Taxonomy Asteraceae
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Diabetes and Medicinal Plants: a Literature Review
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ANTIDIABETIC COMPOUNDS FROM BRACHYLAENA DISCOLOR DC Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Master of Science By Sabeen Abdalbagi Elameen Adam School of Chemistry and Physics University of KwaZulu-Natal Pietermaritzburg Supervisor: Professor Fanie R. van Heerden August 2017 ABSTRACT Diabetes mellitus, which is a metabolic disease resulting from insulin deficiency or diminished effectiveness of the action of insulin or their combination, is recognized as a major threat to human life. Using drugs on a long term to control glucose can increase the hazards of cardiovascular disease and some cancers. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover new, safe, and effective antidiabetic drugs. Traditionally, there are several plants that are used to treat/control diabetes by South African traditional healers such as Brachylaena discolor. This study aimed to isolate and identify antidiabetic compounds from B. discolor. The plant materials of B. discolor was collected from University of KwaZulu-Natal botanical garden. Plant materials were dried under the fume hood for two weeks and ground to a fine powder. The powder was extracted with a mixture of dichloromethane and methanol (1:1). To investigate the antidiabetic activity, the prepared extract was tested in vitro for glucose utilization in a muscle cell line. The results revealed that blood glucose levels greater than 20 mmol/L, which measured after 24 and 48 hours of the experimental period, three fractions had positive (*p<0.05) antidiabetic activity compared to the control. The DCM:MeOH (1:1) extract of B. discolor leaves was subjected to column chromatography, yielding five fractions (A, B, C, D, and E). -
Safety Assessment of Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower)-Derived Ingredients As Used in Cosmetics
Safety Assessment of Helianthus annuus (Sunflower)-Derived Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics Status: Draft Tentative Report for Panel Review Release Date: March 7, 2016 Panel Meeting: March 31-April 1, 2016 The 2016 Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel members are: Chair, Wilma F. Bergfeld, M.D., F.A.C.P.; Donald V. Belsito, M.D.; Ronald A. Hill, Ph.D.; Curtis D. Klaassen, Ph.D.; Daniel C. Liebler, Ph.D.; James G. Marks, Jr., M.D.; Ronald C. Shank, Ph.D.; Thomas J. Slaga, Ph.D.; and Paul W. Snyder, D.V.M., Ph.D. The CIR Director is Lillian J. Gill, D.P.A. This report was prepared by Lillian C. Becker, Scientific Analyst/Writer. © Cosmetic Ingredient Review 1620 L Street, NW, Suite 1200 Washington, DC 20036-4702 ph 202.331.0651 fax 202.331.0088 [email protected] 1 Distributed for comment only -- do not cite or quote Commitment & Credibility since 1976 MEMORANDUM To: CIR Expert Panel and Liaisons From: Lillian C. Becker, M.S. Scientific Analyst and Writer Ivan J. Boyer, PhD, DABT Senior Toxicologist Date: March 7, 2016 Subject: Helianthus annuus (Sunflower)-Derived Ingredients as Used in Cosmetics Attached is the tentative report of 13 Helianthus annuus (sunflower)-derived ingredients as used in cosmetics. [Helian122015Rep] All of these ingredients are derived from parts of the Helianathus annuus (sunflower) plant. The sunflower seed oils (with the exception of Ozonized Sunflower Seed Oil) were reviewed in the vegetable- derived oils report and are not included here. In December, 2015, the Panel issued an Insufficient Data Announcement with these data needs: • HRIPT of Hydrogenated Sunflower Seed Extract at 1% or greater • Method of manufacture, including clarification of the source material (whole plant vs “bark”), of Helianthus Annuus (Sunflower) Extract • Composition of these ingredients, especially protein content (including 2S albumin) Impurities The Council submitted summaries of HRIPTs and use studies of products containing Helianthus annuus (sunflower)-derived ingredients. -
Comparative Analysis and Implications of the Chloroplast Genomes of Three Thistles (Carduus L., Asteraceae)
Comparative analysis and implications of the chloroplast genomes of three thistles (Carduus L., Asteraceae) Joonhyung Jung1,*, Hoang Dang Khoa Do1,2,*, JongYoung Hyun1, Changkyun Kim1 and Joo-Hwan Kim1 1 Department of Life Science, Gachon University, Seongnam, Gyeonggi, Korea 2 Nguyen Tat Thanh Hi-Tech Institute, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam * These authors contributed equally to this work. ABSTRACT Background. Carduus, commonly known as plumeless thistles, is a genus in the Asteraceae family that exhibits both medicinal value and invasive tendencies. However, the genomic data of Carduus (i.e., complete chloroplast genomes) have not been sequenced. Methods. We sequenced and assembled the chloroplast genome (cpDNA) sequences of three Carduus species using the Illumina Miseq sequencing system and Geneious Prime. Phylogenetic relationships between Carduus and related taxa were reconstructed using Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian Inference analyses. In addition, we used a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the protein coding region of the matK gene to develop molecular markers to distinguish C. crispus from C. acanthoides and C. tenuiflorus. Results. The cpDNA sequences of C. crispus, C. acanthoides, and C. tenuiflorus ranged from 152,342 bp to 152,617 bp in length. Comparative genomic analysis revealed high conservation in terms of gene content (including 80 protein-coding, 30 tRNA, and four rRNA genes) and gene order within the three focal species and members of subfamily Carduoideae. Despite their high similarity, the three species differed with respect to the number and content of repeats in the chloroplast genome. Additionally, eight Submitted 28 February 2020 hotspot regions, including psbI-trnS_GCU, trnE_UUC-rpoB, trnR_UCU-trnG_UCC, Accepted 11 December 2020 Published 14 January 2021 psbC-trnS_UGA, trnT_UGU-trnL_UAA, psbT-psbN, petD-rpoA, and rpl16-rps3, were identified in the study species. -
Brachylaena Elliptica and B. Ilicifolia (Asteraceae): a Comparative Analysis of Their Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Biological Activities
Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences, 2020, 10, 223-229 223 Brachylaena elliptica and B. ilicifolia (Asteraceae): A Comparative Analysis of their Ethnomedicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Biological Activities Alfred Maroyi* Department of Botany, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, South Africa Abstract: Brachylaena elliptica and B. ilicifolia are shrubs or small trees widely used as traditional medicines in southern Africa. There is need to evaluate the existence of any correlation between the medicinal uses, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of the two species. Therefore, in this review, analyses of the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry and biological activities of B. elliptica and B. ilicifolia are presented. Results of the current study are based on data derived from several online databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct, and pre-electronic sources such as scientific publications, books, dissertations, book chapters and journal articles. The articles published between 1941 and 2020 were used in this study. The leaves and roots of B. elliptica and B. ilicifolia are mainly used as a mouthwash and ethnoveterinary medicines, and traditional medicines for backache, hysteria, ulcers of the mouth, diabetes, gastro-intestinal and respiratory problems. This study showed that sesquiterpene lactones, alkaloids, essential oils, flavonoids, flavonols, phenols, proanthocyanidins, saponins and tannins have been identified from aerial parts and leaves of B. elliptica and B. ilicifolia. The leaf extracts and compounds isolated from the species exhibited antibacterial, antidiabetic, antioxidant and cytotoxicity activities. There is a need for extensive phytochemical, pharmacological and toxicological studies of crude extracts and compounds isolated from B. elliptica and B. ilicifolia. -
Early Evolution of the Angiosperm Clade Asteraceae in the Cretaceous of Antarctica
Early evolution of the angiosperm clade Asteraceae in the Cretaceous of Antarctica Viviana D. Barredaa,1,2, Luis Palazzesia,b,1, Maria C. Telleríac, Eduardo B. Oliverod, J. Ian Rainee, and Félix Forestb aDivisión Paleobotánica, Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales “Bernardino Rivadavia,” Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires C1405DJR, Argentina; bJodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3DS, United Kingdom; cLaboratorio de Sistemática y Biología Evolutiva, Museo de La Plata, La Plata B1900FWA, Argentina; dCentro Austral de Investigaciones Científicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Técnicas, 9410 Ushuaia, Tierra del Fuego, Argentina; and eDepartment of Palaeontology, GNS Science, Lower Hutt 5040, New Zealand Edited by Michael J. Donoghue, Yale University, New Haven, CT, and approved July 15, 2015 (received for review December 10, 2014) The Asteraceae (sunflowers and daisies) are the most diverse Here we report fossil pollen evidence from exposed Campanian/ family of flowering plants. Despite their prominent role in extant Maastrichtian sediments from the Antarctic Peninsula (Fig. 1, Fig. S1, terrestrial ecosystems, the early evolutionary history of this family and SI Materials and Methods, Fossiliferous Localities)(7)thatradi- remains poorly understood. Here we report the discovery of a cally changes our understanding of the early evolution of Asteraceae. number of fossil pollen grains preserved in dinosaur-bearing deposits from the Late Cretaceous of Antarctica that drastically pushes back Results and Discussion the timing of assumed origin of the family. Reliably dated to ∼76–66 The pollen grains reported here and discovered in the Late Cre- Mya, these specimens are about 20 million years older than previ- taceous of Antarctica are tricolporate, microechinate, with long ously known records for the Asteraceae. -
Invasive Asteraceae Copy.Indd
Family Asteraceae Family: Asteraceae Spotted Knapweed Centaurea biebersteinii DC. Synonyms Acosta maculosa auct. non Holub, Centaurea maculosa auct. non Lam. Related Species Russian Knapweed Acroptilon repens (L.) DC. Description Spotted knapweed is a biennial to short-lived perennial plant. Seedling cotyledons are ovate, with the first leaves lance-shaped, undivided, and hairless. (Young seedlings can appear grass-like.) Stems grow 1 to 4 feet tall, and are many-branched, with a single flower at the end of each branch. Rosette leaves are indented or divided Old XID Services photo by Richard about half-way to the midrib. Stem leaves are alternate, pinnately divided, Spotted knapweed flower. and get increasingly smaller toward the tip of each branch. Flower heads are urn-shaped, up to 1 inch wide, and composed of pink, purple, or sometimes white disk flowers. A key characteristic of spotted knap- weed is the dark comb-like fringe on the tips of the bracts, found just below the flower petals. These dark-tipped bracts give this plant its “spotted” appearance. Russian knapweed is a creeping perennial plant that is extensively branched, with solitary urn-shaped pink or purple flower heads at the end of each branch. Similar in appearance to spotted knapweed, Russian knapweed can be distinguished by its slightly smaller flower heads, flower head bracts covered in light hairs, with papery tips, and scaly dark brown or black rhizomes, which have a burnt appearance. Family: Asteraceae Spotted Knapweed Leaves and stems of both spotted and Russian knapweeds are covered in fine hairs, giving the plants a grayish cast. -
Outline of Angiosperm Phylogeny
Outline of angiosperm phylogeny: orders, families, and representative genera with emphasis on Oregon native plants Priscilla Spears December 2013 The following listing gives an introduction to the phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants that has emerged in recent decades, and which is based on nucleic acid sequences as well as morphological and developmental data. This listing emphasizes temperate families of the Northern Hemisphere and is meant as an overview with examples of Oregon native plants. It includes many exotic genera that are grown in Oregon as ornamentals plus other plants of interest worldwide. The genera that are Oregon natives are printed in a blue font. Genera that are exotics are shown in black, however genera in blue may also contain non-native species. Names separated by a slash are alternatives or else the nomenclature is in flux. When several genera have the same common name, the names are separated by commas. The order of the family names is from the linear listing of families in the APG III report. For further information, see the references on the last page. Basal Angiosperms (ANITA grade) Amborellales Amborellaceae, sole family, the earliest branch of flowering plants, a shrub native to New Caledonia – Amborella Nymphaeales Hydatellaceae – aquatics from Australasia, previously classified as a grass Cabombaceae (water shield – Brasenia, fanwort – Cabomba) Nymphaeaceae (water lilies – Nymphaea; pond lilies – Nuphar) Austrobaileyales Schisandraceae (wild sarsaparilla, star vine – Schisandra; Japanese -
Slender Thistles LC0229 Department of Primary Industries ISSN 1329-833X
Updated: August 2007 Slender Thistles LC0229 Department of Primary Industries ISSN 1329-833X Common and scientific names in colour. All seeds have a group of plumes (the pappus) about three times as long as the seed for wind dispersal. Slender thistle, shore thistle Roots - branched, slender or stout tap root. Carduus pycnocephalus L. (slender thistle) Carduus tenuiflorus Curt. (winged slender thistle) Family Asteraceae (daisy family) Origin and distribution Slender thistles are native to Europe and North Africa. The range of C. pycnocephalus extends to Asia Minor and Pakistan while that of C. tenuiflorus extends northwards to Britain and Scandinavia. They are a problem in many areas of the world. Both species were present in Victoria during the 1880s and now occur throughout much of the State. Slender thistles are troublesome weeds in pastures and wastelands, favouring areas of winter rainfall and soils of moderate to high fertility. The two species often occur together in mixed populations. Description Erect annual herbs, commonly 60 to 100 cm high but up to 2m, reproducing by seed. Seed germinates in the 6 weeks Figure 1. Slender thistle, Carduus tenuiflorus. following the autumn break. Seedlings develop into rosettes and remain in the rosette stage over winter. Flowering stems are produced in early spring and flowering continues from September to December. Plants die in early summer after flowering, but dead stems can remain standing for months. Stems - flowering stems are single or multiple from the base, branched, strongly ribbed and slightly woolly. Spiny wings occur along most of the length of flowering stems. Leaves - rosette leaves 15 to 25 cm long, stalked and Figure 2. -
Suitability of Root and Rhizome Anatomy for Taxonomic
Scientia Pharmaceutica Article Suitability of Root and Rhizome Anatomy for Taxonomic Classification and Reconstruction of Phylogenetic Relationships in the Tribes Cardueae and Cichorieae (Asteraceae) Elisabeth Ginko 1,*, Christoph Dobeš 1,2,* and Johannes Saukel 1,* 1 Department of Pharmacognosy, Pharmacobotany, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, Vienna A-1090, Austria 2 Department of Forest Genetics, Research Centre for Forests, Seckendorff-Gudent-Weg 8, Vienna A-1131, Austria * Correspondence: [email protected] (E.G.); [email protected] (C.D.); [email protected] (J.S.); Tel.: +43-1-878-38-1265 (C.D.); +43-1-4277-55273 (J.S.) Academic Editor: Reinhard Länger Received: 18 August 2015; Accepted: 27 May 2016; Published: 27 May 2016 Abstract: The value of root and rhizome anatomy for the taxonomic characterisation of 59 species classified into 34 genera and 12 subtribes from the Asteraceae tribes Cardueae and Cichorieae was assessed. In addition, the evolutionary history of anatomical characters was reconstructed using a nuclear ribosomal DNA sequence-based phylogeny of the Cichorieae. Taxa were selected with a focus on pharmaceutically relevant species. A binary decision tree was constructed and discriminant function analyses were performed to extract taxonomically relevant anatomical characters and to infer the separability of infratribal taxa, respectively. The binary decision tree distinguished 33 species and two subspecies, but only five of the genera (sampled for at least two species) by a unique combination of hierarchically arranged characters. Accessions were discriminated—except for one sample worthy of discussion—according to their subtribal affiliation in the discriminant function analyses (DFA). However, constantly expressed subtribe-specific characters were almost missing and even in combination, did not discriminate the subtribes. -
The Origin of the Bifurcating Style in Asteraceae (Compositae)
Annals of Botany 117: 1009–1021, 2016 doi:10.1093/aob/mcw033, available online at www.aob.oxfordjournals.org The origin of the bifurcating style in Asteraceae (Compositae) Liliana Katinas1,2,*, Marcelo P. Hernandez 2, Ana M. Arambarri2 and Vicki A. Funk3 1Division Plantas Vasculares, Museo de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina, 2Laboratorio de Morfologıa Comparada de Espermatofitas (LAMCE), Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina and 3Department of Botany, NMNH, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C., USA *For correspondence. E-mail [email protected] Received: 20 November 2015 Returned for revision: 22 December 2015 Accepted: 8 January 2016 Published electronically: 20 April 2016 Background and Aims The plant family Asteraceae (Compositae) exhibits remarkable morphological variation in the styles of its members. Lack of studies on the styles of the sister families to Asteraceae, Goodeniaceae and Calyceraceae, obscures our understanding of the origin and evolution of this reproductive feature in these groups. The aim of this work was to perform a comparative study of style morphology and to discuss the relevance of im- portant features in the evolution of Asteraceae and its sister families. Methods The histochemistry, venation and general morphology of the styles of members of Goodeniaceae, Calyceraceae and early branching lineages of Asteraceae were analysed and put in a phylogenetic framework to dis- cuss the relevance of style features in the evolution of these families. Key Results The location of lipophilic substances allowed differentiation of receptive from non-receptive style papillae, and the style venation in Goodeniaceae and Calyceraceae proved to be distinctive. -
Literature Cited
Literature Cited Robert W. Kiger, Editor This is a consolidated list of all works cited in volumes 19, 20, and 21, whether as selected references, in text, or in nomenclatural contexts. In citations of articles, both here and in the taxonomic treatments, and also in nomenclatural citations, the titles of serials are rendered in the forms recommended in G. D. R. Bridson and E. R. Smith (1991). When those forms are abbre- viated, as most are, cross references to the corresponding full serial titles are interpolated here alphabetically by abbreviated form. In nomenclatural citations (only), book titles are rendered in the abbreviated forms recommended in F. A. Stafleu and R. S. Cowan (1976–1988) and F. A. Stafleu and E. A. Mennega (1992+). Here, those abbreviated forms are indicated parenthetically following the full citations of the corresponding works, and cross references to the full citations are interpolated in the list alphabetically by abbreviated form. Two or more works published in the same year by the same author or group of coauthors will be distinguished uniquely and consistently throughout all volumes of Flora of North America by lower-case letters (b, c, d, ...) suffixed to the date for the second and subsequent works in the set. The suffixes are assigned in order of editorial encounter and do not reflect chronological sequence of publication. The first work by any particular author or group from any given year carries the implicit date suffix “a”; thus, the sequence of explicit suffixes begins with “b”. Works missing from any suffixed sequence here are ones cited elsewhere in the Flora that are not pertinent in these volumes. -
Coleoptera Chrysomelidae) of Sicily: Recent Records and Updated Checklist
DOI: 10.1478/AAPP.982A7 AAPP j Atti della Accademia Peloritana dei Pericolanti Classe di Scienze Fisiche, Matematiche e Naturali ISSN 1825-1242 Vol. 98, No. 2, A7 (2020) THE CASSIDINAE AND CRYPTOCEPHALINI (COLEOPTERA CHRYSOMELIDAE) OF SICILY: RECENT RECORDS AND UPDATED CHECKLIST COSIMO BAVIERA a∗ AND DAVIDE SASSI b ABSTRACT. This paper compiles an updated checklist of the Sicilian Cassidinae and Cryptocephalini species (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Cassidinae and Cryptocephalinae) starting from a critical bibliographic screening and adding new material, mainly collected by the first author in the last few decades. A total of 61 species is reported, withnew data for many rarely collected taxa. The provided data expand the known distribution of many uncommon species in Sicily. Two species are recorded for the first time: Cassida inopinata Sassi and Borowiec, 2006 and Cryptocephalus (Cryptocephalus) bimaculatus Fabricius, 1781 and two uncertain presences are confirmed: Cassida deflorata Suffrian, 1844 and Cassida nobilis Linné, 1758. The presence of other sixteen species is considered questionable and needs further confirmation. 1. Introduction Leaf beetles are all phytophagous Coleoptera. They are usually of a rather stout build, with a rounded or oval shape, often brightly coloured or with metallic hues. Worldwide some 32500 species in 2114 genera of Chrysomelidae have been described (Slipi´ nski´ et al. 2011), the majority of which occur in the tropics as is the case with numerous other Coleoptera families. Currently, the leaf beetle subfamily Cassidinae comprises the tortoise beetles (Cassidinae s. str.) and the hispine beetles (Hispinae s. str.) (Borowiec 1995; Hsiao and Windsor 1999; Chaboo 2007). So far, the Cassidinae list about 6300 described species within more than 340 genera, being the second most speciose subfamily of leaf beetles (Borowiec and Swi˛etoja´ nska´ 2014).