Les Relations Homme/Femme Dans Le Cinéma Iranien Postrévolutionnaire, Stratégies Des Réalisateurs, Analyse Sémiologique Asal Bagheri Griffaton

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Les Relations Homme/Femme Dans Le Cinéma Iranien Postrévolutionnaire, Stratégies Des Réalisateurs, Analyse Sémiologique Asal Bagheri Griffaton Les relations homme/femme dans le cinéma iranien postrévolutionnaire, stratégies des réalisateurs, analyse sémiologique Asal Bagheri Griffaton To cite this version: Asal Bagheri Griffaton. Les relations homme/femme dans le cinéma iranien postrévolutionnaire, stratégies des réalisateurs, analyse sémiologique. Sociologie. Université René Descartes - Paris V, 2012. Français. NNT : 2012PA05H006. tel-00747693 HAL Id: tel-00747693 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00747693 Submitted on 1 Nov 2012 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. UNIVERSITE PARIS DESCARTES FACULTE DES SCIENCES HUMAINES ET SOCIALES - SORBONNE THESE pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE PARIS DESCARTES Discipline : Linguistique et Sémiologie ASAL BAGHERI GRIFFATON LES RELATIONS HOMME/FEMME DANS LE CINEMA IRANIEN POSTREVOLUTIONNAIRE, STRATEGIES DES REALISATEURS ANALYSE SEMIOLOGIQUE TOME I Sous la direction de Madame la Professeure Anne-Marie HOUDEBINE Soutenue le 9 Mai 2012 JURY DE SOUTENANCE: Monsieur Michaël ABECASSIS, MCF HDR Oxford University Monsieur Driss ABLALI, MCF HDR, Université de Franche-Comté Monsieur Dominique DUCARD, Professeur, Université Paris Est Créteil Madame Azadeh KIAN, Professeure, Université Paris 7-Diderot Monsieur Jean-Claude SOULAGES, Professeur, Université Lyon 2 « Je n’ai jamais senti mon cœur Aussi rouge Aussi brûlant qu’aujourd’hui : Je sens Aux pires moments de cette nuit, Accoucheuse de la mort, Bouillir avec certitude Mille et mille sources solaires Dans mon cœur ; J’entends pousser, Soudain, Dans chaque recoin de ce désert de désespoir Mille et mille forêts verdoyantes. » (Extrait du poème « Poisson » d’Ahmad Shamlou) A mon père A Etienne REMERCIEMENTS Je remercie Madame Anne-Marie HOUDEBINE, pour sa grande disponibilité, ses conseils avisés et sa générosité intellectuelle. Je remercie tout particulièrement, Etienne, pour ses encouragements, son aide précieuse et son affection sans limite. Je remercie tous les artistes iraniens que j’ai eu l’occasion de rencontrer tout au long de ma recherche. Ce travail est en quelque sorte une marque de l’admiration que je leur porte. Je dois tout particulièrement remercier Rakhshan Bani Etemad, Ahmad Amini, Saeed Asadi, Mojtaba Mirtahmasb, Setareh Pesyani, Naghmeh Samini, Mona Zandi Haghighi et Daryush Faezi. Je remercie ma sœur et mon frère, sans le soutien de qui je n’aurais pas pu débuter mes études en France. Je remercie mes parents et tout particulièrement mon père qui m’a transmis le goût du travail universitaire. Je remercie Amin pour son amitié. Je remercie Massoumeh et Nogole pour l’aide technique qu’elles m’ont apportée. SOMMAIRE REMERCIEMENTS ............................................................................................. 4 SOMMAIRE ........................................................................................................... 6 CONVENTIONS DE NOTATION ...................................................................... 9 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 11 PARTIE I: LE CINEMA IRANIEN .................................................................. 17 Chapitre 1 : La relation homme/femme et la censure ........................................ 19 Synthèse du chapitre 1 ....................................................................................... 54 PARTIE II: CADRE THEORIQUE .................................................................. 57 Chapitre 2 : De la linguistique et ses apports avec la sémiologie des indices ... 59 Synthèse du chapitre 2 ....................................................................................... 82 Chapitre 3 : La sémiologie du cinéma ............................................................... 85 Synthèse du chapitre 3 ..................................................................................... 111 PARTIE III : CADRE METHODOLOGIQUE ET OBJET D’ETUDE ...... 113 Chapitre 4 : la méthodologie appliquée ........................................................... 115 Synthèse du chapitre 4 ..................................................................................... 138 Chapitre 5 : Modèle de la stratification et son adaptation au corpus des films 141 Synthèse du chapitre 5 ..................................................................................... 155 PARTIE IV : LA GRAMMAIRE FORMELLE DE L’OBJET D’ETUDE . 157 Chapitre 6 : Analyse systémique descriptive et explicative ............................ 159 Synthèse du chapitre 6 ..................................................................................... 177 Chapitre 7 : L’analyse interprétative ............................................................... 181 Synthèse du chapitre 7 ..................................................................................... 222 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 225 BIBLIOGRAPHIE ............................................................................................. 235 INDEX ................................................................................................................. 247 INDEX DES AUTEURS .................................................................................... 249 INDEX DES NOTIONS .................................................................................... 253 INDEX DES REALISATEURS ........................................................................ 257 INDEX DES FILMS .......................................................................................... 259 TABLE DES SCHEMAS, TABLEAUX ET ILLUSTRATIONS .................. 261 TABLE DES MATIERES ................................................................................. 265 ANNEXE 1: TABLEAUX DES INVENTAIRES DESCRIPTIFS .................................. 277 ANNEXE 2: ENTRETIENS AVEC LES REALISATEURS DES FILMS DU CORPUS.... 310 ANNEXE 3: RESUME ET FICHE TECHNIQUE DES FILMS DU CORPUS ................. 342 ANNEXE 4: COMPLEMENTS AU CHAPITRE 1 .................................................... 355 CONVENTIONS DE NOTATION « Italique » : « Citation » “…” : Citation dans une citation Italique : Plan du lexème ou métalangage mais aussi le nom des ouvrages ou le nom des films /…/ : Plan de l’expression, indice ou signifiant (Sa) <…> : Plan de de contenu, signifié (Sé), message explicite dégagé en corpus <<…>> : Effet de sens ou message implicite « » : Le nom des articles ou distance énonciative vs : Versus Les entretiens sont faits en persan et traduits par nous-même ainsi que les citations des livres anglais ou persans. Le découpage, le montage et le sous-titrage du corpus dvd sont réalisés également par nous-même. Les phonèmes persans sont transcrits en alphabet latin. Dans un souci de la simplification de la forme, nous ne différencions pas les voyelles longues et courtes. Les consonnes homophones ne sont pas différentiées non plus. A B INTRODUCTION En Iran, la médiation à travers la famille, l’entourage, la communauté, détermine bien sûr les rôles entre genres et met une limite aux stratégies de la liberté individuelle, parfois la liberté en privé, en secret, devient le secret de la liberté. Les contours entre le privé et le public, l’individuel et le collectif ne sont pas aussi nettement dessinés, canonisés qu’en occident. Ceci exige une chorégraphie, une stratégie, une mise en scène sociale plus complice, plus pudique, plus symbolique. En 1979, les Iraniens, les hommes et les femmes se sont soulevés contre une monarchie de plus de 2000 ans et ont décidé de prendre leur destin en main pour construire un avenir meilleur. Leur action était motivée tout d’abord par les marqueurs économiques, la demande d’une société plus égalitaire, mais aussi par une certaine distance établie entre leur culture et celle prônée par le pouvoir jugé indécent par la couche populaire. Néanmoins, nul n’imaginait la tournure qu’ont prise les évènements. Depuis la révolution, le cinéma iranien a pris son envol et a connu un succès international dans les festivals du monde entier. Certains, comme Kiarostami ou Makhmalbaf sont des cinéastes mondialement reconnus du paysage du cinéma d’auteur. Pendant les années 90, les cinémas de Téhéran affichaient souvent complets pendant les soirs du week-end. Le satellite n’était pas encore démocratisé, l’Internet n’avait pas envahi les maisons et la Télévision nationale se contentait la plupart du temps de faire de la propagande idéologique. Nous, la jeunesse iranienne, vibrions alors à l’intérieur des salles obscures et nous rêvions. A notre arrivée en France en 2001, nous avons constaté que les films iraniens connus à l’étranger ne faisaient pas partie du courant majoritaire du cinéma iranien, celui qui attire le plus grand de nombre de spectateurs, que cela soit un film d’auteur ou pas. En faisant des recherches bibliographiques françaises sur le sujet, il est apparu que le peu d’études universitaires et les livres concernant le cinéma iranien ont toujours été consacrés au mouvement
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