Governance in Foreign Policy-Making in Germany and Poland and Polish-German Relations – the Role of Non-State Actors
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Some pages of this thesis may have been removed for copyright restrictions. If you have discovered material in Aston Research Explorer which is unlawful e.g. breaches copyright, (either yours or that of a third party) or any other law, including but not limited to those relating to patent, trademark, confidentiality, data protection, obscenity, defamation, libel, then please read our Takedown policy and contact the service immediately ([email protected]) Governance in Foreign Policy-Making in Germany and Poland and Polish-German Relations – the Role of Non-state Actors Alexander Thomas Wochnik A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Aston University July 2012 This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that its copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. Aston University Governance in Foreign Policy-Making in Germany and Poland and Polish- German Relations – the Role of Non-state Actors A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Alexander Thomas Wochnik This thesis examines the influence of non-state actors on Polish-German relations by considering foreign policy-making towards Poland in Germany and vice versa. The approach chosen for this thesis is interdisciplinary and takes into consideration literature from domestic politics (Area Studies), Foreign Policy Analysis and International Relations (IR). The thesis argues that IR, by purely looking into the quality of inter-state relations, too often treats these relations as a result of policies emanating from the relevant governments, without considering the policies’ background. Therefore, the thesis argues that it is necessary to engage with the domestic factors which might explain where foreign policies come from. It points out that non-state actors influence governments’ choices by supplying resources, and by cooperating or competing with the government on an issue at stake. In order to determine the degree of influence that non-state actors can have on foreign policy- making two variables are examined: the institutionalisation of the state relations in question; and the domestic structures of the relevant states. Specifically, the thesis examines the institutionalisation of Polish-German relations, and examines Germany’s and Poland’s domestic structures and their effect on the two states’ foreign policy-making in general. Thereafter, the thesis uses case studies in order to unravel the influence of non-state actors on specific foreign policies. Three case studies are examined in detail: (i) Poland’s EU accession negotiations with regard to the free movement of capital chapter of the acquis communautaire; (ii) Germany’s EU 2004 Eastern Enlargement negotiations with regard to the free movement of workers chapter of the acquis communautaire; and (iii) Germany’s decision to establsh a permanent exhibition in Berlin that will depict the expulsions of millions of Germans from the East following WWII. Keywords: International Relations; Foreign Policy Analysis; domestic factors; European Integration; comparative study 2 Acknowledgements I am deeply grateful to my supervisors Professor William Paterson and Professor Simon Green for their guidance, support and patience throughout this work. I owe Aston University and the DAAD my gratitude for their financial support that made this thesis possible. Many thanks go to the SWP in Berlin and the PISM in Warsaw for receiving me and enabling my field work. Most importantly, I wish to thank my wife Jelena Wochnik for her encouragement and understanding; and my parents, Christine and Heinrich Wochnik, whose decision in 1989 started this thesis. 3 Contents Aston University ................................................................................................................2 Acknowledgements...........................................................................................................3 List of Tables and Figures...............................................................................................6 List of Abbreviations ........................................................................................................7 1. Introduction............................................................................................................. 10 I. Empirical Interest – Why are Polish-German relations important?................... 10 II. Literature Review .............................................................................................................. 13 Literature on Polish-German relations....................................................................................... 13 Influence of Non-state Actors on Polish-German Relations............................................... 14 III. The role of non-state actors in foreign policy-making......................................... 20 IV. Research Design, Sources and Methodology............................................................ 27 V. Outline of the thesis........................................................................................................... 38 2. Foreign Policy-making Structures in Germany and Poland .................... 40 I. Structure and actors in foreign policy-making in Germany.................................. 40 Actors in the Political Administrative System ......................................................................... 44 Private Actors......................................................................................................................................... 50 II. Structure of and actors in foreign policy-making in Poland................................ 53 Actors in the Political Administrative System ......................................................................... 54 Private Actors......................................................................................................................................... 62 III. Conclusion and implications......................................................................................... 66 3. Institutionalisation of Polish-German Relations ........................................ 74 I. Border Treaty........................................................................................................................ 74 II. Co-operation Treaty .......................................................................................................... 81 III. Conclusion........................................................................................................................... 88 4. The Process of EU Eastern Enlargement ............................................................ 90 I. Process of EU Accession until 1998 ............................................................................... 90 II. Germany’s reasons for supporting Poland’s membership aspirations ........... 94 The Moral dimension.......................................................................................................................... 94 Economic opportunities .................................................................................................................... 95 Stability and Security........................................................................................................................101 Long-term goal and short-term practise..................................................................................102 III. Poland’s reasons for wanting to join the EU..........................................................103 “The return to Europe”.....................................................................................................................103 Economic reasons...............................................................................................................................104 Security ...................................................................................................................................................105 IV. The process of accession negotiations.....................................................................106 Germany and Poland during the negotiations.......................................................................108 Germany’s negotiating structure.................................................................................................111 Poland’s negotiating structure......................................................................................................115 V. Conclusion...........................................................................................................................123 5. The Free Movement of Capital.........................................................................125 The free movement of capital and the acquisition of land by foreigners...........125 Public opinion ......................................................................................................................................131 Sejm..........................................................................................................................................................133 Poland’s first position.......................................................................................................................138 4 Break-up of the AWS-UW coalition.............................................................................................139 The EU’s response