Corresponding author: [email protected]; tel. +38612007800 Ogris, N. 2018. Ash Dieback and Dutch Elm Disease: Current Situation and Prospects in Slovenia. Baltic Forestry 24(2): 181184. Abstract Ash dieback has been present in Slovenia since 2006, and Dutch elm disease since 1929. We have evaluated their current situation in Slovenia based on sanitary felling. Sanitary felling of ash has risen exponentially from 2009 to 2017. In 2017, 76,101 m³ of ash or 69% of total ash felling was due to ash dieback, which represents 2% of ash wood stock. Geographically more damaged forests (0.5 2.1% of ash wood stock per forest management unit) were in the eastern part of Slovenia. We suspect that the sanitary felling of ash will escalate due to the current exponential trend, and wood stock of ash will drop by 2040% in next 10 years. From 1995 to 2013, between 51 and 59% of elms was sanitary felled due to Dutch elm disease. Trend of sanitary felling was disturbed between 2014 and 2016 because of the catastrophic ice damage that happened in 2014. The most damaged areas are in the southern part of Slovenia, where 1175% of elms wood stock per forest management unit was damaged due to Dutch elm disease. However, in the most cases, only up to 2% of elm wood stock was sanitarily felled.
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Emerald Ash Borer Agrilus Planipennis
Photo by Edward Czerwinski, Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, Bugwood.org EMERALD ASH BORER AGRILUS PLANIPENNIS The emerald ash borer, Agrilus planipennis, is a flat-headed borer native to eastern Asia. Adults emerge from infested ash trees in the spring and lay eggs in the bark. The eggs hatch and spend between one and two years feeding on the phloem layer below the bark. Over the course of several generations (two to five years) the larvae completely girdle the tree all the way to the roots, killing the tree. Unlike native beetles in the genus Agrilus (we have 50 species in South Carolina), they attack healthy trees, in this case, specifically ash trees. They have been found in the related fringe tree on occasion. This insect is a serious threat to ash trees of all species and has had a dramatic impact on An adult emerald ash borer feeds on an ash leaf. (Photo by Debbie populations of ash trees where it has been found. Miller, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org) Identification There are many insects that could be mistaken for the emerald ash borer, so it is best to keep the specimen in alcohol and bring it to an expert to confirm the identity. Adults are metallic green, about 8.5 mm (0.33 inches) long and 1.6 mm (0.063 inches) wide. If the elytra, the hard outer wing, is lifted the emerald ash borer has a bright red upper abdomen that can be used to distinguish emerald ash borer from native Agrilus species. The larvae, found under the bark of infested trees, are difficult to distinguish from native flathead borers.
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Ecological Impacts of Emerald Ash Borer in Forests at the Epicenter of the Invasion in North America
Review Ecological Impacts of Emerald Ash Borer in Forests at the Epicenter of the Invasion in North America Wendy S. Klooster 1,*, Kamal J. K. Gandhi 2, Lawrence C. Long 3, Kayla I. Perry 4 ID , Kevin B. Rice 5 and Daniel A. Herms 6 1 Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA 2 Daniel B. Warnell School of Forestry and Natural Resources, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA; [email protected] 3 Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA; [email protected] 4 Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, Wooster, OH 44691, USA; [email protected] 5 Division of Plant Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; [email protected] 6 The Davey Tree Expert Company, Kent, OH 44240, USA; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +1-614-292-2764 Received: 31 March 2018; Accepted: 3 May 2018; Published: 5 May 2018 Abstract: We review research on ecological impacts of emerald ash borer (EAB)-induced ash mortality in the Upper Huron River watershed in southeast Michigan near the epicenter of the invasion of North America, where forests have been impacted longer than any others in North America. By 2009, mortality of green, white, and black ash exceeded 99%, and ash seed production and regeneration had ceased. This left an orphaned cohort of saplings too small to be infested, the fate of which may depend on the ability of natural enemies to regulate EAB populations at low densities.
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Invasive Insects Threatening Ohio's Forests Emerald Ash Borer (EAB)
Invasive Insects Threatening Ohio’s Forests 1 Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) Where is it from? EAB is native to China and Korea. How did it get here? It most likely arrived in the United States in Michigan on shipping crates or pallets. It was first discovered in southeast Michigan in 2002 and in northwest Ohio in 2003. However, EAB is often present in an area several years before it is detected. What does it look like? Adult beetles are slender, elongate, and green (Figure 1). They are usually bronze, golden, or reddish green overall with darker metallic emerald green wing covers (Figure 3). An adult beetle is usually 7.5 to 13.5 millimeters long (Figure 2). Larvae are white to cream colored (Figure 4). Larvae are much 2 longer than adult beetles. What is its life cycle? EAB has a 1-year life cycle. Adult beetles emerge in May or early June. They feed on leaves of ash trees, creating small irregularly shaped patches on the edges. After feeding, adults mate and females lay eggs 1-2 weeks later. Longer- lived females can lay over 200 eggs in their lifetime. They lay eggs in cracks and crevices of bark on tree trunks or branches. Seven to 3 ten days later, eggs hatch and larvae begin to chew through the bark. They feed for several weeks and create a serpentine (S-shaped) gallery that gets wider as the larva grows bigger (Figure 5). They usually finish feeding in fall and overwinter in shallow chambers under the bark. In April or May, they pupate into adults and one to two weeks later the new adults exit the tree creating a D-shaped exit hole.
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Emerald Ash Borer [Agrilus Planipennis (Fairmaire)] Lori R
Published by Utah State University Extension and Utah Plant Pest Diagnostic Laboratory ENT-171-14-PR August 2014 Emerald Ash Borer [Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire)] Lori R. Spears, CAPS Coordinator • Ryan S. Davis, Arthropod Diagnostician • Ricardo A. Ramirez, Entomologist Do You Know? • The Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) is a recent invasive pest, and is considered to be one of the most destructive forest insects to ever invade the U.S. • EAB adults are very good fliers, but new infestations are primarily caused by people moving wood from infested areas. • New infestations are difficult to detect and damage may not be obvious for years. However, by then it may be too late – an EAB infestation is nearly always fatal to the tree. • EAB has not yet been reported in Utah. To help prevent the spread of EAB, avoid transporting Fig. 1. Emerald ash borer adult feeding on an ash leaf.1 firewood across county and state lines. merald ash borer (Order: Coleoptera: Family EBuprestidae) (EAB) (Figs. 1-2) is an exotic, invasive wood-boring insect that specializes on true ash species (Fraxinus spp.). EAB is native to parts of China, Korea, Japan, Taiwan, and small areas of Russia and Mongolia. EAB was first discovered in North America in June 2002 near Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario, and is thought to have arrived to North America via infested wood packing material. Evidence suggests that EAB is generally established in an area for several years before Fig. 2. Adults have a copper red or purple abdomen.2 it is detected. Since arriving in North America, EAB has been found in more than 20 mid-western and eastern a flattened body, and an iridescent purple abdomen states, killing tens of millions of ash trees.
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Insect Galleries in Ash Trees in Minnesota J Overview : Contents
A R E F E R E N C E F O R Recognizing Insect Galleries in Ash Trees in Minnesota j OVERVIEW : Contents: The purpose of this document is to provide Insect Family Page images of different types of damage from pests that may be found boring in ash trees in Scolytidae ................................... 3 Minnesota and to contrast the appearance of these damage types with that caused by emerald Agromyzidae ................................ 4 ash borer (EAB). All images in this document are Cerambycidae ............................... 5 of insect damage found in ash trees in Minnesota unless otherwise noted. For information on Sessiidae ................................... 6 external symptoms of EAB on standing trees or comparisons of larval and adult EAB with other Buprestidae (not emerald ash borer) .......... 7 insects, see the links below. Buprestidae (emerald ash borer) .............. 8 FOR MORE INFORMATION : Identification of Emerald Ash Borer and Other Ash Insects: http://www.emeraldashborer.info/identifyeab.cfm http://na.fs.fed.us/fhp/eab/pubs/fieldguide/eabfg.pdf http://www.forestpests.org/ash/ Emerald Ash Borer Information: http://www.emeraldashborer.info http://www.mda.state.mn.us/invasives/eab 2. S CO LY T I DA E : Unlike other insects, adult ash bark beetles feed under the bark just as the larvae do. Bark beetles galleries may take the shape of reproductive galleries like figures 3 and 4 or adult feeding galleries like figures 2 and 5. During 2007-2008 EAB detection tree surveys, ash bark beetles (Hylesinus spp.) were found in ~70% of 1800+ ash trees sampled by Minnesota Department of Agriculture (MDA) across the state. Figure 1.
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