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The Late Quaternary Vegetation of a Southern Nevada Mountain Range

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The Late Quaternary Vegetation of a Southern Nevada Mountain Range The Late Quaternary vegetation of a southern Nevada mountain range Item Type text; Dissertation-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Spaulding, Walter Geoffrey, 1950- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 04/10/2021 07:01:19 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565520 THE LATE QUATERNARY VEGETATION OF A SOUTHERN NEVADA MOUNTAIN RANGE by Walter Geoffrey Spaulding A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF GEOSCIENCES In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA © Copyright 1981 by Walter Geoffrey Spaulding THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Final Examination Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Walter Geoffrey Spaulding____________________ entitled The Late Quaternary Vegetation of a Southern Nevada_______________ Mountain Range________________________________ ._____________________ and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _____ _________________ . ^ ~ 6 - ? / Date \JoS2 Date yA/g/ Date /o /? S ) Date Date 7 Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate's submission of the final copy of the dissertation to the Graduate College. < I hereby-certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement. /fyatA iate 0 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This dissertation has been submitted in partial fulfillment of requirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to bor­ rowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this dissertation are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the copyright holder. DEDICATION This work is dedicated to Tumamoc Hill and the extraordinary people who have made it a place of knowledge, growth, and love. iii PROLOGUE All biological systems function across the dimension of time. The precise nature of that dimension may never be known, but we do know that today's natural communities are a product of past changes. This developmental view leads to the mirror image of the uniformitarian para­ digm stating that the present is the key to the past. In developmental terms the past is the key to understanding the present. It appears that the implications of such a trite observation are often overlooked. Research on the development of biological systems through the fossil record involves synthesis and is accorded a low pri­ ority compared to current, reductionist-oriented biological studies. Research on communities as they function today is often conducted with only the slightest, if any, regard to the fossil record. Many models of community evolution approach a point of reductio ad absurdam when viewed in the light of actual environmental and paleontological records. In­ deed, when dynamic systems are viewed solely as they occur.today, our perceptions may well be absurd. iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Many people have given of their time and energy to help me with this research. It is the culmination of the shared resources and ideas of many, but particularly these people: Tom Ackerman Paul Martin Ken Cole Sue Spaulding Vera Markgraf Tom Van Devender I wish to express my gratitude to my patient teachers, dear friends, and stalwart field companions. The following people and orga­ nizations have lent their help to me: Larry Arnold Pete Mehringer Julio Bettancourt Walt Ogston Tom Birch Art Phillips Roxanne Bitman Barb Phillips Jan Bowers Lonnie Pippin Murray Buell Steve Robinson Desert National Wildlife Range Rocky Rockwell Desert Research Institute . John Sheppard Sean Donelly Gene Simpson Wes Ferguson Gene Sipe Betty Fink A1 Solomon Karl Flessa Lincoln Spaulding Debby Gaines Irv Taylor Don Grayson Bob Thompson Jack Helvy Tumamoc Philosophical Society Cliff Himmel Ray Turner Noel Holmgren Will Van Asdall Jim King Cheryl Wachter Ron Lanner Mary Wilkins Estella Leopold Fred Wiseman Austin Long Bob Yoder Dave Madsen Jeff Zauderer Charles Mason Nial McCarten Jim Mead . Financial support for this project was provided by W. L. Spaulding and the National Science Foundation under the following v vi grants: DEB 75-13944 to P. S. Martin, DEB 76-19784 to T. R. Van Devender, GA 20118 to C. W. Ferguson, and DEB 77-20802 to W. G. Spaulding. Research was carried out on Tumamoc Hill, the Laboratory of Paleoenvironmental Studies, Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona, Tucson. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ......................................... ix LIST OF T A B L E S ............................................... xi ABSTRACT ............... ..................................... xiv INTRODUCTION .................................................. 1 The Setting ................... 4 The Climatic Regime ................................... 6 Plants and Local Climates ............................. 9 Geology, and Geomorphology ............................. 18 The Modern Vegetation.................................... 24 Bristlecone Pine Communities (321.13) ................ 29 White Fir-Ponderosa Pine Communities (322.13) ........ 33 Pinyon-Juniper Communities (332.11) . .............. 35 • Boreal Black Sagebrush Communities (341.21) ...... 40 Evergreen Sclerophy11 and Cliff Communities (342.12,342.44) ............ .......... 42 Sagebrush Communities (362.11) 45 Shadscale Communities (362.12) . .................. 47 Riparian Desertscrub Communities.(362.18,362.25) . 51 Blackbrush Communities (362.24) . .................. 52 Restricted Edaphic Communities ...................... 56 PACKRAT MIDDEN ANALYSIS . ...................................... 60 Assumptions Underlying Midden Analysis .................. 62 Sampling Procedures....................................... 73 Field Collection . ................................... 73 Laboratory Techniques .... ......................... 74 Macro fossil Identification.................... .. 75 Quantitative Methods .'............................... 79 Radiocarbon Analysis ................................. 80 Chronologic Divisions............ 81 THE FOSSIL R E C O R D ................ 83 The Southeastern Sheep Range ............................. 84 The Willow Wash Locality .............. 84 The Penthouse L o c a l i t y ........................ 97 The Flaherty Mesa L o c a l i t y ........................... 106 Previously Published Records ......................... 109 vii viii TABLE OF CONTENTS— :Continued. Page The Western Sheep R a n g e ................................... 114 The Black Hills L o c a l i t y ............................. 114 The Wagon Canyon and Desert View Localities ...... 117 The Eyrie Locality . .. ; . •............ .. 120 The Deadman Locality ................................. 128 The Spires Locality . ...... 132 The Central Sheep Range ......... ................ 136 The Basin Canyon and Basin Wash Localities .......... 136 The Sawmill Canyon Locality ........................... 142 The Hidden Forest Locality . ........ ......... 144 Regional Fossil Records ........................... .. 152 The Owl Canyon Locality .'.......... .............. .. 152 The Blue Diamond Road L o c a l i t y ................. 153 The Clark Mountain Locality .............. 157 The Etna Locality ..................... 158 DISCUSSION .......... ............................... 161 Plant Dynamics ......................... 161 Modes of Displacement . ............................... 166 Differential Displacement ............ ........ 172 Anomalous Associations ............................. 176 Wisconsin Vegetation . ........ ........ ........ 177 Vegetation T y p e s ............ 177 Boundaries . ............ 179 Analogues............................................. 182 Zonal Shifts? ....................... 184 Extralocals . ............. .. 188 Vegetation during the Transition ................... 189 The Mountain Flanks ...... .............. .... 189 The Hidden Forest ........... ........ ... 192 Middle and Late Holocene Records ......................... 193 Species Diversity .... ................................. 194 Phytogeography......................................... 199 Immigration.................... 203 Extinction ............................................ 204 CONCLUSIONS . .............. 205 APPENDIX I: RELEVES IN THE. SHEEP R A N G E .............. 210 APPENDIX II: SCANNING ELECTRON MICROGRAPHS OF SELECTED FOSSIL T A X A .......... 247 LITERATURE C I T E D ........................ 262 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Figure Page 1. The Sheep Range and Vicinity ........................... 2 2. The Northern Mojave Desert and Southern Intermountain Region .......... ................ 5 3. The Distribution of Major Plant Community Types of the Sheep Range Relative to Elevation and Effective Moisture .............. .................. 10 4. An Outline Map of the Sheep R a n g e .............. .. 19 5. The Southeastern Sheep Range and Western Yucca Forest ............................................
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