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An Introduction to Vulgar Latin

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.^-^^ l)eatl)*0 flDobern XanguaGC Seric0 AN INTRODUCTION TO VULGAR LATIN BY C. H. GRANDGENT Professor of Romance Languages in Harvard University BOSTON, U. S. A. D. C. HEATH & CO., PUBLISHERS 1907 LIBRARY of CONGRESS Two Coofes Received MAY 2ai9or ^ Copyright Entry CLASS (/ /\ XXc., No. Copyright, 1907, By D. C. Heath & Co. — r PREFACE. Ik '^HILE this book is intended primarily for students of Romance Philology, it will, I hope, be of some interest to Classical scholars as well. Although it has been long in the making, I have endeavored to keep it, at every stage, abreast of current scholarship. I have tried, furthermore, to treat all portions of the subject, not exhaustively, but with even fulness; I fear, however, that the Syntax — perhaps unavoidably is somewhat scanty as compared with the other parts. It will be seen that I have continually furnished abundant references for the guidance of those who wish to look further into special topics. My principal authorities are listed in the Biblio- graphy; others are cited in the appropriate places in the text. C. H. Grandgent. Ill TABLE OF CONTENTS. Pages MAPS x,xi The Roman Empire x The Neo-Latin Territory in Europe ...... xi BIBLIOGRAPHY, with Abbreviations xiii-xvi PHONETIC ALPHABET and Other Symbols .... xvii INTRODUCTION 1-5 VOCABULARY 6-29 Words and Their Meanings 6-12 Words used alike in Classic and in Vulgar Latin ... 6 Words used differently in Classic and in Vulgar Latin . 7-8 Sense Restricted 7 Sense Extended 7-8 Words used in Classic but not in Vulgar Latin .... 8-9 Synonyms 9 Substitutes . , 9-10 Particles 10 Words used in Vulgar but not in Classic Latin .... 10-12 Native Words 11-12 Foreign Words 12 Derivation 13-29 Post-Verbal Nouns 13 Prefixes 13-16 Prefixes used with Nouns, Adjectives, and Pronouns . 13-14 Prefixes used with Verbs 14-16 Suffixes 16-28 Suffixes for Verbs 16-17 Suffixes for Nouns 18-23 Suffixes for Adjectives 23-25 Suffixes for Adverbs • • • . 25-26 Change of Suffix 27-28 iv Table of Contents. v Pages Compounds 28-29 Nouns 28 Adjectives 28 Pronouns 28 Verbs 28 Adverbs 28-29 Prepositions 29 Conjunctions 29 SYNTAX 30-59 Order of Words 30-32 Use of Words 32-41 Nou7ts and Adjectives 32-34 Comparison 33 Numerals 33-34 Pronouns 34-38 Personal and Possessive Pronouns 34 * Demonstratives 35-36 Interrogatives and Relatives 36-37 Indefinite Pronouns 37-38 Verbs 38 Adverbs 38-39 Prepositions 39-41 Conjunctions 41 Use of Inflections 42-59 Cases 42-48 Locative 42-43 Vocative 43 Genitive 43-44 Dative 44-45 Ablative 45-47 Accusative 48 Fall of Declension 48 Verb-Forms 48 Impersonal Parts 48-51 Supi7ie 48-49 Gerund 49 Gerundive 49 Future Active Participle 49 vi Table of Contents. Pages Present Participle 50 Perfect Participle ..'..,.....,. 50 Infinitive 50~5i Voice 51-52 Mood 52-54 Imperative . 52 Subjunctive 52-54 Tense 54-59 The Perfect Tenses 54~56 Future and Conditional 5^59 PHONOLOGY 60-143 Syllabication . 60-61 Accent 61-68 Primary Stress 61-66 Vowels in Hiatus 61-62 Compound Verbs 62-63 Iliac, Illic . 63 Ficatum^ 63 Numerals 64 Greek Words 64-66 Greek Oxytones 64 Greek Paroxytones 64-65 Greek Proparoxytones 65-66 Other Foreign Words 66 Secondary Stress 4 (y^y-^i"] Unstressed Words .... * 67-68 Quantity 68-77 Position . 68-70 Vowel Quantity , 71-77 Vowels in Hiatus 72-73 Lengthening before Consonants 73-75 Disappearance of the Old Quantity 75-76 Development of a New Quantity 76-77 Vowels 77-i04 Greek Vowels 78-82 Acce7tted Vowels 82-91 Single Vowels 82-87 a , . 82-83 Table of Contents. vii Pages e 83-84 / . 84 t 84 ^ 84-85 o 85-86 o 86 u 86-87 u 87 Diphthongs . 88-90 CB 88-89 au , , , , 89-90 eu 90 ce 90 ui 90 Influence of Labials 91 Clerical Latin 91 Unaccented Vowels 91-104 Unaccented Vowels in Hiatus 93-96 Initial Syllable 96-98 Intertonic Syllable 98-99 Penult '. 99-102 Final Syllable 102-104 Consonants . .• 104-143 Latin Consonants 106-137 Aspirate 106-107 Gutturals 107-114 Q, and Q before Front Vowels 1 09-1 12 C and G before Back Vowels 112 Q and Q: Final and before Consonants 11 2-1 14 Palatals 114-118 Dentals 118-121 Liquids 121-124 L . 121-123 R 123-124 Sibilants 124-126 Nasals 127-132 Labials 132-137 P 132-133 viii Table of Contents. Pages B • • 133-135 ^ 135 V 135-137 U 137 Greek Consonants . » . 1 37-141 B, r,A 138 K, n, T 138 e,*,x 138-139 Liquids, Nasals, and Sibilants 140 Z ...,....,,,, 140-141 Germanic Consonants , 1 41-143 MORPHOLOGY . 144-187 Nouns and Adjectives 1 44-1 61 Gender 144-147 Masculine and Feminine 144 Masculine and Neuter 145-146 Feminine and Neuter , 146-147 Declension of Nouns 147-156 First Declension 149-151 Second Declension 1 51-152 Third Declension 152-156 Loss of Declension ..156 Declension of Adjectives , 157-158 Comparison 158-159 Numerals 1 59-161 Pronouns and Pronominal Adjectives 161-165 Personal Pronouns • . ^ 1 61-162 Possessives ,•......,, 162-163 Demonstratives 163-164 Interrogative and Relative Pronouns 165 Indefinite Pronouns and Adjectives 165 Verbs 166-187 The Four Conjugations 166-170 First Conjugation 166-167 Second Conjugation 167 Third Conjugation 167-170 Fourth Conjugation 170 Fundamental Changes in Inflection 170-173 Table of Contents. ix Pages Inchoative Verbs 173-174 Present Stems . 174-176 Imperfect 176-177 Perfect . 177-182 Weak Perfects 177-180 Strong Perfects 180-182 Pluperfect and Future Perfect 1 83 Perfect Participle 183-185 Personal Endings 186-187 INDEX 189-219 . BIBLIOGRAPHY WITH ABBREVIATIONS. App. Pr. : Die Appendix Probi^ ed. W. Heraeus, 1899. A Latin list of correct and incorrect spellings, possibly as early as the third century. Qi, Melanges . Renier 301-309; Melanges Boissier 5-9; Wiener Studien XIV, 278 ff.; Romanische Forschungen VII, 145 ff. Archiv: Archiv fUr lateinische Lexicographie und Grammatik mit Ein- schluss des dlte7'en Mittellateins. Quarterly, Leipzig. Audollent: A. AudoUent, Defixionum Tabellae^ 1904. Bausteine: Bausteine zur romanischen Philologies 1905* A volume of mis- cellaneous studies issued in honor of A. Mussafia. Bayard: L. Bayard, Le latin de saint Cyprien^ 1902. Bechtel : E. A. Bechtel, S, Silviae Peregrination The Text and a Study of the Latinityy 1^02. Cf. Per. Bon. : M. Bonnet, Le latin de Gregoire de Tours, 1890. i Carnoy: A. Carnoy, Le latin d'^Espagne d^apres les inscriptions, 1902-03. Chronologie : F. G. Mohl, Introduction h, la chronologie du latin vulgaire, 1899. C. I. L. : Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum, 1863 — • New ed. (Vol. I, Part i), 1893— Claussen : T. Claussen, Die griechischen Wdrter im Franzbsischen, in Roma- nische Forschungen XV, 774. Cohn : G. Cohn, Die Suffixwandlungen im Vulgdrlatein und im vorlittera- risehen Franzbsisch nach ihren Spuren im, Neufranz'dsischen, 1891. Cooper: F. T. Cooper, Word Formation in the Roman Sermo Plebeius, 1895. Corssen: W. Corssen, Ueber Aussprache, Vocalismus und Betonung der lateinischen Sprache, 2^ ed., 1868-70. D'Arbois: H. d'Arbois de ] uhdLinviWef La decli7zaison en Gaule h Vepoque merovingienne, 1872. Densusianu: O. Densusianu, Histoire de la langue roumaine, Vol. I, 1901. Dottin: G. Dottin, Manuel potcr servir a Vetude de Vantiquite celtique, 1906. xiii . xiv Bibliography. Draeger : A. Draeger, Historische Syntax der lateinischen Sprache^ 2d ed., 1878. Dubois: A. Dubois, La latinite d^Ennodms, 1903. Eckinger : T. Eckinger, Die Orthographie lateinischer Wbrter in griechischen Inschriften^ 1892. Edon: G. Edon, Ecriture et prononciation du latin savant et du latin popu- / laire, 1882. ^ Einf . : W. Meyer-LUbke, EinfUhrung in das Studium der romanischen Sprachwissenschaft^ 1901. Facere: G. Rydberg, Le developpement de facere dans les langues romanes,, 1893. Reviewed by G. Paris in Rom. XXII, 569. Franz : W. Franz, Die lateinisch-romanischen Eleniente im Althochdeutscheny 1883. Franz, a: G. Rydberg, Zur Geschichte des franzbsischen ^, 1896 — Futurum: P. Thielmann, Habere mit dem Injiititiv und die Entstehung des romanischen Euturums, in Archiv II, 48, 157. G. : H. Goelzer, Etude lexicographique et grammaticale de la latinite de saint Jerome^ 1884. Gl. Cassel: Kasseler Glossen in Altfranzbsisches Uebungsbuch^ W. Foerster and E. Koschwitz, 2d ed., 1902. Made, probably in France, in the eighth or ninth century. Cf. Zs. XXVI, 521 ff. Gl. Reich.: Reichenauer Glossen in Altfranzbsisches Uebungsbuch, W. Foerster and E. Koschwitz, 2d ed., 1902. Made in France in the eighth century. Cf. P. Marchot in Romanisehe Eorschungen XII, 641 ff.; K. Hetzer, Die Reichenauer Glossen in Zj., Beiheft 7. Gram.: W. Meyer-LUbke, Grammaire des langues romanes, 3 vols., 1890- 1900. Grundriss: G. Grober, Grundriss der romanischen Philologie^ 2 vols., 1888- 1902; 2d ed. of Vol. I, 1904 — Haag: O. Haag, Die Latinitdt Eredegars, 1898. Hammer : M. Hammer, Die locale VerbreitungfrUhester romanischer Laut- wandlungen im alten Italien, 1894. Hoppe: H. Hoppe, Syntax und Stil des Tertullian^ 1903« Keil: H. Keil, Grammatici Latini^ 1857-1880. Kluge: F. Kluge, Romanen und Germanen in ihren Wechselbeziehungen, in Grundriss I^, 498. Korting: G. Korting, Lateinisch-romanisches Wbrterbuch^ 2d ed., 1 901. Koffmane : G. Koffmane, Entstehung' u?td Entwickelung des Kirchenlateins, 1879. Bibliography. xv Lat. Spr. : W. Meyer-Liibke, Die lateinische Sprache in den romanischen Ldnde7'n^ in Grundriss P, 451. Ciceron-, Lebreton : J. Lebreton, Etudes sur la langue et la grammaire de 1901. Lexique : F. G. Mohl, Etudes sur le lexique du latin vulgaire^ 1900. Lindsay: W. M. Lindsay, The Latin Language^ 1894. Loth: J. Loth, Les mots latins dans les langues brittoniques^ 1892. Ltblt. : Literaturblattfiir ger7nanischeu7idromanische Philologie, Monthly, Leipzig. Neue: Y,'^&\x^^ Formenlehre der lateinischen Sprache^ 3d ed., 1 892-1 902. Neumann: Franz Neumann, Verzeichniss der auf A ussprache und Recht- schreibung beziiglichen Eigenthilmlichkeiten in den Inschriften aus Gallia Narbonensis^ 1897.
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    ANCIENT TERRACOTTAS FROM SOUTH ITALY AND SICILY in the j. paul getty museum The free, online edition of this catalogue, available at http://www.getty.edu/publications/terracottas, includes zoomable high-resolution photography and a select number of 360° rotations; the ability to filter the catalogue by location, typology, and date; and an interactive map drawn from the Ancient World Mapping Center and linked to the Getty’s Thesaurus of Geographic Names and Pleiades. Also available are free PDF, EPUB, and MOBI downloads of the book; CSV and JSON downloads of the object data from the catalogue and the accompanying Guide to the Collection; and JPG and PPT downloads of the main catalogue images. © 2016 J. Paul Getty Trust This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042. First edition, 2016 Last updated, December 19, 2017 https://www.github.com/gettypubs/terracottas Published by the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles Getty Publications 1200 Getty Center Drive, Suite 500 Los Angeles, California 90049-1682 www.getty.edu/publications Ruth Evans Lane, Benedicte Gilman, and Marina Belozerskaya, Project Editors Robin H. Ray and Mary Christian, Copy Editors Antony Shugaar, Translator Elizabeth Chapin Kahn, Production Stephanie Grimes, Digital Researcher Eric Gardner, Designer & Developer Greg Albers, Project Manager Distributed in the United States and Canada by the University of Chicago Press Distributed outside the United States and Canada by Yale University Press, London Printed in the United States of America Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: J.