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Conrad Vorstius, Gerard Vossius and Hugo Grotius

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Conrad Vorstius, Gerard Vossius and Hugo Grotius AT THE HEART OF THE TWELVE YEARS’ TRUCE CONTROVERSIES: CONRAD VORSTIUS, GERARD VOSSIUS AND HUGO GROTIUS Cor S.M. Rademaker ss.cc. (’s-Hertogenbosch) The period of the Twelve Years’ Truce between the Southern and the Northern Netherlands (1609–1621) was one of the most turbulent episodes of seventeenth-century Dutch history. The theological battle between proponents and opponents of the severe Calvinistic doctrine of predestination, represented by the Leiden professors Franciscus Gomarus and Jacobus Arminius, had become a church conflict that was waged with extreme bitterness not only from university chairs but also from pulpits in churches. The civil authorities were confronted with a more and more extreme polarization between the so called ‘Remonstrants’ and ‘Counter-Remonstrants’. Under the leadership of Johan van Oldenbarnevelt, the States of Holland tried to restore peace in the Reformed Churches, but in vain. What is more, the church bat- tle became more and more caught up in an almost inextricable entan- glement of all sorts of political, regional, local, social and personal oppositions and conflicts.1 At the heart of the truce controversies that made the period of the Truce so turbulent were three scholars who tried to preserve the peace in church and country by a scholarly approach to the problems of that period: the Leiden professor Conrad Vorstius from Steinfurt,2 the rec- * I am endebted to Father Edwin van Veen ss.cc. and Mr. Brian Blackford for their help with the English translation. 1 Modern literature with bibliographies used for this study: J. Israel, The Dutch Republic. Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477–1806 (Oxford 1995) with its Dutch transla- tion De Republiek 1477–1806 (Franeker 1996); recently published: J. Rohls, ‘Calvinism, Arminianism and Socinianism in the Netherlands until the Synod of Dort’, in M. Mulsow and J. Rohls (eds), Socinianism and Arminianism. Antitrinitarians, Calvinists and Cultural Exchange in Seventeenth-Century Europe (Leiden-Boston 2005), 3–48. 2 On Conrad Vorstius (1569–1622): H.Y. Groenewegen, ‘Conradus Vorstius’, in NNBW 3, 1342–1344 [NNBW = P.C. Molhuysen, P.J. Blok, and K.H. Kossmann (eds), Nieuw Nederlandsch Biografisch Woordenboek, 10 vols (Leiden 1911–1937)]; C. van der Woude, Sibrandus Lubbertus (Kampen 1963), esp. chapter 9, 198–258; Idem, ‘Conrad Vorstius’, in BLGPN 1, 407–410 [BLGPN = Biografisch Lexicon voor de Geschiedenis van het Nederlandse Protestantisme (Kampen 1978–2006)]. 466 cor s.m. rademaker tor of the Latin School of Dordrecht, Gerardus Joannes Vossius,3 and the famous scholar and diplomat Hugo Grotius.4 However, their efforts at peace-making were shipwrecked on the rock of doctrinal funda- mentalism in the church and in the storm of the battle for authority between state and church. Let us follow this history in seven snapshots. Friday, 1 November 1613 On Friday, 1 November 1613 rector Gerard Vossius is working all eve- ning on a letter to Hugo Grotius, the pensionary of the city of Rotter- dam, who had written to Vossius with an urgent request to make criti- cal suggestions for the second edition of his sensational book Ordinum pietas. Speed is of the essence, as Grotius writes: ‘The second edition will be set at the beginning of next week.’5 Vossius quickly collects a lot of data and it becomes a long letter. But after midnight he puts an end to his late work: ‘Verum somnolentum me—nam media nox est—ad meras nugas delabi sentio.’ Nearly succumbing to sleep, he has started to waffle. It is already Saturday 2 November when Vossius closes up the letter. Yet, the very same Saturday Grotius writes to Vossius thank- ing him for his help.6 3 On Gerardus Joannes Vossius (1577–1649): C.S.M. Rademaker ss.cc., Life and Work of Gerardus Joannes Vossius (Assen 1981) and Idem, Leven en werk van Gerar- dus Joannes Vossius (Hilversum 1999). An inventory of Vossius’s correspondence: IVC [G.A.C. van der Lem and C.S.M. Rademaker, Inventory of the Correspondence of Gerardus Joannes Vossius (Assen-Maastricht 1993)]. The text of many letters inEpp. Col. [Paulus Colomesius (ed.), Gerardi Joannis Vossii et clarorum virorum ad eum epistolae (London 1690; Augsburg 1691; London 1693)]: Part 1, letters written by Vos- sius; Part 2, letters written to Vossius. The numbers of the letters are the same in the three editions; see also ULA RK [University Library of Amsterdam, manuscripts of the Remonstrant Congregation in Amsterdam, on permanent loan]. 4 On Hugo Grotius (1583–1645) see his correspondence and the modern editions with commentary of his works from this period: BW [Briefwisseling van Hugo Grotius, P.C. Molhuysen et al. (eds), 17 vols (The Hague 1928–2001)]; Hugo Grotius, Ordi- num Hollandiae ac Westfrisiae Pietas (Leiden 1613, and edited by E. Rabbie, Leiden etc. 1995); Defensio fidei catholicae de satisfactione Christi adversus Faustum Socinum Senensem (Leiden 1617, and edited by E. Rabbie, Assen-Maastricht 1990); De imperio summarum potestatum circa sacra (Leiden 1647, and edited by H.-J. van Dam, Leiden etc. 2001). April 2007 saw the publication of Henk Nellen’s fine Grotius biography: Hugo de Groot. Een leven in strijd om de vrede, 1583–1645 (Amsterdam 2007). 5 Grotius to Vossius, 1 XI 1613 (BW 1, 298). Quotation on p. 273: ‘Nam nova editio sub initium sequentis septimanae adornatur.’ 6 Vossius to Grotius, 2 XI 1613 (BW 1, 299). Grotius to Vossius, 2 XI 1613 (BW 1, 300)..
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