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COUNTRY REPORT BELIZE Intraregional Labour Migration Flows RESEARCH REPORT Intraregional Labour Migration Flows: Current situation, challenges and opportunities in Central America and the Dominican Republic COUNTRY REPORT BELIZE Intraregional Labour Migration Flows International Organization for Migration; ILO; Belize, Ministry of Labour. Acuña González, Guillermo, …[et. al] Intraregional Labour Migration Flows: Current situation, challenges and opportunities in Central America and the Dominican Republic. Belize report. IOM, ILO, CECC/SICA, Network of Labour Market Observatories of Central America and the Dominican Republic, 2012. 94 p., illustrations, diagrams, graphs, charts. Classification: OCDE: 14.07.01 // DEWEY: 331.544 // OIT: 14.09.2 IMMIGRATION; MIGRATION; DEVELOPMENT MODELS; BUSINESS SECTOR; LABOUR MARKET;IMPACT; LABOUR MIGRATION; MIGRANT WORKERS ; WORK; MIGRANTS; MIGRATORY FLOW; FAMILY; SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS; REMITTANCES; JOB PLACEMENT; WORKING CONDITIONS; LEISURE; LEGAL FRAMEWORK; INTERNATIONAL REGULATION; INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK; TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS; LEGISLATION; PUBLIC POLICIES; AGRICULTURE; CONSTRUCTION; SECTOR CONSTRUCTION; DOMESTIC SERVICE; TOURISM; EDUCATION; HOUSING; GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION; STATISTICAL DATA RESEARCH REPORT Intraregional Labour Migration Flows: Current situation, challenges and opportunities in Central America and the Dominican Republic COUNTRY REPORT BELIZE Technical coordinating team: Consultant: Belén López, Lilliana Rojas, Juan Melanie C. Smith Santiago Carlos Obando, Mariana Pineda (ILO) Salvador Gutiérrez (IOM) Text editing: Clayton Arévalo Fieldwork: Photographs: CID-GALLUP ILO and IOM Researcher: Design: Guillermo Acuña Clayton Arévalo 2 Country Report Belize Under the aupices of República de China (Taiwán) And the support of The designations employed, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the manner in which the data are presented in ILO and IOM publications, do not imply any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labor Office and/or the International Organization for Migration concerning the legal status of any country, area, or territory cited or of its authorities, or regarding the delimitation of its boundaries. The responsibility for opinions expressed in articles, studies, and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the ILO and/or IOM thereof. 3 Intraregional Labour Migration Flows Acronyms CECC/SICA Central American Education and Cultural Coordination ECLAC Economic Commission on Latin America and the Caribbean FLASCO Latin American Faculty of Social Science FOIL Job Placement and Skills Training Project IND Immigration and Nationality Department IOM International Organization for Migration ILO International Labour Organization NTUCB National Trade Union Congress of Belize OLACD Labour Market Observatory of Central America and the Dominican Republic SIB Statistical Institute of Belize. Formerly, Central Statistical Office (CSO) SICA Central American Integration System SISCA Central American Social Integration Secretariat SPEAR The Social Policy Evaluation and Research Committee UNHCR United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 4 Country Report Belize Index 6 1. Introduction 6 1.1 Justification 9 1.2 Objectives 10 1.3 Methodology 14 2. Labour Migration in Belize 14 2.1 Migration from Developed Countries: Investors, professionals and retirees 14 2.2 Extra-Continental Immigrants 14 2.3 Central American Immigrants 15 2.4 The situation of immigrants in Belize 19 2.5 Labour Migration 23 3. General Characteristics of the Belizean Labour Market 23 3.1 Population characteristics 24 3.2 Migration Scenario 25 3.3 Ethnic origin of the population 27 3.4 Geographic location of immigrant population 28 3.5 The migration processes for migrant workers 29 4. Socioeconomic characteristics of immigrants 35 4.1 Socioeconomic situation of the migrant worker and their family unit in the country of destination 42 4.2 Migration process 4.3 Remittances: trends and use 48 5. Labour conditions of migrant workers 52 5.1 Job placement of labour immigrants- General characteristics 52 5.2 Working conditions 56 5.3 Leisure time and relationships 60 6. Institutional and legal framework 63 7. Final considerations and recommendations on public policies’ drafting 69 8. Bibliography 76 Annexes 79 5 Intraregional Labour Migration Flows 11Introduction Over the last decades, Central America and and characteristics of labour migration, The Dominican Republic have experienced as well as its implications for the parties dynamic migratory flows, facilitated by involved. The report further analyzes factors such as integration into the global Central American migratory flows into economy, free movement of people and Belize with particular emphasis on the the establishment of different policies social and labour conditions. It also looks and instruments between one or more into the impact on the society of origin, as territories in a region such as the CA-41 well as the challenges faced by the Belizean Agreement. A major issue has been the society and the Belizean government formation of transnational communities concerning migration management and between societies of origin and destination, provision of services. This report reveals especially in border areas. These migratory information about the specific situation flows were enhanced by the emergence of and conditions of Central American labour economic markets, characterized by high migrants living in Belize and working in the levels of foreign workforce participation. construction, agriculture, domestic service This workforce is often supplied by countries and tourism sectors. within the same region. As a consequence of the change in labour 1.1 Justification market requirements and the informal sector, combined with the relatively limited capacity of migration and labour institutions Recently, the impact of the intraregional to promote orderly and regulated migratory migratory dynamics has been a matter flows, the region experienced a phenomenon of governmental concern. In 2009, the that has caught little attention from relevant Ministries of Labour, through the Council of agents, including the academic and political Ministers of Labour in Central America and ones: the impact that irregular and disorderly The Dominican Republic, highlighted the intraregional labour migration has on the need for reliable and updated information socioeconomic and labour market structures about this phenomenon, understanding that of both origin and destination countries, as a better knowledge of migratory dynamics well as on the labour migrant themselves. would help to improve migration flows management. The following report presents the findings of a country study conducted in Belize. The Ergo, in order to determine the first objective was to examine the impact characteristics and challenges of labour _________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 1. The Central America (CA-4) Border Control Agreement was a treaty signed in June 2006 between the Central American nations of El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua, establishing the free movement across borders between the four signatory states of their citizens without any restrictions or checks. 6 Country Report Belize migration in the region, research on public policies to tackle the integration and intraregional migration labour flows, protection of migrant workers and their its current situation and challenges and families. opportunities in Central America and the Dominican Republic was deemed necessary. For the International Labour Organization (ILO), this research represents an Thus it was established by the third opportunity to strengthen its knowledge agreement adopted during the Extraordinary on labour migration, issue that ILO had Meeting of the Council of Ministers of Labour addressed through the Migration for of Central America and the Dominican Employment Convention (revised) 1949 (No. Republic, held in San Pedro Sula, Honduras 97) and the Migrant Workers Convention on May 21st and 22nd of 2009 stating: (supplementary provisions), 1975 (No. 143). It also expects to improve migrant workers “To approve the project entitled protection on a human rights and gender Intraregional Labour Migration Flows: approach, on the basis of the “Resolution current situation, challenges and concerning a fair deal for migrant workers opportunities in Central America and in the global economy”, adopted at the Dominican Republic, presented by 92nd session of the International Labour Francisco Morales, Minister of Labour Conference, Geneva, 2004, the “Multilateral and Social Security of the Republic Framework on Labour Migration” (2006) and of Costa Rica taking into account the the document “Decent Work in the Americas: priority of this issue for the subregion. An Agenda for the Hemisphere 2006-2015”. In this manner, we acknowledge the For this reason, after the conclusion of the inputs of the Network of Labour Market FOIL Project, ILO continued to follow up and Observatories of Central America support this process through the technical and the Dominican Republic and the cooperation project “Strengthening the Forum of Regional Labour Directors, Labour Market Observatory of Central considering that their tasks are related America and Dominican Republic”, financed to the management, analysis and by the Ministry of Employment and Social generation of information regarding Security of Spain and implemented by the the labour market
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